Animal Form Shs

8/9/2019 Animal Form Shs

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ANIMAL FORM AND FUNCTION

Animals exhibit levels of organization

Cellstissuesorganssystems

Tissuea group of cells with a common structure

and functionTissues have structures suited to their functions

4 main categories of tissues--epithelial

--connective--muscle

--nervous


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EPITHELIAL TISSUE

Covers outside of body and lines organs and cavitieswithin body

Closely joined cells, not much in between

sometimes held together by tight junctions mucouslining stomach and respiratory tract

Epithelium is classified in 2 ways

# of cell layers (simple, stratified)

Shape of cells on exposed surface (cuboidal, columnar,squamous) Cuboidalcubes

Columnarbricks on end

Squamouslike floor tiles


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EPITHELIAL (DIAGRAM)


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CONNECTIVE TISSUE

Functions to bind and support

Not tightly packed but sparse # of cells scattered in a

matrix(jelly, liquid or solid)

3 types of connective tissue fibers (all made of protein) Collagenous fiberscollagen,non-elastic, do not tear easily

Elastic fiberslong threads made of elastin, have a rubber-like quality

Reticular fibersthin and branched, composed of collagenand continuous with collagenous fibers, form tightly woventissues that joins connective tissue to adjacent tissues


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CONNECTIVE (DIAGRAM)


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MAJOR TYPES OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE IN

VERTEBRATES

Loose connective tissue

Fibrous connective tissue

Adipose (fat)

Cartilage

Bone

Blood


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MUSCLE TISSUE

Composed of long cells capable of contracting

when stimulated

Myofibrils are the contracting units made of 2proteins (actin and myosin)

Most abundant tissue in most animals and

muscle contraction uses most ATP

3 types of muscle tissue in vertebrates:

Skeletal, Cardiac, Smooth (diagrams..)Nuclei on sides nuclei in center


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MUSCLE AND NERVOUS (DIAGRAM)


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NERVOUS TISSUE

Senses stimuli and transmits messages Functional unit (cell) is neuron

Many animals have nervous tissue

concentrated in brain


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Tissues make up organs

All animals have organs exceptporifera(sponges) and some cnidarians

Sometimes tissues are arranged in layers in anorgan ex:stomach

Mucosalines lumen(interior)

Submucosaconnective tissue contains blood vessels/nerves

Muscularissmooth muscle tissue

Serosathin layer of epithelial and connective tissue

Organs held in place by mesenteries


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STOMACH LINING (DIAGRAM)


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OVERVIEW OF ANIMALS

Animals are multicellular, eukaryotic, heterotrophs

2 basic body types

radial symmetry-circular or disk shaped (cut like pie)

Bilateral symmetry-right and left sides (mirror images) Early animals lacked a body cavity(acoelomates)

Some developed a body cavity from tissue notcompletely derived from mesoderm

(pseudocoelomates) Others developed a true body cavity derived from

mesoderm (coelomates)


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Another difference between animalsis when mouth and anus form in

embryonic development of

coelomates

Protostomes undergo spiral cleavage

and the mouth forms first (from blastopore)

Deuterostomes undergo radial cleavage

and the anus forms first (from blastopore)


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ANIMAL PHYLA

PORIFERA-sponges, are sessile, 2 cell

layers, radial symmetry

CNIDARIA-jellyfish, hydra, sea anemone;2 cell layers, tentacles, radial symmetry

PLATYHELMINTHES-flatworms..first

animals to have 3 cell layers and bilateralsymmetry..acoelomates


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NEMATODES(nemahelminthes)-roundworms,pseudocoelomates, one-way digestive tractfrom mouthanus

MOLLUSKS-soft bodies and hard shells. They

were the first protostomes(blastopore develops into mouth)and first coelomates with spiral determimate

cleavage..Examples are octopus, squid, snails,

clams ANNELIDS-segmented worms, 2 body openings,

closed circ.sys., setae Ex. Earthworm, leech


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ARTHROPODS-segmented bodies,exoskelston, jointed appendages, fully

developed systems Ex???

ECHINODERMS-sessile/sedentary,

spiny exoskeleton, first

deuterostomes(blastopore develops into anus),ex..starfish, sea urchin


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CHORDATES-notochord, dorsal nerve cord,postanal tail, pharyngeal gill slits(at some timein their life), MOST are vertebrates

(invertebrate chordates include: tunicates,amphioxus and acorn worms)

CLASSES include:Fish

Amphibians

Reptiles

Birds

Mammals


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KEY CONCEPTS OF ANIMAL

ORGANIZATION Animalsmulticellular heterotrophs that lack cell walls

and ingest their food. Most are diploid and reproducesexually. Their ability to move is their most strikingcharacteristic

Tissuesspecialized groups of cells that carry outparticular functions. All animals except sponges havetissues

Symmetryall animals except sponges have their bodyparts arranged along an axis. In radial symmetry, body

parts are arranged around a central axis; bilateralsymmetry has a right and left sideeach being mirrorimages of each other

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Coelemall bilateral symmetrical animals other than solid worms

possess a body cavity

Segmentationthe bodies of all advanced coelomate animals arecomposed of a series of similar segments, an organization thatpermits great specialization of different parts of the body.

Jointed appendagesmostly found in arthropods and chordates

serve as tools for locomotion and feeding Protostomescoelomates that, during embryological development

typically exhibits spiral determinate cleavage (mollusks, annelids,arthropods)

Deuterostomescoelomates that, develop an anus from theblastopore during embryological developmenttypically exhibit radial,

indeterminate cleavage (echinoderms and chordates) Endoskeletoninstead of attaching muscle to a hard exterior shell, as

arthropods do, chordates attach them to a bony framework within thebody, permitting larger size.

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3WAYS TO CLASSIFY ANIMALS

SYMMETRYradial or bilateral

BODYCAVITY

Acoelomate (no cavity)sponges, flatworms

Pseudocoelom

Coelomates (true cavity)

BASIS OF EMBRYONIC ORIFICE

Protostome---first opening is blastoporedevelops ontomouth

Deuterostomefirst opening is blastopore---develops intoanus

ECHINODERMS AND CHORDATES only

(phylum chart)

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Animal Form Shs