Angleska morfologija

7/27/2019 Angleska morfologija

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NOUN CLASSES (countables, non-countables)(Blaganje-Konte, p. 41-59)

From the grammatical point of view the most important division of nouns is thataccording to the category of number into COUNTABLES and NON-COUNTABLES.

countable concrete (man, book, chair)abstract (idea, wish, flight)

common(obna imena)

non-countable concrete (gold, coal, butter)NOUNS

abstract (advice, knowledge, love)proper (John, Mary, England)(lastna imena)

The classification of nouns into concrete and abstract is semantic (it depends on the meaning of the word).

SIBILANT (sinik, umevec)nouns ending in a sibilant (-s, -ss, -x, -sh, -ch) form theplural by adding -esto the singularhousehouses, priceprices (mute -e!), busbus(s)es

COUNTABLES regular plural formation(p. 42-44)

NOUNS ENDING IN -Oconsonant + -o: potatoes [z], solos (foreign word!)vowel + -o: radios

Abbreviated nounstake the inflection -s only: cello cellos, photophotos

NOUNS ENDING IN -Yconsonant + -y: babybabies, the Kennedys!

vowel + -y: daydays

irregular plural formation(p. 44-46) MUTATION PLURALA limited number of OE nouns formedtheir plurals not by inflections but bymutation (change of the stem1vowel).man [mn]men [men], goose [gu:s] geese [gi:s], mouse [maus] mice[mais], foot [fut]feet [fi:t]

PLURAL IN -ENThe few survivals of the OE pluralinflection -en represent this onceextensive paradigmatic class of nounsox oxen, child children, brother

brethren

1the part of a word that stays the same when different endings are added to it

VOICING + -S PLURALThe final voiceless fricative of the sg.base is changed to its voicedcounterpart before the plular -s/-es [z]:a) -f becomes v before -es

beef beeves, life lives, self

selves, calfcalvesb) -th [] becomes [] before s

bath [ba:]baths [ba:z], mouthmouths, pathpaths

REGULAR PLURAL!!! p. 46


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zero plural (unchanged plural)(p. 46-48)

Some nouns take the zero plural inflection and thus have only one form for the singular and theplural (one-form countable nouns).

ANIMAL NAMESa) deer,sheep, grouseb) fishand nouns denoting some kinds of fish (cod, carp, dace, mackerel, plaice, salmon, trout)

The plural form fishes,trouts,carps (never *plaices, *salmons!) are used only to denote the varietyof the kind. There are manyfishes (various kinds)in the net.The following nouns denoting fish take the regular plural: anchovy anchovies, herring

herrings, sardinesardines, spratsprats, solesoles, eeleels.Nouns denoting sea animals other than fish also take the regular plural (crabs, lobster, shrimps).

SOME QUANTITATIVE (NUMERICAL) NOUNS

Hundred, thousand, million, brace, dozen, gross, head, score, yoke when premodified, esp. bycardinal numerals (two hundred people, five million stars).two brace of partridgetwo dozen handkerchiefsfifteen head of cattlefour score yearsTwo yoke of oxen drew the cart.

The nouns pound, stoneand footoften take a zero plural inflection, when followed by a smaller unit:The bill came to four pound ten.She used to weight nine stone(orstones) but she has gone down to eight stone three.His brother is six foot three.

His brother is six foot(or feet) tall.

NOUNS IN -(E)S: AMLS, BARRACKS, CROSS-ROADS, GALLOWS,HEADQUARTERS, MEANS, SERIES, SPECIES (examples p. 48!)

plural of compound nouns(p. 48-49)

There are three ways of pluralizing compound nouns:1. Usually only the last element is pluralized whether it is a noun or some other part of speech.

lady-birdlady-birdsboy-friendboy-friendsschool-mate school-mates

forget-me-not forget-me-notsgood-for-nothinggood-for-nothingsmerry-go-round merry-go-rounds

2. Both nouns are pluralized:a) when the first element is manor woman,on condition that this element denotes the sex of

the compound (man friendmen friends, woman doctorwomen doctors)b) when the first element is a classifying genitive (a mans club or a mens clubmens

clubs, a printers erroror printers errorprinters error)3. In compound nouns where the noun is postmodified by a prepositional phrase, an adjective,

an adverb or an infinitive, the first element (the noun) is usually pluralized:

editor-in-chiefeditors-in-chief point of viewpoints of viewman-of-warmen-of-war

mother-to-bemothers-to-berunner-uprunners-uppasser-bypassers-by


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In a number of compounds where a noun is postmodified by an adjective, the compound is felt as asingle unit, thus the plural -sis often added at the end:lord mayors,brigadier generals, court-martials ,knight-errants,poet laureates

Similarly in some compound where the noun is postmodified by a prepositional phrase (particularlyin AmE and becoming more and more common in BrE):commander-in-chiefs for commanders-in-chiefmother-in-laws for mothers-in-lawsister-in-laws for sisters-in-law

plural of titles(p. 49-50)

If a title+a propernoun is pluralized, the usual practice is to pluralize the proper noun.

Colloquial: the (two) Miss Brownsthe (three) Doctor Greys

Official: the (two) Misses Brownthe (three) DoctorsGrey

NOTE:1. Mrs.is never pluralized nor written in full!2. The plural form ofMr.is Messrs(short for Messieurs) but it can be used in business language

only; otherwiseMr.remains unchanged.

plural of foreign nouns(p. 50-51)

LATIN NOUNS IN -US, -UM, -Abacillus bacilli, stimulus stimuli,

radiusradii, bacteriumbacteria

GREEK NOUNS IN -IS, -ONanalysisanalyses, axisaxes, basisbases,

crisiscrises, hypothesishypotheses,

oasisoases, thesistheses, criterioncriteria,

phenomenonphenomena

FRENCH NOUNSbeau beaux, bureau bureaux, monsieurmessieurs, madammesdames

The longer a foreign word has been in the language and the more it has been used, the more it tends toacquire the English plural inflection -s, particularly in non-technical, everyday language (natural

process of assimilation). p. 50!A great number of foreign nouns have become completely naturalized and always take the Englishplural inflection (asylum asylums, bonus bonuses, campus campuses, encyclop(a)edia encyclop(a)edias, virusviruses ).


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NON-COUNTABLES

Non-countable nouns do not change their form. They are subdivided into two large groups:1. singular non-countable nouns lacking the plural,2. plural non-countable nouns lacking the singular.

singular non-countable nouns(p. 51-55)

MASS NOUNS

MATERIALS: chalk, gold, iron, rubber, wood FLUIDS: blood, milk, petrol, water, wine GASES: air, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, smoke ...

To denote individual quantities mass nouns may be used with specific partitives:a piece / a loaf / a slice of bread

a piece / a slice of cake, bacon, salami a piece / a lump of coala piece / a sheet of papera piece / a bar of chocolate, soap

Mass (material) nouns can be used as countable nouns in the singular and plural when they denote:a) DIFFERENT SORTS

They produce high quality cheeses. They served different wines at the wedding reception.b) INDIVIDUAL QUANTITIES

Two ice-creamsplease. How many sugarsdo you take in your tea?c) OBJECTS MADE OF A PARTICULAR MATERIAL

They have twoironsbut neither of them is in order. He was dressed intweeds.

ABSTRACT NOUNS

NATURAL PHENOMENA: cold, heat, lightning, sunshine, weatherABSTRACT IDEAS: courage, freedom, happiness, luck, peace

Abstract nouns may be used as countable nouns when they denote an object exhibiting the qualityexpressed by the noun:Beautyis only skin deep. but Mrs. Browns daughters are all renowned beauties.

Some abstract nouns are used in the plural to intensify the meaning expressed by the singular:the frostsof an arctic winter, the chillsof winter, the coldsof midwinter, the heatsof Africa

The plural of some non-countable nouns denotes depth of feeling: My sympathies! Many thanks!Congratulations!

En : SlovUNCOUNT. COUNT.informationadviceknowledgenewswork

En : Slov.COUNT. UNCOUNT.importsexportsdevelopmentsenergyliferisk


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En : Slov.PL. SG.

Make up your minds!This will break your parents hearts.(p. 54!)

NOUNS ENDING IN -ICS

The name of sciences ending in -ics, though plural in form are nowadays usually treated as singulars.Acousticsis the science of heard sound.Phoneticsis a branch of linguistics.Politicsdemandsa persons whole energies.

But the above nouns are usually treated as plurals when practical is meant:The acousticsof our new concert hall aregood.His phonetics arefirst class.

The nouns athletics, gymnastics, tactics are generally considered as plural since they imply practicalapplication:

Athletics arean essential part of the Olympic Games.Gymnastics help to keep you fit.

Some names of diseased in s are usually treated as singulars.Measles isan infectious disease.Mumps isaccompanied by a painful swelling in the neck.Rickets iscaused by deficiency in vitamin D.

plural non-countable nouns(p. 55-57)

A number of English non-countable nouns lack a singular form and are used only in the plural(pluralia tantum).

1. the names of instruments and toolsbellows, clippers, fetters, pincers, tongs, pliers, scales, scissors, shears, tweezers, glasses(spectacles), goggles

2. the names of articles of clothing consisting of two identical partsbraces, (riding) breeches, briefs (panties), corduroys, flannels, knickers, knicker-bockers, shorts,suspenders (suspender-belt!), overalls, pyjamas (pyjama belt!), tights, trousers (trouser-leg),(under) pants

3. the names of some parts of the bodybowels, entrails, guts, intestines (small intestine, large intestine!)

4.

nouns in -s denoting places(indefinite plurality)environs, lodgings, outskirts, premises, slums, suburbs, tropics, whereabouts5. the names of mountain ranges, some islands and countries

the Alps, the Balkans, the Rockies, the West Indies, the Netherlands (p. 56!)6. some miscellaneous nouns denoting indefinite plurality

auspices, customs, clothes, digs, dregs, goods, grapes, hops, looks, morals, oats, remains,preserves, railings, suds

7. a number of substantivized adjectivesthe ancients, the classics, the drinkables, the eatables/edibles, the greens, the moderns, themovables, the odds, the particulars, the rapids, the shallows, the valuables


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nouns of multitude (p. 57-58)

Nouns of multitude are pluralia tantum judging by their pattering. Though singular in form they areused with determiners that pattern either with all nouns or with plural nouns only and always take aplural verb: CATTLE, FOLK, GENTRY, MILITIA, KINDRED, PEOPLE, POLICE, VERMIN,YOUTH.

plurals with different meanings (p. 58-59)

The plurals of some nouns have two or more meanings of which one is usually similar to the singularmeaning, the other(s) being different from it. In such cases the plural form has been lexicalized(it hasacquired another lexical meaning, which results in homonymy the occurrence of words that havethe same spelling and pronunciation but a different meaning).

See Blaganje-Konte, p. 58-59 for examples!

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Angleska morfologija