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Andrew Ajirogi
Ben Aldern
John Odlum
Johnny Chang
Table of Contents Introduction .................................................................................................................................................. 3
Members ................................................................................................................................................... 3
Formula SAE (FSAE) ................................................................................................................................... 3
Background ............................................................................................................................................... 4
Project Design ............................................................................................................................................... 5
Materials ................................................................................................................................................... 5
Flexure Design, actuator lever and mount ............................................................................................... 5
Actuator lever and mount ......................................................................................................................... 7
Electrical .................................................................................................................................................... 8
Testing ........................................................................................................................................................... 9
Results ....................................................................................................................................................... 9
Introduction
Members Andrew Ajirogi
is a senior
mechanical
engineer. As
the FSAE
technical
director, he is
knowledgeable
of all the
systems in the
car and system integration.
Ben Aldern is a
senior mechanical
engineer. He is the
FSAE team
principal and
electrical lead.
John Odlum is a
senior mechanical
engineer. He is now
an unofficial member
of FSAE with his
design of the mount
and clamp for the
actuator.
Johnny Chang is a
senior mechanical
engineer and FSAE
chassis and
composites lead.
Formula SAE (FSAE) Formula SAE is an international competition organized by the Society of Automotive Engineers where
college students design, manufacture and test a formula style car. The car built by UC Berkeley’s
Formula SAE uses a 2001-2003 Suzuki GSX-R600 engine that has a sequential gearbox. The gears can
only shift in a sequential order (up or down without passing through neutral.) Shifts are actuated by the
rotation of a lever at the gearbox.
Figure 1: Red arrow (push) is a downshift. The blue arrow indicated a pull, up shift. The gearbox is different for first gear where the driver will have will downshift (push) to get to first gear and from first gear only pull half to return to neutral
Background The old shifting system on the car was actuated by a lever mounted to the left of the driver. See Figure
1. This lever was attached to a push-pull cable which ran the length of the car to the transmission. When
a shift was needed, the driver would remove his or her left hand from the wheel, grab the lever, and
push or pull it. Pushing caused an extension of the cable at the shifting spline, causing a downshift.
Pulling retracted the cable, making the car up shift. The system was fully mechanical, but required the
driver’s left hand to be off the wheel.
This was problematic in a few specific ways. The time taken between when the shift was needed to
when it was actuated was somewhat slow due to the driver’s need to move his or her hand. The lever
also proved to be difficult to actuate at certain critical times. On a Formula SAE competition course with
many turns, frequent shifting is required to maximize performance. If a shift was needed during a turn
the driver would have to make the turn with one hand on the steering wheel or simply wait until out of
the turn and lose time while the engine was in a bad RPM range. As well, toward the end of a race the
driver’s arms would be tired from steering, causing increased difficulty in actuating the shift and longer
delays between when the shift was needed and when it was actuated. Both situations would lead to a
decrease in overall performance.
The goal of this project was to install a paddle shifting system to address these issues and eliminate the
detriment of the push-pull system to overall performance in a race. With paddle shifting, the driver
would be able to actuate a shift without removing his or her hand from the wheel, increasing control at
every point in the race. As well, the amount of force required by the driver to actuate the shift is
minimized to reduce the strain of a race. This would ideally lead to faster shift times, a decrease in
weight, and reduction in part numbers by removing the long cable. The system is designed with
increased performance, lighter weight, and simplicity as the driving parameters. When finalized, it
would allow the driver to actuate a shift almost instantaneously without losing any control of the car.
Project Design The new system is designed with the above considerations in mind. Behind the steering wheel, paddles
attached to steel flexures were installed within the reach of the driver’s fingertips. On each side of the
flexure, a momentary rocker-type switch was installed such that when the flexure was pressed towards
the wheel by the driver, the switch would be activated. The flexures acted as a restoring force, returning
to the original position after the driver deformed them to actuate the shift. Once the switch is activated,
it sends a signal to the vehicle’s engine control unit (ECU). The ECU then determines which type of shift
was called for based on which switch was activated. The ECU then sends current through a relay to an
electric solenoid that actuates the shift. The current creates a magnetic field within the solenoid, causing
the metal arm in the center to extend (downshift) or retract (up shift) depending on the direction of the
current. See Figure 2.
(a) (b) (c)
Figure 2: (a) Solidworks CAD of the actuator in the extended position (downshift) (b) In the neutral position (wait for signal) (c) is the retracted position (upshift)
Materials -FlatShifter electric solenoid
-Steel flexures
-MoTeC M400 engine control unit (ECU)
-Steel actuator mount
-Aluminum actuator clamp
-Electrical relays and wiring
-Aluminum shifter spline
Flexure Design Design Specifications:
- The movement of the lever on the switch dictates how much the flexure must distort in order to
achieve a successful shift. This was measured to be approximately 3mm at the point of contact of the
switch lever.
- For driver comfort the amount of reaction force from pressing the lever should not exceed 3
pounds.
- The flexure must also be robust, due to the cyclical loads that are imposed on it. Therefore the
stress in the flexure must not exceed the endurance limit stress of 4130 normalized steel (at 870
degrees Celsius)
The mesh for the stress region was set to fine (triangles of length 0.158 inches). The mesh size was
determined through inspection of mesh sensitivity, or the amount the stress in a region changes due to
mesh size with the same force and constraints. The mesh sensitivity converged at the element size
previously mentioned. See Figure 3
Figure 3: A finer mesh is seen by the smaller triangles on the left.
There is a stress concentration at the corner after the switch mount; this is assumed to be non
representative due to the sharp edge in the CAD. The manufactured part has a fillet and mitigates this
stress riser. The rest of the stress plot shows stress 50ksi and below, which is right around the
endurance limit for 4130 steel. See Figure 4.
Figure 4: The arrow shows where the stress concentration in the flexures
Figure 5: Deflection in the region near the switch lever is transitioning from green to yellow (indicted by red arrow) which is the 2.9-3mm region, meeting the design specification.
A two pound force is applied at the back face of the flexure where the paddle will be bonded. The front
face of the flexure is fixed to simulate a bolted connection to the rear face of the steering wheel. The
front of the flexure is fixed as an approximation to the bolted connection between the steering wheel
and the flexure. This approximation is valid because the clamping force from the bolts connecting the
steering wheel to the flexure is much larger than the force applied to the flexure. See Figure 5.
Actuator lever and mount Before choosing an actuator we assessed the requirements of the transmission. To engage the next gear
the selector shaft needs to be rotated approximately 15 degrees for up shifts and downshifts and
requires a minimum of 78 lb-inches to move through this motion. This torque was measured with a
strain gauge attached to the cockpit lever of the old push-pull system. All of the force that went into the
lever was applied through this strain gauge and with precise measurements of the levers involved we
were able to calculate the torque at the selector shaft.
With this knowledge we set out to choose an actuator and assessed pneumatic, hydraulic, electric gear,
and electric solenoid systems. We chose the electric solenoid system because of the low parts count,
simplicity, availability, and cost.
Electric solenoids produce much of their force at the end of the stroke and thus it’s necessary to use the
entire stroke. The lever at the selector shaft with the old system was 1.25” long and, with a rotation of
15 degrees, far too short for the electric actuator with a stroke of 1”. We made a new 4” lever and
packaged were careful to package it in a way that would not interfere with any existing parts.
Electrical The electrical system utilized the Motec M400 that the team already had. The solenoid was purchased
separately from a company who makes a similar product for disabled motorcyclists. The circuit was
relatively simple and easy to integrate into the system. Figure 6 shows how a upshift is completed.
Figure 6: The wiring diagram shows how a driver gets an upshift. Pulling the upshift paddle sends a signal to the ECU and the ECU sends a signal to a relay that powers the actuator.
Testing In order to prove the new system, we ran the car with data acquisition with several relevant sensors
including gear position, switch input status, output status, and engine RPM. These datasets allowed us
to tune the system parameters to achieve the fastest and most reliable shift times.
Figure 7: This picture shows a snapshot of the paddle shifter system working. For videos, please visit
http://www.youtube.com/user/calfsae
Results Below are two graphs showing data gathered while running with the old push-pull lever and with the
new paddle shifters. The shift shown from the old system was executed in 204 milliseconds and the
paddle shifters executed the shift in 170 milliseconds, 16.5% faster. More importantly, the driver was
able to keep his hands on the steering wheel during both up- and downshifts, allowing him to maintain
better control of the car.
Figure 8: Push-pull system downshift in 204 milliseconds
Figure 9: Paddle shifter system downshift in 170 milliseconds
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ITEM NO.
PART NUMBER DESCRIPTION QTY.
1 paddle-flexturePADDLE-FLEXTURE-SWITCH
ASSEM1
2 QuickRelease_v01_TT QUICK RELEASE 1
3 Racetech240mmWheel_v02_TT
RACETECH STEERING WHEEL
1
4 Racetech Quick Release Spline
QUICK RELESE SPLINE 1
5 2012-DR-03-000FRONT CLUTCH MOUNT
ASSEM1
6 27 AN3 BOLT 1
7 2012-DR-04-000 CLUTCH LEVER ASSY 1
8 AN3_Nut AN3 NUT 7
9 number10_bolt #10 SHCS 0.75" 6
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APPROVEDDATEDESCRIPTIONREV.
ITEM NO. PART NUMBER DESCRIPTION QTY.1 flexure FLEXTURES 12 number2_bolt 2-56x0.75" bolt 43 paddles Paddles 2
4 Switch SS-5GL13T Limit Switch P/N: SS-5GL13T 25 90545A003 2-56 Hex Nut 4
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WATERJET PART, .030" sheet1.DEBUR ALL EDGES2.DRILL OUT HOLES (IF NECESSARY)3.ALL DIMENSIONS ARE SYMMETRICAL TO THE LEFT4.SIDE OF PART
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DOWN 89° R 0.070
UP 90° R 0.070
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UP 90° R 0.070
1.208
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2.4
Aluminum
JLC
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NOTES:
1. AND BELT SAND TO SIZE)
JLC
DEBUR ALL EDGES
WATERJET PART (CAN BE CUT
2.
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CLUTCH ASSEMBLY
ITEM NO.
PART NUMBER DESCRIPTION QTY.
1 2012-DR-03-001 CLUTCH MOUNT CYLINDER 1
2 2012-DR-03-002FRONT CLUTCH MOUNT,
STEERING SIDE1
3 2012-DR-03-004 CLUTCH PIVOT 1
42012-DR-03-003_paddleshift
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2.000
1.18
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2.241
1.975
0.160
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0.250
0.500
0.250
0.649
0.188 TH
RU
0.250
ATA
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NOTES:
DRILL ONE HOLE AND FLIP PART TO DRILL1.THE OTHER HOLE, DO NOT DRILL IN ONE SETUPWATERJET PART2.DEBUR ALL EDGES3.
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ITEM NO. PART NUMBER DESCRIPTION QTY.
1 2012-DR-04-001 SHIFT LEVER 1
2 2012-DR-04-002 CLUTCH LEVER CABLE RESTRAINT 1
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2X 16°
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BOM TableITEM NO.
PART NUMBER DESCRIPTION QTY.
1 2012-EN-01-ENGINE-MOCKUP Engine 1
2 mounting piece Clamp to engine mount 1
3 mounting bracket swivel side Actuator clamp part 1 1
4 mounting bracket Actuator clamp part 2 1
5 7806K62 Thrust bearing 2
6 2012-DR-05-008 Rod end 1
7 kliktronic body Actuator 1
8 new spline Spline lever 1
9 90576A115 M6x1 nut 1
10 97135A215 1/4-28 nut 1
11 92235A242 M6x1 bolt 2
12 91290A264 M5x1 bolt 2
13 .25-28x1.5 for clamp 1
14 10-32x1.5 for clamp 2
BA
BA
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12
1
11
8
6
9
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7
1052
3
13
142
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Mount Clamp
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Aluminum
Machine Center and through holes before cutting
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in two
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REVISIONSZONE REV. DESCRIPTION DATE APPROVED
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ATA
0.5
00
NSF 10/32 Screw TappedNSF 10/32 Screw Clearance
3.246
2.7
69
0.381
1.969
46°
1.383
0.4
31
0.600
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3D
0.005"
TOLERANCES:ANGULAR: 2DEG ONE PLACE DECIMAL 0.030"TWO PLACE DECIMAL 0.01"THREE PLACE DECIMAL
DRAW
AA+ SolidWorks Student License Academic Use Only
1.
11/27/2011
11/27/2011ATAJEO
11/27/2011BA
Mounting Weld Locations
Steel
Jig in car to fit
Notes:
REVISIONSZONE REV. DESCRIPTION DATE APPROVED
AA INITIAL RELEASE 11/27/2011 ATA
REV
TEAM CAL SIMRACEWAY
DO NOT SCALE DRAWING
tubemount
SHEET 1 OF 2SCALE: 1:2
PART NUMBER
ASIZE
TITLE:
12345678
8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
C
B
A
B
C
DD
ANAME DATE
CHK
UNLESS OTHERWISE SPECIFIED
2DMATERIAL:
3D
0.005"
TOLERANCES:ANGULAR: 2DEG ONE PLACE DECIMAL 0.030"TWO PLACE DECIMAL 0.01"THREE PLACE DECIMAL
DRAW
AA+
31.
68°
0.999
2.1
93
SolidWorks Student License Academic Use Only
ATA
11/27/2011
11/27/2011
JEO
Mounting Tubes
11/22/2011BA
REVISIONSZONE REV. DESCRIPTION DATE APPROVED
AA INITIAL RELEASE 11/27/11 ATA
Steel
REV
TEAM CAL SIMRACEWAY
DO NOT SCALE DRAWING
Tubes
SHEET 1 OF 2SCALE: 1:1
PART NUMBER
ASIZE
TITLE:
12345678
8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
C
B
A
B
C
DD
ANAME DATE
CHK
UNLESS OTHERWISE SPECIFIED
2DMATERIAL:
3D
0.005"
TOLERANCES:ANGULAR: 2DEG ONE PLACE DECIMAL 0.030"TWO PLACE DECIMAL 0.01"THREE PLACE DECIMAL
DRAW
AA+
0.500 TRUE
TRUE 0.402
3.250
0.500
SolidWorks Student License Academic Use Only
0.150
2.4
37
REVISIONSZONE REV. DESCRIPTION DATE APPROVED
AA INITIAL RELEASE 11/27/2011 ATA
ATAJEO
NOTES:
Waterjet Profile1.Drill Hole2.Debur Edges3.
11/22/2011
Steel
Mountig Piece
11/27/2011
11/27/2011BA REV
TEAM CAL SIMRACEWAY
DO NOT SCALE DRAWING
mounting piece
SHEET 1 OF 2SCALE: 1:1
PART NUMBER
ASIZE
TITLE:
12345678
8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
C
B
A
B
C
DD
ANAME DATE
CHK
UNLESS OTHERWISE SPECIFIED
2DMATERIAL:
3D
0.005"
TOLERANCES:ANGULAR: 2DEG ONE PLACE DECIMAL 0.030"TWO PLACE DECIMAL 0.01"THREE PLACE DECIMAL
DRAW
AA+
0.210
2.052
2.1
29
SolidWorks Student License Academic Use Only
0.113
0.275
0.750
0.500
11/1/2011JO
11/21/2011
11/21/2011ATA
ATA
NOTES:
1. DEBUR ALL EDGES AFTER MACHINING
REVISIONS
ZONE REV. DESCRIPTION DATE APPROVED
AA INITIAL RELEASE 11/21/2011 ATA
REV
TEAM CAL SIMRACEWAY
DO NOT SCALE DRAWING
2011-DR-09-001-AA
SHEET 1 OF 1
CLUTCH MOUNT BOSS
SCALE: 2:1
PART NUMBER
A
SIZE
TITLE:
12345678
8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
C
B
A
B
C
DD
CHKMATERIAL:
NAME DATEA
0.005"
Mild Steel
3D
UNLESS OTHERWISE SPECIFIED
2D
TOLERANCES:ANGULAR: 2DEG ONE PLACE DECIMAL 0.030"TWO PLACE DECIMAL 0.01"THREE PLACE DECIMAL
DRAW
AA+ SolidWorks Student License Academic Use Only
JLC
ATA
11/27/11
11/27/11JLC
JLC
11/27/11
DATE
REVISIONS
ZONE REV. DESCRIPTION
spline lever
APPROVED
AA INITIAL RELEASE 11/28/11
ITEM NO. PART NUMBER DESCRIPTION QTY.1 2012-DR-06-001 Purchased Part 12 new spline 1
CHK SHEET 1 OF 1
TEAM CAL SIMRACEWAY
DO NOT SCALE DRAWING
REV
new spline assem
SCALE: 1:2
PART NUMBER
A
SIZE
TITLE:
12345678
8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
C
B
A
B
C
D
DATE
3D
MATERIAL:
NAME
D
UNLESS OTHERWISE SPECIFIED
2D0.005"
ATOLERANCES:ANGULAR: 2DEG ONE PLACE DECIMAL 0.030"TWO PLACE DECIMAL 0.01"THREE PLACE DECIMAL
DRAW
AA+
Make lever arm and spline parallel
0.350
1 2
3.33
SolidWorks Student License Academic Use Only
0.236
3.3
34
1.257 0.200
3.7
13
REV
TEAM CAL SIMRACEWAY
DO NOT SCALE DRAWING
new spline
SHEET 1 OF 2SCALE: 1:1
PART NUMBER
ASIZE
TITLE:
12345678
8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
C
B
A
B
C
DD
ANAME DATE
CHK
UNLESS OTHERWISE SPECIFIED
2DMATERIAL:
3D
0.005"
TOLERANCES:ANGULAR: 2DEG ONE PLACE DECIMAL 0.030"TWO PLACE DECIMAL 0.01"THREE PLACE DECIMAL
DRAW
AA+JEO 11/27/2011
11/27/2011ATA
New Spline Arm
drill hole1.
NOTES:
Waterjet profile2.
11/27/2011JEO
REVISIONSZONE REV. DESCRIPTION DATE APPROVED
AA INITIAL RELEASE 11/27/2011 ATA
Steel SolidWorks Student License Academic Use Only