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Ralf Siebenmorgen ModGal 2015
v Extinction, emission and polarisation of dust
v Two-phase AGN tours models: SED library
Andreas Efstathiou, Frank Heymann, Endrik Krűgel, Nikolai Voshchinikov, Peter Scicluna (PhD)
AGN Dust Models
Ralf Siebenmorgen ModGal 2015
Si + aC : 60Å < a < 0.2-0.3µm ~ a-3.5
Graphite : 5Å < a < 80 Å ~ a-3.5
PAH : 30, 200 C
Abundances [X/H in ppm]: 31Si + 150aC + 50gr + 30PAH
Siebenmorgen et al. (2014)
ISM dust Solar neighborhood
Ralf Siebenmorgen ModGal 2015
PAH absorptioncross section
+ ‘’2200” bump
Malloci et al. (2007)
Verstraete et al. 1992
Siebenmorgen et al. (2014)
Ralf Siebenmorgen ModGal 2015
Nucleus of NGC1808 PAH emissioncross section
Siebenmorgen et al. (2001. 2007)
Starbursts
Ralf Siebenmorgen ModGal 2015
Linear polarisationSerkowski~Voshchinnikov (2012)
Siebenmorgen et al. (2014)
Ralf Siebenmorgen ModGal 2015
Linear polarisationSerkowski~Voshchinnikov (2012)
Siebenmorgen et al. (2014)
Ralf Siebenmorgen ModGal 2015
Extinction: Prolate / Sphere
Siebenmorgen et al. (2014)
Ralf Siebenmorgen ModGal 2015
Dust model :
- Extinction ✓
- Emission ✓
- Polarisation ✓
ISM dust
Ralf Siebenmorgen ModGal 2015
Dust model :
- Extinction ✓
- Emission ✓
- Polarisation ✓
ISM dustFitzpatrick (1999)
Ralf Siebenmorgen ModGal 2015
Reflection nebulae
Dust model :
- Extinction
- Emission
- Polarisation
Ralf Siebenmorgen ModGal 2015
Albedo +Extinction
Siebenmorgen et al. (2014)
Ralf Siebenmorgen ModGal 2015
Reflection nebulae
Dust model :
- Extinction ✓
- Emission
- Polarisation
8µmPeeters et al. 2012
Siebenmorgen et al. (2014)
Ralf Siebenmorgen ModGal 2015
Emission
Siebenmorgen et al. (2014)
Ralf Siebenmorgen ModGal 2015
Polarisation
Siebenmorgen et al. (2014)
Ralf Siebenmorgen ModGal 2015
Circular polarisationOblate versus Prolate
~maximum of linear polarisation
x
~Voshchinnikov (2002, 2012)
Ralf Siebenmorgen ModGal 2015
Diffraction limited optical polarimetry of supergiant VYCMa-> Grain sizes (methodology: Krügel 2008)
Scicluna et al, subm.
Ralf Siebenmorgen ModGal 2015
Diffraction limited optical polarimetry of supergiant VYCMa-> Grains 50 times larger than in ISM
Scicluna et al, subm.
Ralf Siebenmorgen ModGal 2015
AGN tours models
Ralf Siebenmorgen ModGal 2015
Clumpy AGN tours models (Elitzur et al. 2001, Nenkova et al. 2008, Hönig & Kishimoto 2010, ….)
Before 2000: RT in homogenous disks (Pier & Krolik 1992, Efstathiou & Rowan-Robinson 1993, …)
Ralf Siebenmorgen ModGal 2015
Hyrdo-dynamical simulation of AGN torus structure
(Wada 2012)courtesy K.Wada
Ralf Siebenmorgen ModGal 2015
courtesy M. Schartann
MIR view of the AGN torus (Schartmann et al. 2014)
Ralf Siebenmorgen ModGal 2015
Dust in polar region of AGN toursV L T I: Burtscher et al. 2013, Hönig et al. 2013, Tristram et al. 2014,
Review by Netzer 2015
VLTI: Circinus
Ralf Siebenmorgen ModGal 2015
Phenomenological AGN torus structure
Siebenmorgen et al. (2015) ModGal 2015
Ralf Siebenmorgen ModGal 2015
a) Caveats on approx. treatmentsb) 3D radiative transfer c) ISM dust viz. fluffy grainsd) Caveats on AGN extinction e) 5 parameter SED library:• NIR, 10µm band, intrinsic LAGN
• IRAC colors (Stern’05)• Type I+II ~> pure AGN
Two-phase AGN tours modelSED library
Siebenmorgen et al. (2015)
Ralf Siebenmorgen ModGal 2015
Clumpy AGN tours model
• Clumps in 1,2,3D radiative transfer computations • Total AGN torus emission applying statistical arguments
Ralf Siebenmorgen ModGal 2015
Caveats on clumpy AGN tours models
• Statistical approach valid for high clump number• Energy balance not strictly hold• No continuous dust distribution, only clumps• No heating of clumps from continuous medium/disk• 9-11 free parameters -> degenerated SED
• Emission of clumps in shadows overestimated, assumed isotropic heating from none shadowed neighboring clumps
Ralf Siebenmorgen ModGal 2015
Self consistent treatment
3D Monte Carlo radiative transfer
Ralf Siebenmorgen ModGal 2015
- Arbitrary dust distribution
- Pseudo adaptive mesh important for clumps
3D Monte Carlo radiative transfer
1. Geometry:
Ralf Siebenmorgen ModGal 2015
l Source emits “photon packages” of equal energy
3D Monte Carlo radiative transfer
1. Geometry
2. Source
Ralf Siebenmorgen ModGal 2015
1. Geometry
2. Source
3. Inter-action
4. Dust temperature
l absorption / scattering / no interaction
= - ln(ζ)
3D Monte Carlo radiative transfer
Ralf Siebenmorgen ModGal 2015
l Photons escape model cloud
3D Monte Carlo radiative transfer
1. Geometry
2. Source
3. Inter-action
4. Dust temperature
5. Detection
Time as 4thdimension (Light echo’s)
Ralf Siebenmorgen ModGal 2015
• Multiple photons at a time -> faster !
Challenges:
v Cell locked when hit by photon
v Parallel random number generator
(Mersene Twister)
v Graphical Processing Units (CUDA)
Heymann & Siebenmorgen (2012)
Vectorised 3D Monte Carlo
Ralf Siebenmorgen ModGal 2015
Dust density distribution
Siebenmorgen et al. (2015)
Ralf Siebenmorgen ModGal 2015
Carbon Silicate
Fluffygrains
ISM dust fluffy grains
diffuse ISMn ~ 1 atom/cm3
Draine 2011, Feltre et al 2012, Jones et al. 2014, Siebenmorgen et al. 2014
Siebenmorgen et al. (2015)
Ralf Siebenmorgen ModGal 2015
ISM dust fluffy grains
AGN dustn ~ 102...6 atom/cm3
Fluffygrains
diffuse ISMn ~ 1 atom/cm3
Draine 2011, Feltre et al 2012, Jones et al. 2014, Siebenmorgen et al. 2014
Krügel & Siebenmorgen 1994
Siebenmorgen et al. (2015)
Carbon Silicate
Ralf Siebenmorgen ModGal 2015
ISM dust fluffy grains
isotropic
Ralf Siebenmorgen ModGal 2015
ISM dust ✕ scattering medium -> SMC extinction curve
(Krügel 2009)
Caveat on extinction measurements
Ralf Siebenmorgen ModGal 2015
Caveat on extinction measurements
Scattering in or out-of-the beam
dust clump
Scicluna & Siebenmorgen, 2015
Ralf Siebenmorgen ModGal 2015
-> No 1:1 link to dust properties !
AGN torus extinction viewing angle
Scicluna & Siebenmorgen, 2015
Ralf Siebenmorgen ModGal 2015
disk shadows isotropic
AGN imaging
face-on
edge-on
polar dust
Siebenmorgen et al. (2015)
Ralf Siebenmorgen ModGal 2015
SED library of AGN
Library includes ~3600 SEDs
Siebenmorgen et al. (2015)
Minumum set of 5 free parameters1) Viewing angle2) Inner radius 3) Cloud filling factor4) Optical depth of clouds5) Optical depth of disk midplane
Ralf Siebenmorgen ModGal 2015
Impact of AGN parameters on SED
Siebenmorgen et al. (2015)
Ralf Siebenmorgen ModGal 2015 Siebenmorgen et al. (2015)
Impact of AGN parameters on SED
Ralf Siebenmorgen ModGal 2015
NIR flux enhanced by disk
no disk + disk
10 100 10 100
x10
Siebenmorgen et al. (2015)
Ralf Siebenmorgen ModGal 2015
Strength of the 10µm silicate band
Levenson et al. 2008Schartmann et al. 2008Sirocky et al. 2008Thompson et al. 2009Hatziminaoglou et al. 2015
emission absorption
Siebenmorgen et al. (2015)
Ralf Siebenmorgen ModGal 2015
Center wavelength of the 10µm feature
Siebenmorgen et al. (2015)
Ralf Siebenmorgen ModGal 2015
Intrinsic AGN luminosity LAGN
Assuming isotropic AGN emission (Stalevski et al. 2012)
Siebenmorgen et al. (2015)
Ralf Siebenmorgen ModGal 2015
SED Library IRAC colors of AGN
Siebenmorgen et al. (2015)
(Stern 2005)
Ralf Siebenmorgen ModGal 2015
edge-on, high extinction AGNSiebenmorgen et al. (2015)
(Stern 2005)
SED Library IRAC colors of AGN
Ralf Siebenmorgen ModGal 2015
Seyferts
Ground based MIR:Alonso Herrero et al 2011Gonzales- Martin et al 2013Esquej et al. 2014Ruschel-Dutra et al 2014Ichikawa et al 2015, …
Ralf Siebenmorgen ModGal 2015
Type I
Ralf Siebenmorgen ModGal 2015
Ralf Siebenmorgen ModGal 2015
Type II
Ralf Siebenmorgen ModGal 2015
Ralf Siebenmorgen ModGal 2015
Hyper-luminous galaxy
Siebenmorgen et al. (2015)
SED fitting methods: MCMC ~ χ2
Ralf Siebenmorgen ModGal 2015
² ISM dust viz. fluffy grains
² Caveats on AGN extinction
² 5 parameter SED library:• NIR, 10µm band, intrinsic LAGN
• Seyferts ~> AGN + host • Type I+II ~> pure AGN (SB <10%)• www.eso.org/~rsiebenm/agn_models/
Two-phase AGN tours model
Siebenmorgen et al. (2015)
Ralf Siebenmorgen ModGal 2015
Ralf Siebenmorgen ModGal 2015
Shadows in planet forming disks
v Gaps and ring-like structures:
... are caused by hydrostatic + radiation balance without
the need to postulate a companion/planet
(Siebenmorgen & Heymann, 2012).
v PAH emission from disks:
Low / high detection statistics of PAH in
T Tauri / Herbig Ae stars is consistent with
X-ray destruction of PAH (Siebenmorgen & Krűgel 2010).
Ralf Siebenmorgen ModGal 2015
Grains are at a few R* large enough, so that outflow might be driven by photon-scattering.
Mechanism known from O-rich AGB stars.
Supergiant VY CMAWhat is the driving mass loss mechanism?
Scicluna et al, subm.
Ralf Siebenmorgen ModGal 2015
Armitage’07
Lagrange et al, β Pic planet detection, Science’10:
“…validates the use of
disk structures as
fingerprints of embedded
planets.”
Gaps and ring-like structures inhydro-dynamical simulations
Ralf Siebenmorgen ModGal 2015
Radiative transfer1D slab geometry?
Ralf Siebenmorgen ModGal 2015
Puffed up inner rimDullemond et al.2001Kama et al. 2010
ShadowTmid - lower
Ralf Siebenmorgen ModGal 2015
Puffed up second rim
Tmid - warmer
ShadowTmid - lower
Ralf Siebenmorgen ModGal 2015
Puffed up third rim
Ralf Siebenmorgen ModGal 2015
0)
II)
Hydrostatic and radiation balance
I) T(x,y,z) by MC
Ralf Siebenmorgen ModGal 2015
Proto-planetary disk models
Ralf Siebenmorgen ModGal 2015
T Tauri disk
Ralf Siebenmorgen ModGal 2015
Gaps and ring-like structures
without planet
extinction layer (photosphere)
τ(zbot) :=1
Ralf Siebenmorgen ModGal 2015
Gaps and ring-like structures in the
mid-IR emission
Ralf Siebenmorgen ModGal 2015
Gaps and ring-like structures in
scattered light
Ralf Siebenmorgen ModGal 2015
v PAH detection statistics
v PAH excitation /
destruction
PAH emission from disks
Ralf Siebenmorgen ModGal 2015
PAH in a mono-energetic heating bath
if | Uf – Ui – hν | < ½ ΔUf : Afi = Kν Fν / hν
Siebenmorgen & Krűgel (2010) PAH emission from disks
Ralf Siebenmorgen ModGal 2015
v store PAH absorption events of each cell
v compute PAH emission
v neglect PAH self absorption
Monte Carlo + PAH
PAH emission from disks
Ralf Siebenmorgen Shadows in planet forming disksPAH emission from disks
MC versus benchmark
Ralf Siebenmorgen Shadows in planet forming disks
Eo
PAH destructionUnimoleculardissociation
1) single hard photon : independent of distance2) many soft photons : ~AU
Arrhenius form:tdis ~ exp(Eo/kT) / ν0 « tcool ~ 1s
Tmin = Eo/k ln(ν0) ~2000K; Eo ~ 5eV; ν0 = 1013Hz
ΔE = 3Nc kTmin ~ 0.1 Nc.Eb => Nc < 2 ΔE /[eV]
PAH unstable
Siebenmorgen & Krűgel (2010)
T [K]
time
tcool
tabs ~ 1h
Ralf Siebenmorgen Shadows in planet forming disks
Stationary diskSufficient X-ray photons?
α
ℓ τ = 1
z
I
}
# C in PAH # hard γ absorption/sec
‘PAH removal time’ << T Tauri pahse
top extinction layer Σℓ= α/κ
= hν · 4πr2/Lκ
Ralf Siebenmorgen Shadows in planet forming disks
Vertical mixing
ℓ /v┴ = texp > tdis
Disk lifetime => PAH replenishment
Siebenmorgen & Krűgel (2010)
Ralf Siebenmorgen Shadows in planet forming disksPAH emission from disks
T Tauri
PAH emission from disks
Ralf Siebenmorgen Shadows in planet forming disks
Mid-IR emission from Herbig disks
Siebenmorgen & Heymann (2012)
Ralf Siebenmorgen Shadows in planet forming disks
Shadows in planet forming disks
v Dust model for:
extinction, emission, linear and circular polarisation
vGaps and ring-like structures:
... are caused by hydrostatic + radiation balance without
the need to postulate a companion/planet
(Siebenmorgen&Heymann, 2012).
v PAH emission from disks:
Low / high detection statistics of PAH in T Tauri /
Herbig Ae stars is consistent with X-ray destruction of
PAH (Siebenmorgen & Krűgel 2010).
Ralf Siebenmorgen ModGal 2015
PAH band ratios:ionisation dehydrogenation
PAH emission from disks
Galiano et al.’08
Ralf Siebenmorgen ModGal 2015
K06 : Krügel (2006)Dusty : Iveciz et al. (1999)
Dust sphere: AV = 1000mag, heated by star
Comparison of 2 ray tracing codes
Ralf Siebenmorgen ModGal 2015
SphereT* = 2500Kρ(r) = const.
AV=10
1
100 1000 mag
~5% for0
MC versus benchmark
Heymann & Siebenmorgen (2012)
Ralf Siebenmorgen ModGal 2015
Method Parallelization AdvantageTime
Benchmarksphere τ~1000)
Lucy YES (but floating) Optical thin >1h
Bjorkman & Wood
Partly(not
independent)No iteration 5min
our YES GPU <1min
MC methods
Heymann & Siebenmorgen (2012)
Ralf Siebenmorgen ModGal 2015
3Dproto-planetary disk
+ spiral
MHD (Fargo) density
T* = 5800KL * = LsunAv =10mag
8au3au
Ralf Siebenmorgen ModGal 2015
ELT 42mPAH imaging
Ralf Siebenmorgen ModGal 2015
D = 50pc50mas
at 11.3µmPSFdual band + coronograph
ELT 42mPAH imaging
Ralf Siebenmorgen ModGal 2015
D = 50pc50mas
at 11.3µm
MIR imaging
gap
/px
Ralf Siebenmorgen ModGal 2015
ISMKrügel&Siebenmorgen (1994)
Homogenous versus composite grains