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RO
UT
LE
DG
EC
RIT
ICA
LT
HIN
KE
RS
ess
en
tial
guid
es
for
lite
rary
studie
sG
AY
AT
RI
Ser
ies
Edi
tor:
Rob
ert
Eag
lest
one,
Roy
alH
ollo
way
,U
nive
rsit
yC
HA
KR
A\f
cR
TY
ofL
ondo
nsi
iK
T{ou
tledg
eC
ritic
alTh
inke
rsis
ase
ries
ofac
cess
ible
intr
oduc
tions
toke
ylig
ures
inco
ntem
pora
rycr
itica
lth
ough
t.
With
aun
ique
focu
son
hist
oric
alan
din
tell
ectu
alco
ntex
ts,
each
volu
me
exam
ines
ake
yth
eori
st’s
:
•si
gnif
ican
ce•
mot
ivat
ion
•ke
yid
eas
and
thei
rso
urce
s•
impa
cton
othe
rth
inke
rs
Con
clud
ing
with
exte
nsiv
ely
anno
tate
dgu
ides
tofu
rthe
rre
adin
g,1{
outle
dge
Cri
tical
Thin
kers
are
the
lite
ratu
rest
uden
t’s
pass
port
toto
day’
sm
ost
exci
ting
criti
cal
thou
ght.
Ste
ph
en
Mort
on
Alr
eady
avai
labl
e:
Rol
and
Bar
thes
byG
raha
mA
llen
Jean
Bau
drill
ard
byR
icha
rdJ.
Lane
Sim
one
deB
eauv
oir
byU
rsul
aT
Idd
Mau
rice
Bla
ncho
tby
Ullr
ich
Haa
sean
dW
illia
mL
arge
Judi
thB
utle
rby
Sara
Salih
Gill
esD
eleu
zeby
Cla
ire
Col
ebro
okJa
cque
sD
erri
daby
Nic
hola
sR
oyle
Mic
hel
Fouc
ault
bySa
raM
ills
Sigm
und
Freu
dby
Pam
ela
Thu
rsch
wel
lSt
uart
Hal
lby
Jam
esP
roct
erM
artin
Hei
degg
erby
Tim
othy
Cla
rkFr
edri
cJam
eson
byA
dam
Rob
erts
Juli
aK
riste
vaby
Noë
lIe
McA
fee
Jean
-Fra
nco
isL
yota
rdby
Sim
onM
alpa
sPa
ulde
Man
byM
artin
McQ
uill
anFr
iedr
ich
Nie
tzsc
heby
Lee
Spin
ksPa
ulR
icoe
urby
Kar
lSi
rnm
sE
dwar
dSa
idby
Bill
Ash
crof
tan
dPa
lA
hiuw
alia
Jacq
ues
Laca
nby
Sean
Hom
erR
outl
edge
Slav
ojZ
ikek
byT
ony
Mye
rsTa
ylor
&Fr
anci
sG
roup
Fo
rfu
rther
det
ails
on
this
seri
es,
see
ww
w.l
iter
atur
e.ro
utle
dge.
com
/rct
LO
ND
ON
AN
DN
EWY
ORK
110
KE
YID
EA
S
CO
LO
NIA
LIS
M,
PO
ST
CO
LO
NIA
LIS
MA
ND
TH
EL
ITE
RA
RY
TE
XT
Lite
ratu
re,
orth
ete
achi
ngof
lite
ratu
re,
has
been
inst
rum
enta
lin
the
cons
truc
tion
and
diss
emin
atio
nof
colo
nial
ism
asa
rulin
gid
ea.
InM
asks
ofC
onqu
est:
Lite
rary
Stud
yan
dB
ritis
hR
ule
inIn
dia,
Gau
riV
isw
anat
han
arg
ues
that
‘the
disc
iplin
eof
Eng
lish
cam
ein
toits
ow
nin
the
age
ofco
loni
alis
m’
and
that
‘no
seri
ous
acco
unt o
fits
grow
than
dde
velo
pmen
tca
naf
ford
toig
nore
the
impe
rial
mis
sion
ofed
ucat
ing
and
civi
lizin
gco
loni
alsu
bjec
tsin
the
lite
ratu
rean
dth
ough
tof
Eng
land
’(V
isw
anat
han
1987
:2)
.G
ayat
riC
hakr
avor
tySp
ivak
’slit
erar
ycr
itici
smha
sgr
eatly
info
rmed
and
infl
uenc
edth
epr
actic
eof
read
ing
liter
ary
text
sin
rela
tion
toth
ehi
stor
yof
colo
nial
ism
.In
essa
yssu
chas
‘Im
peri
alis
man
dSe
xual
Dif
fere
nce’
(198
6),
‘Thr
eeW
omen
’sT
exts
and
aC
ritiq
ueof
Impe
rial
ism
’(1
985)
,an
d‘T
heR
ani
ofSi
rmur
’(1
985a
),Sp
ivak
exam
ines
how
the
civi
lisin
gm
issi
onof
impe
rial
ism
was
wri
tten
and
diss
emin
ated
inan
dth
roug
hse
vera
lcl
assi
cte
xts
from
the
Eng
lish
lite
rary
trad
itio
n,in
clud
ing
Dan
iel
Def
oe’s
Rob
inso
nC
ruso
e(1
719)
,C
harl
otte
Bro
ntë’
sJa
neEy
re(1
847)
and
Mar
ySh
elle
y’s
Fran
kens
tein
(181
8),
asw
ell
asa
hist
oric
alna
rrat
ive
from
the
colo
nial
arch
ives
ofth
eE
ast
Indi
aC
ompa
ny.
Like
Edw
ard
Said
and
Hom
iB
habh
a,Sp
ivak
repe
ated
lyem
phas
ises
that
the
prod
ucti
onan
dre
cept
ion
ofni
nete
enth
-cen
tury
Engl
ish
lite
ratu
rew
asbo
und
upw
ith
the
hist
ory
ofim
peri
alis
m.
In‘T
hree
Wom
en’s
Tex
tsan
da
Cri
tique
ofIm
peri
alis
m’,
Spiv
akar
gues6
SUM
MA
RY
•R
eadi
ngM
arx
afte
rD
erri
da,
Spiv
akre
defi
nes
the
poli
tica
lta
skof
Mar
xist
crit
ique
asan
ethi
cal
call
tore
adM
arx
pati
entl
yan
dca
refu
lly.
•A
tti
mes
Spi
vak
read
sM
arx
mor
eas
aph
ilos
ophe
rth
anas
anec
ono
mis
t,fo
cusi
ngon
his
syst
ems
and
crit
ique
ofca
pita
lism
.Y
et,
Spi
vak’
sre
thin
king
ofM
arx
thro
ugh
deco
nstr
ucti
onal
way
sal
soem
ph
asis
esth
ene
edto
reta
ina
sen
seof
the
econ
omic
inco
ntem
pora
rycu
ltur
alan
alys
is.
•Sp
ivak
trac
esth
egh
ostl
yp
rese
nce
ofhu
man
labo
urco
ntai
ned
inM
arx’
sve
rbal
pres
enta
tion
ofth
eca
pita
lre
lati
on.
Wha
tis
mor
e,S
piva
kis
aski
ngre
ader
sto
rem
embe
rth
atit
isth
ela
bour
ofT
hird
Wor
ld’
wom
enin
part
icul
arw
hich
isex
ploi
ted
inth
eco
ntem
pora
rygl
obal
capi
tali
stec
onom
y.•
Indo
ing
so,
Spi
vak
dem
onst
rate
sth
edi
rect
rele
vanc
eof
Mar
x’s
Lab
our
The
ory
ofV
alue
toth
eco
ntem
pora
ryIn
tern
atio
nal
Div
isio
nof
Lab
our.
For
man
yre
ader
sth
epo
liti
cal
impe
rati
veto
read
Mar
xca
refu
lly
may
seem
diff
icul
t,if
not
impo
ssib
le,
Yet
,thi
spo
liti
cal
proj
ect
ison
lyim
poss
ible
inth
ena
rrow
,ph
ilos
ophi
cal
term
sof
valu
ede
term
inat
ion,
whe
reth
eex
ploi
tati
onof
the
wom
anw
orke
rin
the
‘Thi
rdW
orld
’,lik
eth
atof
Mar
x’s
(mal
e)in
du
str
ial
wor
ker,
cann
otbe
repr
esen
ted
assu
ch.
Thi
sdo
esno
tm
ean
that
thes
epe
ople
dono
tex
ist.
Inde
ed,
Spi
vak’
spe
rsis
tent
atte
mpt
tod
eco
nst
ruct
the
capi
tali
stsy
stem
ofva
lue
dete
rmin
atio
nsis
not
sim
ply
aco
rrec
tive
theo
ret
ical
read
ing
ofM
arx,
but
anur
gent
call
toar
ticu
late
the
cult
ural
,po
liti
cal
and
econ
omic
cond
itio
nsw
hich
sile
nce
the
‘Thi
rdW
orld
’w
oman
inth
eho
peth
atth
ose
oppr
essi
veco
ndit
ions
will
even
tual
lych
ange
.
112
KE
YID
EA
S
that
lite
ratu
repr
ovid
eda
cultu
ral
repr
esen
tati
onof
Eng
land
asci
vilis
edan
dpr
ogre
ssiv
e:an
idea
whi
chse
rved
toju
stif
yth
eec
onom
ican
dpo
litic
alpr
ojec
tof
impe
rial
ism
.T
his
chap
ter
begi
nsby
exam
inin
gSp
ivak
’sco
loni
aldi
scou
rse
anal
ysis
inhe
rre
adin
gsof
the
Ger
man
phiI
osop
hei I
mm
anue
lK
ant(
I724
—I 8
04)
and
Cha
rlot
teB
ront
ë’s
Jane
Eyre
.T
his
latt
erse
ctio
nex
pand
son
the
earl
ier
disc
ussi
onof
Jane
Eyre
inC
hapt
er4
byfo
cusi
ngon
Spiv
ak’s
read
ing
ofth
efi
ctio
nal
char
acte
rSt
John
Riv
ers
inre
lati
onto
the
civi
lis
ing
mis
sion
ofim
peri
alis
m.
Dis
cuss
ion
then
mov
esto
Spiv
ak’s
read
ings
ofpo
stco
loni
alte
xts
whi
chch
alle
nge
the
auth
ority
ofco
loni
aldi
scou
rse
Fina
lly,
the
chap
ter
care
fully
exam
ines
Spiv
ak’s
text
ual
com
men
tari
eson
and
Eng
lish
tran
slat
ions
ofth
efi
ctio
nof
Mah
asw
eta
Dev
i.
SP
IVA
KA
ND
CO
LO
NIA
LD
ISC
OU
RS
EA
NA
LY
SIS
The
focu
sof
Spiv
ak’s
criti
cism
isno
tre
stri
cted
toni
nete
enth
-cen
tury
Eng
lish
liter
ary
cult
ure
and
the
hist
oric
alco
ntex
tof
impe
rial
ism
.In
mar
ked
cont
rast
toth
eco
loni
aldi
scou
rse
anal
ysis
ofcr
itics
such
asE
dwar
dSa
id,
who
tend
tofo
cus
ondo
min
ant
lite
rary
text
sfr
omth
eE
urop
ean
liter
ary
trad
itio
n,Sp
ivak
has
also
dem
onst
rate
dth
erh
etor
ical
and
polit
ical
agen
cyof
post
colo
nial
liter
ary
text
sto
ques
tion
and
chal
leng
eth
eau
thor
ityof
colo
nial
mas
ter
narr
ativ
es.
Itis
perh
aps
for
this
reas
onth
atSp
ivak
’sna
me
isof
ten
asso
ciat
edw
ithpo
stco
loni
alcr
itici
sm.
The
post
colo
nial
text
sth
atSp
ivak
has
enga
ged
wit
hin
clud
ew
ritin
gby
the
Alg
eria
nfe
min
ist
wri
ter
Ass
iaD
jeba
r,th
eB
ritis
hw
rite
rH
anif
Kur
eish
i,th
eIn
dia-
born
Bri
tish
wri
ter
Salm
anR
ushd
iean
dth
eB
enga
li-la
ngua
gefi
ctio
nw
rite
r,M
ahas
wet
aD
evi.
By
sodo
ing,
Spiv
akco
uld
bese
ento
com
plic
ate
the
tota
lisin
gm
odel
ofco
loni
aldi
scou
rse
that
som
ecr
itics
have
attr
ibut
edto
Edw
ard
Said
’sO
rien
talis
m(1
978)
.B
asic
ally
,th
epr
oble
mw
ithSa
id’s
earl
ym
odel
ofco
loni
aldi
scou
rse
was
that
itse
emed
toof
fer
ave
rype
rsua
sive
theo
ryof
how
the
wes
tkn
ows,
cont
rols
and
dom
inat
esth
eno
n-w
est
thro
ugh
anal
l-en
com
pass
ing
syst
emof
repr
esen
tati
on,
but i
tdi
dno
tof
fer
anef
fect
ive
acco
unt
ofpo
litic
alre
sist
ance
,or
the
‘rea
l’,
mat
eria
lhi
stor
ies
ofan
ti-co
loni
alre
sist
ance
that
wer
em
aske
dby
this
dom
inan
tsy
stem
ofw
este
rnre
pre
sent
atio
n.A
dmitt
edly
,Sa
idha
ssu
bseq
uent
lyre
vise
dhi
sm
odel
ofco
loni
aldi
scou
rse
inth
elig
htof
subs
eque
ntcr
itici
smby
Den
nis
Por
ter
and
Aija
zA
hmad
(am
ong
man
yot
hers
).Y
etas
Bar
tM
oore
-Gil
bert
emph
asis
es,t
here
isst
illa
tend
ency
inSa
id’s
thou
ght
tow
ards
aun
ifor
m
visi
onof
Wes
tern
Ori
enta
lism
(Moo
re-G
ilbe
rt19
97:
75).
Byco
ntra
st,
Moo
re-G
ilber
t sug
gest
sth
at\S
piva
k‘o
ffer
sa
mor
eco
mpl
exvi
sion
ofth
eef
fect
sof
wes
tern
dom
inat
ion’
\(76
),an
dth
atsh
ete
nds
tofo
cus
mor
e‘o
nva
riou
sm
anif
esta
tions
ofco
unte
r-di
scou
rse’
(75)
.W
ithou
tund
erst
atin
gth
ere
pres
sive
and
viol
ent
effe
cts
that
colo
nial
-is
mha
sha
don
non-
wes
tern
cult
ures
,Sp
ivak
freq
uent
lyin
sist
son
the
need
tosi
tuat
eth
epa
rtic
ular
expe
rien
ces
ofco
loni
alis
min
apr
ecis
ehi
stor
ical
and
cultu
ralc
onte
xt.
Wha
tis
mor
e,Sp
ivak
’sen
gage
men
tw
ithpo
stco
loni
allit
erar
yte
xts
that
rew
rite
the
mas
ter
narr
ativ
esof
Eur
opea
ncu
lture
has
prov
ided
anim
port
ant
criti
cal
voca
bula
ryan
dth
eore
tica
lfr
amew
ork
for
read
ing
and
valu
ing
text
sth
atar
ticul
ate
the
mul
tival
ent
cultu
ral
hist
orie
san
dpr
actic
esof
diff
eren
tno
n-w
este
rncu
ltur
es.
•B
efor
eas
sess
ing
Spiv
ak’s
cont
ribu
tion
topo
stco
loni
allit
erar
ycr
iti
cism
,ho
wev
er,
itis
impo
rtan
tto
cons
ider
Spiv
ak’s
criti
que
ofco
loni
aldi
scou
rse
inm
ore
deta
il.
TH
ER
HE
TO
RIC
OF
CO
LO
NIA
LIS
M
The
succ
ess
ofB
ritis
hco
loni
alru
lein
Indi
adu
ring
the
nine
teen
thce
ntu
ryw
asno
ton
lyde
pend
ent
onth
eth
reat
ofm
ilita
ryfo
rce,
but
also
onth
eso
phis
ticat
edus
eof
rhet
oric
toco
nvin
ceth
eed
ucat
ed,
Indi
anm
iddl
e-cl
ass
elite
that
Bri
tish
cult
ure
was
mor
eci
vilis
edan
dth
eref
ore
am
ore
supe
rior
form
ofgo
vern
men
t.By
win
ning
the
supp
orto
f the
Indi
anm
iddl
e-cl
ass
polit
ical
elite
sin
the
mid
nine
teen
thce
ntur
y,th
eB
ritis
hw
ere
thus
able
toru
leby
cons
ent,
rath
erth
anth
roug
hdi
rect
mili
tary
forc
e.If
colo
nial
rule
was
man
aged
thro
ugh
bure
aucr
atic
,ec
onom
ican
dpo
litic
alin
stitu
tions
, it
was
cult
ure
—es
peci
ally
lite
ratu
rean
dph
iloso
phy
—th
atpr
ovid
edth
erh
etor
ical
basi
sfo
rw
este
rnco
loni
alex
pans
ion.
Inde
ed,
for
Spiv
akth
eci
vilis
ing
mis
sion
ofE
urop
ean
colo
nial
ism
isits
elf
foun
ded
onth
eus
eof
cult
ure
asa
form
ofrh
etor
ic.
Dra
win
gon
the
deco
nstr
uctiv
ecr
itici
smof
Paul
deM
an,
Spiv
akar
gues
thaIb
asis
ofa
trut
hcl
aim
isno
mor
eth
ana
trope
(Spi
vak
1986
:22
5).
Incl
assi
cal
rhet
oric
,a
trop
eis
afi
gure
ofsph
inw
hich
one
thin
gis
used
tota
lkab
out
anot
her.
For
deM
an,
philo
soph
ical
trut
hcl
aim
sar
em
arke
dan
dco
nsti
tute
dby
the
effa
cem
ent
oftr
opes
.Sp
ivak
deve
lops
deM
an’s
argu
men
tto
show
how
the
supp
ress
ion
ofrh
etor
icin
the
prod
ucti
onof
trut
hcl
aim
sca
nha
veda
mag
ing
cons
eque
nces
ina
broa
der
soci
alan
dpo
litic
alfi
eld.
Mor
esp
ecif
ical
ly,
Spiv
akar
gues
that
deco
nstr
ucti
on’s
conc
ern
with
the
cons
titu
tion
oftr
uth
inph
iloso
phic
aldi
scou
rse
can
be
PO
ST
CO
LO
NIA
LIS
MA
ND
LIT
ER
AT
UR
E11
3
114
KE
YID
EA
S
usef
ully
appl
ied
toth
e‘a
xiom
atic
sof
impe
rial
ism
’(S
piva
k19
99;
19).
Focu
sing
onke
yte
xts
from
the
Eur
opea
nph
iloso
phic
alen
ligh
tenm
ent
trad
itio
n,as
wel
las
from
Eur
opea
nli
tera
ture
,Sp
ivak
care
fully
follo
ws
the
rhet
oric
ofth
ose
text
sto
high
light
inst
ance
sw
here
idea
s,co
ncep
ts,
orm
etap
hors
are
depl
oyed
asth
etr
uth
with
inth
ebr
oade
rhi
stor
ical
and
geog
raph
ical
cont
ext
ofim
peri
alex
pans
ion.
An
exem
plar
yca
seof
this
read
ing
stra
tegy
isSp
ivak
’sen
gage
men
tw
ith
the
eigh
teen
th-c
entu
ryG
erm
anph
iloso
pher
Imm
anue
lK
ant,
publ
ishe
din
AC
ritiq
ueof
Post
colo
nial
Rea
son
(199
9).
Inth
iste
xt,
Spiv
akan
noun
ces
inad
vanc
eth
athe
rre
adin
gof
Kan
t’s
thre
eC
ritiq
ues
will
bea
‘mis
read
ing’
(Spi
vak
1999
:9)
.Su
cha
stra
tegy
o.d
e1il
rate
mis
read
ing
draw
son
Paul
deM
an’s
argu
men
tth
atal
lte
xts
are
awar
eth
atth
eyar
efi
gura
tive
and
are
ther
efor
eop
ento
mis
read
ing.
InSp
ivak
’sac
coun
t,de
Man
’spr
actic
eof
read
ing
invo
lves
ado
uble
mov
emen
t.T
hefi
rst
step
ofth
ism
ovem
ent i
sth
e‘d
isco
very
that
som
ethi
ngth
atcl
aim
sto
betr
ueis
am
ere
trop
e’,
and
the
seco
ndst
ep‘d
iscl
ose[
s]ho
wth
eco
rrec
tive
impu
lse
with
inth
etr
opol
ogic
alan
alys
isis
oblig
edto
act
out
alie
inat
tem
ptin
gto
esta
blis
hit
asth
eco
rrec
ted
vers
ion
oftr
uth’
(Spi
vak
1999
:19
).Fo
rSp
ivak
,th
elie
that
the
Ger
man
philo
soph
erIm
man
uel
Kan
tpe
rfor
ms
tode
fine
the
ratio
nal
hum
ansu
bjec
tin
The
Crit
ique
ofJu
dge
men
tin
volv
esth
eer
asur
eof
ara
cial
ised
figu
re,
who
mK
ant
refe
rsto
asth
era
wm
an.
Rat
her
than
adhe
ring
rigi
dly
toth
ena
rrow
philo
soph
ical
ques
tions
that
Kan
tad
dres
ses,
Spiv
aktr
aces
the
impe
rial
ist
dete
rmin
ants
that
unde
rwri
teK
ant’
sth
eory
of.,
the
hum
ansu
bjec
tin
The
Crit
ique
ofJu
dgem
ent.
As
Spiv
akpu
ts‘T
hesu
bjec
tas
such
inK
ant
isge
opol
itic
ally
diff
eren
tiate
d[.
. .1
Kan
t’s
text
cann
otqu
itesa
yth
isan
din
deed
cann
otde
velo
pth
isar
gum
ent’
(Spi
vak
1999
:27
).Sp
ivak
’sas
sert
ion
that
‘Kan
t’s
text
cann
otqu
itesa
yth
is’
isim
port
ant
beca
use
itgu
ides
the
read
erth
roug
hSp
ivak
’sow
nde
cons
truc
tive
read
ing
prac
tice:
apr
actic
eth
atis
info
rmed
byPa
ulde
Man
’sar
gum
ent
that
the
rhet
oric
alch
arac
ter
ofal
lla
ngua
ge(w
heth
erph
iloso
phic
alor
liter
ary)
open
sup
the
poss
ibili
tyof
mis
unde
rsta
ndin
g(d
eM
an19
83:
136)
.
KA
NT
AN
DT
HE
CIV
ILIS
ING
MIS
SIO
NO
FIM
PE
RIA
LIS
M
Inor
der
tobe
tter
unde
rsta
ndth
ede
cons
truc
tive
oper
atio
nsof
Spiv
ak’s
theo
reti
cal
appr
oach
toco
loni
aldi
scou
rse,
itis
help
ful
firs
tof
all
to
follo
wSp
ivak
’sen
gage
men
tw
ithth
ete
xtua
lop
erat
ions
ofK
ant’
ste
xt.
Spiv
akbe
gins
her
read
ing
ofK
antb
ysu
mm
aris
ing
the
key
philo
soph
ical
argu
men
tsof
Kan
t’s
thre
eC
ritiq
ues:
Kan
t’sC
ritiq
ueof
Pur
eR
easo
nch
arts
the
oper
atio
nof
the
reas
on
that
cognis
esn
atu
reth
eore
tica
lly.
The
Cri
tique
ofPr
actic
alR
easo
nch
arts
the
oper
atio
nof
the
rati
onal
will
.T
heo
per
atio
ns
ofth
eae
sthet
icju
dgem
ent
[in
The
Cri
tique
ofJu
dgem
ent]
allo
wth
epl
ayof
conce
pts
ofnat
ure
wit
hco
nce
pts
offr
eedo
m.
(Spi
vak
1999
;10
)
As
Spiv
aksu
gges
ts,
ther
eis
anir
reco
ncila
ble
cont
radi
ctio
nbe
twee
nTh
eC
ritiq
ueof
Pure
Rea
son
and
The
Crit
ique
ofPr
actic
alR
easo
n,w
here
the
mor
alsu
bjec
tis
boun
dto
the
dete
rmin
ing
stru
ctur
esof
reas
on:
‘The
hum
anbe
ing
ism
oral
only
inso
far
ashe
cann
otco
gnis
ehi
mse
lf’
(Spi
vak
1999
:22
).K
ant
atte
mpt
edto
reso
lve
this
cont
radi
ctio
nth
roug
hth
eae
sthe
ticca
tego
ryof
the
subl
ime
InK
ant’
sph
iloso
phic
alsc
hem
a,th
esu
blim
ere
fers
toth
efe
elin
gof
pain
that
occu
rsw
hen
the
indi
vidu
alhu
man
imag
inat
ion
enco
unte
rsits
elf
inre
latio
nshi
pto
the
non-
repr
ese
ntab
lem
agni
tude
ofth
ena
tura
lw
orld
,ye
tis
able
toco
nque
rth
isfe
elin
gof
pain
thro
ugh
reco
urse
toth
era
tiona
lfa
culti
esof
the
hum
anm
ind.
Inot
her
wor
ds,
the
subl
ime
prov
ides
anae
sthe
ticst
ruct
ure
for
ratio
nal
and
culti
vate
dhu
man
subj
ects
toco
nque
rth
eir
fear
ofunre
pre
sent
able
conc
epts
such
asth
ein
fini
tean
dde
ath.
One
ofth
efu
ndam
enta
lra
tiona
lfa
culti
esth
atK
ant
invo
kes
inhi
sdi
scus
sion
ofth
esu
blim
eis
that
ofcu
ltur
e.In
The
Crit
ique
ofJu
dgen
ient
,K
ant
argu
esth
atit
ispr
imar
ilycu
ltiva
ted
and
educ
ated
men
who
can
mak
eju
dgem
ents
abou
tta
ste
and
subl
imity
.Fo
rSp
ivak
,th
ism
omen
tin
Kan
t’s
argu
men
tis
part
icul
arly
reve
alin
gbe
caus
eit
rais
esqu
estio
nsab
out
thos
egr
oups
and
soci
etie
sw
hodo
not
have
acce
ssto
the
cult
ure
that
Kan
tis
desc
ribi
ngFo
rif
the
mor
alsu
bjec
tne
eded
cult
ure
tode
fine
his
cogn
itive
limita
tions
inth
efa
ceof
the
infi
nite
stru
ctur
eof
the
subl
ime,
wha
tha
ppen
sto
thos
esu
bjec
tsw
hodo
not
have
acce
ssto
Kan
t’s
unde
rsta
ndin
gof
mor
ality
orcu
ltu
re\
As
Spiv
akar
gues
,K
ant’
sre
adin
gof
the
subl
ime
pres
ente
dit
self
dif
fere
ntly
toth
ose
peop
lew
how
ere
not
repr
esen
ted
asm
oral
subj
ects
with
inK
ant’
sE
urop
ean
philo
soph
ical
syst
em:
‘Wit
hout
deve
lopm
ent o
fm
oral
idea
s,th
atw
hich
we,
prep
ared
bycu
ltur
e,ca
llsu
blim
epr
esen
tsits
elf
tom
anin
the
raw
[dem
rohe
nM
ensc
hen]
mer
ely
aste
rrib
le’
(cite
din
Spiv
ak19
99:
12—
13).
Spiv
akpi
cks
upon
the
Ger
man
adje
ctiv
e‘r
oh’
I
PO
ST
CO
LO
NIA
LIS
MA
ND
LIT
ER
AT
UR
E11
5
116
KE
YID
EA
S
inK
ant’
ste
xt,
notin
gth
atw
hile
itis
norm
ally
tran
slat
edas
‘un
educ
ated
’,th
ete
rm‘u
nedu
cate
d’in
Kan
t’s
wor
ksp
ecif
ical
lyre
fers
to‘t
hech
ildan
dth
epo
or’;
the
‘nat
ural
lyun
educ
able
’re
fers
tow
omen
;an
d‘d
emro
hen
Men
sche
n,m
anin
the
raw
’,co
nnot
es‘t
hesa
vage
and
the
prim
itive
’(S
piva
k19
99:
13).
Spiv
akfu
rthe
rpr
ocee
dsto
argu
eth
atK
ant’
sth
eory
ofth
eun
iver
sal
subj
ect,
or‘M
an’,
does
not
refe
rto
allh
uman
ity,
but
only
refe
rsto
the
educa
ted
,bo
urg
eois
ascu
lin
esu
bje
çtof
the
Eur
opea
nen
ligh
tenm
ent.
ltin
ga
pass
age
from
Kan
t’s
disc
ussi
onof
the
subl
ime
inTh
eC
ritiq
ue
ofJu
dgem
ent,
Spiv
akno
tes
how
Kan
tex
clud
edth
e‘A
ustr
alia
nab
orig
ine
orth
em
anfr
omT
ierr
ade
lFu
ego’
from
the
cate
gory
ofhu
man
subj
ect
ivity
inhi
san
alyt
icof
the
subl
ime.
Byso
doin
g,Sp
ivak
links
Kan
t’s
philo
soph
ical
disc
ussi
onof
the
‘raw
man
’in
his
acco
unt
ofth
esu
blim
eto
the
‘axi
omat
ics
ofim
peri
alis
m’:
‘we
find
here
the
axio
mat
ics
ofim
peri
alis
mas
ana
tura
lar
gum
ent
toin
dica
teth
elim
itsof
the
cogn
ition
of(c
ultu
ral)
man
’(S
piva
k19
99:
26).
For
Spiv
ak,
the
‘axi
omat
ics
ofim
peri
alis
m’
refe
rsto
the
self
-evi
dent
trut
h,w
hich
wes
tern
impe
rial
ism
clai
ms
asits
self
-jus
tifyi
ngba
sis.
Spiv
akth
ussu
gges
tsth
atth
ena
rrow
Eur
opea
n-ce
ntre
dde
fini
tion
ofth
e
mor
alsu
bjec
tin
the
wor
ldof
Kan
t’s
thre
eC
ritiq
ues
prov
ides
som
eof
the
ratio
nalp
rinc
iple
sfo
rim
peri
alex
pans
ion.
Kan
t’s
argu
men
ttha
tonl
y
culti
vate
dan
ded
ucat
edE
urop
ean
men
have
acce
ssto
the
subl
ime,
whi
le
non-
Eur
opea
nsu
bjec
tsar
est
ripp
edof
cult
ure
orhu
man
ityan
dre
le
gate
dto
the
plac
eof
anun
repr
esen
tabl
e,ir
ratio
nal
othe
r,is
an
inte
rest
ing
case
inpo
int.
For
itis
prec
isel
ybe
caus
eof
this
narr
ow,
Eur
opea
n-ce
ntre
dde
fini
tion
ofth
em
oral
subj
ect
that
Kan
t’s
phil
o
soph
ical
narr
ativ
eco
uld
serv
eto
just
ify
the
idea
ofw
este
rnim
peri
alis
m
asa
civi
lisin
gm
issi
on.
TH
EC
LA
SS
ICT
EX
TA
ND
BR
ITIS
HIM
PE
RIA
LIS
M:
JAN
EE
YR
E
Sign
ific
antly
,Sp
ivak
’sre
adin
gof
Kan
tis
pref
igur
edin
‘Thr
eeW
omen
’s
Tex
tsan
da
Cri
tique
ofIm
peri
alis
m’
(198
5),
anes
say
that
was
publ
ishe
d
four
teen
year
sbe
fore
Spiv
ak’s
read
ing
ofK
ant’
sTh
irdC
ritiq
ue.
As
we
saw
earl
ier,
this
essa
ysh
ows
how
the
civi
lisin
gm
issi
onof
impe
rial
ism
figu
res
stro
ngly
inE
nglis
hlit
erar
yte
xts
such
asC
harl
otte
Bro
ntë’
sJan
e
Eyre
(184
7).
The
mai
nna
rrat
ive
ofB
ront
ë’s
nove
lm
ayse
emto
char
t
the
educ
atio
nan
dde
velo
pmen
tof
the
whi
te,
Eng
lish
bour
geoi
sfe
mal
e
prot
agon
ist
Jane
Eyr
ew
ithin
the
rest
rict
edsp
ace
ofth
eni
nete
enth
-ce
ntur
ydo
mes
ticsp
here
.Y
etat
the
sam
etim
e,Ja
ne’s
narr
ativ
eof
fem
ale
indi
vidu
alis
mis
achi
eved
atth
eex
pens
eof
Ber
tha
Mas
on,
Roc
hest
er’s
firs
tw
ife,
who
ista
ken
from
her
hom
ein
the
Wes
tIn
dies
and
conf
ined
toR
oche
ster
’sE
nglis
hho
useh
old,
whe
resh
eis
deni
edfu
llac
cess
toth
eca
tego
ryof
hum
ansu
bjec
t.A
sdi
scus
ssed
inC
hapt
er4,
criti
cssu
chas
Sand
raG
ilbe
rtan
dSu
san
Gub
arha
vear
gued
that
LB
erth
aM
ason
embo
dies
Jane
’sda
rkdo
uble
.Sp
ivak
insi
sts
that
such
ard
ing
igno
res
the
impe
rial
ist
sub-
text
ofth
eno
vel
and
deni
esB
erth
a’s
stat
usas
ahu
man
bein
gin
the
text
.In
stea
d,Sp
ivak
asse
rts
that
Ber
tha
Mas
onis
‘afi
gure
prod
uced
byth
eax
iom
atic
sof
impe
rial
ism
’(S
piva
k19
85:
247)
:‘T
hrou
ghB
erth
aM
ason
,th
ew
hite
Jam
aica
nC
reol
e,B
ront
ëre
nder
sth
ehu
man
/ani
mal
fron
tier
asac
cept
ably
inde
term
inat
e,so
that
ago
odgr
eate
rth
anth
ele
tter
ofth
eL
awca
nbe
broa
ched
’(S
piva
k19
85:
247)
.T
heet
hica
lpr
inci
ple
or‘g
ood’
that
Spiv
akde
scri
bes
here
isre
gis
tere
din
Bro
ntë’
sno
vel
asa
‘div
ine
inju
nctio
nra
ther
than
ahu
man
mot
ive’
toju
stif
yim
peri
alis
mas
aci
vilis
ing
mis
sion
(Spi
vak
1985
:24
7).
Spiv
akfu
rthe
rre
late
sth
iset
hica
lpr
inci
ple
toK
ant’
sac
coun
tof
the
cat
egor
ical
impe
rativ
e:a
conc
ept
that
was
conc
eive
das
‘the
univ
ersa
lm
oral
law
,gi
ven
bypu
rere
ason
’(S
piva
k19
85:
249)
.N
otin
gho
wK
ant
wor
ded
the
cate
gori
cali
mpe
rativ
ein
relig
ious
term
s,Sp
ivak
argu
esth
atth
eca
tego
rica
lim
pera
tive
isa
‘dis
plac
emen
tof
Chr
istia
net
hics
from
relig
ion
toph
iloso
phy’
(Spi
vak
1985
:24
8).
At
this
poin
tSp
ivak
qual
ifie
she
rre
adin
gw
ith
the
impo
rtan
tdi
scla
imer
that
the
cate
gori
cal
impe
rativ
eis
aph
iloso
phic
alco
ncep
t,an
das
such
itca
nnot
belin
ked
toth
ede
term
inat
epo
litic
alco
nten
tof
impe
rial
ism
.T
his
stat
emen
tis
inte
rest
ing
beca
use
itan
ticip
ates
the
char
ges
ofcr
itics
such
asC
heta
nB
hatt,
who
argu
esth
atSp
ivak
’sre
adin
gof
Kan
t ass
umes
that
The
Crit
ique
oJ’J
udge
men
t had
‘res
olve
dth
epr
oble
mof
the
rela
tions
hip
betw
een
aest
hetic
san
dm
oral
ity’
whe
nin
actu
alfa
ctth
eco
mpl
exre
latio
nshi
pbe
twee
nth
ego
odan
dth
ebe
autif
ulco
ntin
ues
tove
xK
antia
nsc
hola
rs(B
hatt
2001
:41
).R
athe
rth
ange
tting
side
-tra
cked
byth
eph
iloso
phic
alnu
ance
sof
Kan
tian
crit
ique
,ho
wev
er,
Spiv
akfo
cuse
son
how
the
form
alsu
btle
tyof
Kan
t’s
philo
soph
yha
sbe
entra
vest
ied
byth
eE
urop
ean
proj
ect
ofim
peri
alis
tex
pans
ion.
For
exam
ple,
Kan
t’s
stat
emen
tth
at:
“In
all
crea
tion
ever
yth
ing
one
choo
ses
and
over
whi
chon
eha
san
ypo
wer
,m
aybe
used
mer
ely
asm
eans
;m
anal
one,
and
with
him
ever
yra
tiona
l
r r
PO
ST
CO
LO
NIA
LIS
MA
ND
LIT
ER
AT
UR
E11
7
118
KE
YID
EA
S
crea
ture
,is
anen
din
him
self”
,is
tran
sfor
med
byth
erh
etor
icof
imper
ial
ism
into
:“m
ake
the
heat
hen
into
ahu
man
sohe
can
betr
eate
das
anen
din
him
self
”(S
piva
k19
85:
248)
.Sp
ivak
thus
sugg
ests
that
Eur
opea
nim
peri
alis
tsex
pres
sed
terr
itor
ial
expa
nsio
nan
dco
nque
stas
adi
vine
righ
tby
appr
opri
atin
gth
em
oral
impe
rativ
esof
wes
tern
philo
soph
yan
dre
ligio
n.In
Jane
Eyre
,th
eci
vilis
ing
mis
sion
ofim
peri
alis
mis
expl
icitl
ypr
esen
ted
inth
ela
stse
ctio
nof
the
text
inth
ete
rms
ofa
Chr
istia
nal
lego
ry.
The
hero
ofth
isal
lego
ry,
StJo
hnR
iver
s,is
aC
hris
tian
mis
sion
ary,
who
prop
oses
tom
arry
jane
and
take
her
ona
pilg
rim
age
toIn
dia.
Riv
ers’
sju
stif
icat
ion
for
this
proj
ect
isar
ticul
ated
inth
ete
rms
ofa
civi
lis
ing
mis
sion
:
My
voca
tion
?M
ygre
atw
ork?
[..]
My
hopes
ofbe
ing
num
ber
edin
the
band
who
have
mer
ged
all
ambit
ions
inth
egl
orio
uson
eof
bet
teri
ng
thei
rra
ce—
of
carr
ying
know
ledg
ein
toth
ere
alm
sof
ignora
nce
—of
subst
ituti
ng
pea
cefo
rw
ar
—fr
eedo
mfo
rbondag
e—
reli
gion
for
super
stit
ion
—th
eho
peof
heav
enfo
rth
e
fear
ofhe
ll?
Byde
fini
ngIn
dian
cult
ure
as‘a
real
mof
igno
ranc
e’w
here
‘sup
erst
itio
n’an
d‘t
hefe
arof
hell’
prev
ail,
Riv
ers
isth
usab
leto
just
ify
his
‘gre
atw
ork’
thro
ugh
the
mor
alim
pera
tive
ofa
soul
-mak
ing
ente
rpri
se.
Alt
houg
hSp
ivak
argu
esth
atth
ela
stse
ctio
nof
the
text
ista
ngen
tial
to
the
mai
nna
rrat
ive,
this
‘tan
gent
narr
ativ
e’or
text
ual
mar
gin
isfu
nda
men
talt
oth
e‘t
erri
tori
alan
dsu
bjec
tcon
stit
utin
gpr
ojec
t’of
impe
rial
ism
(Spi
vak
1985
:24
9).
As
Isu
gges
ted
atth
ebe
ginn
ing
ofth
isch
apte
r,Sp
ivak
’sap
proa
chto
read
ing
colo
nial
disc
ours
e—
inni
nete
enth
-cen
tury
Bri
tish
lite
ratu
reor
eigh
teen
th-c
entu
ryG
erm
anph
iloso
phy
--
may
disp
lay
som
eaf
fini
ties
with
the
colo
nial
disc
ours
ean
alys
isof
Edw
ard
Said
.Y
etin
cont
rast
to
Said
’sto
talis
ing
mod
elof
colo
nial
ism
,Sp
ivak
has
also
dem
onst
rate
dth
erh
etor
ical
and
polit
ical
agen
cyof
post
colo
nial
liter
ary
text
sto
ques
tion
and
chal
leng
eth
eau
thor
ity
ofco
loni
alm
aste
rna
rrat
ives
.
Rhy
s’s
nove
lW
ide
Sarg
asso
Sea
(196
5).
By
wri
ting
part
ofth
ete
xtfr
omth
epo
int
ofvi
ewof
Ber
tha
Mas
on,
Rhy
sof
fers
acr
ucia
lan
dsi
tuat
edco
unte
rpoi
ntto
Roc
hest
er’s
colo
nial
narr
ativ
ein
Jane
Eyre
.In
cont
rast
toth
ena
rrat
ive
ofJa
neEy
re,
the
mai
nev
ents
ofW
ide
Sarg
asso
Sea
are
loca
ted
inJa
mai
ca,
duri
ngth
etim
eof
the
eman
cipa
tion
from
colo
nial
slav
ery
inth
eea
rly
nine
teen
thce
ntur
y.W
hat
ism
ore,
Rhy
sex
plic
itly
chal
leng
esth
ere
pres
enta
tion
ofB
erth
aM
ason
asa
mon
stro
us,
inhu
man
figu
rein
Jane
Eyre
bysh
owin
gho
wA
ntoi
nett
e,a
whi
teC
reol
ech
ild,
isvi
olen
tlyre
nam
edas
Ber
tha
Mas
onby
Roc
hest
erin
the
seco
ndpa
rtof
the
text
.A
sSp
ivak
com
men
ts,
‘Inth
efi
gure
ofA
ntoi
nett
e,w
hom
inW
ide
Sarg
asso
Sea
Roc
hest
ervi
olen
tlyre
-nam
esB
erth
a,R
hys
sugg
ests
that
soin
timat
ea
thin
gas
pers
onal
iden
tity
mig
htbe
dete
rmin
edby
the
polit
ics
ofim
peri
alis
m’
(Spi
vak
1985
:25
0).
Ant
oine
tte’s
posi
tion
asa
voca
lcr
itic
ofim
peri
alis
mis
cert
ainl
yco
mpr
omis
edla
ter
inW
ide
Sarg
asso
Sea
byhe
rci
rcum
scri
bed
posi
tion
asa
lega
lob
ject
with
inth
epa
tria
rcha
lte
rms
ofth
em
arri
age
toR
oche
ster
.Y
etas
Spiv
akpo
ints
out,
Rhy
s’s
rew
riti
ngof
Ber
tha
asA
ntoi
nett
e‘k
eeps
Ber
tha’
shu
man
ity,
inde
edhe
rsa
nity
asa
criti
cof
impe
rial
ism
inta
ct’
(Spi
vak
1985
:24
9).
Rhy
spo
wer
fully
artic
ulat
esth
iscr
itici
smof
impe
rial
ism
,in
asc
ene
that
rew
rite
sth
eev
ents
lead
ing
upto
the
fire
atT
horn
fiel
dH
all
inJa
neEy
re.
Inth
issc
ene
Ant
oine
tte
reco
unts
her
expe
rien
ceof
the
jour
ney
from
the
Wes
tInd
ies
toE
ngla
nd;
and
how
her
cultu
rali
dent
ityis
deni
edw
hen
Roc
hest
er‘w
ould
n’t
call
me
Ant
oine
tte,
and
Isa
wA
ntoi
nett
edr
iftin
gou
tof
the
win
dow
,w
ithhe
rsc
ents
,he
rpr
etty
clot
hes
and
her
look
ing
glas
s’(R
hys
1997
:11
7).
Ant
oine
tte’s
expe
rien
ceof
cultu
ral
non-
bein
gis
exac
erba
ted
atT
horn
fiel
dH
all,
whe
resh
eas
ks,
‘Wha
tI
amdo
ing
inth
ispl
ace
and
who
amI?
[...
1The
yte
llm
eIa
min
Eng
land
,bu
tI
don’
tbe
lieve
them
.W
elo
stou
rw
ayto
Eng
land
’(R
hys
1997
:11
7).
InJa
neEy
reB
erth
aM
ason
ispr
esen
ted
asa
dem
onic
,m
onst
rous
fien
dw
hoem
bodi
esth
ere
pres
sion
ofw
omen
inth
ere
stri
cted
patr
iarc
hal
dom
ain
ofth
edo
mes
ticsp
here
;in
Wid
eSa
rgas
soSe
a,A
ntoi
nett
eis
port
raye
das
asy
mpa
thet
icfi
gure
,w
hois
haun
ted
bym
emor
ies
ofsl
aver
yin
Jam
aica
,an
dvi
ctim
ised
byR
oche
ster
’sps
ycho
logi
cal
abus
e:in
his
atte
mpt
tore
nam
eA
ntoi
nett
eas
Ber
tha
Mas
onan
dto
keep
her
conf
ined
toth
ew
alls
ofT
horn
fiel
dH
all.
Spiv
aklik
ens
Ant
oine
tte’s
expe
rien
ceto
the
mad
ness
ofN
arci
ssus
inO
vid’
sM
etam
orph
oses
‘whe
reR
hys
mak
esA
ntoi
nett
ese
ehe
rse
lfas
her
(Bro
ntë
cite
din
Spi
vak
1985
:24
9)
k
PO
ST
CO
LO
NIA
LR
EW
RIT
ING
In‘T
hree
Wom
en’s
Tex
tsan
da
Cri
tique
ofIm
peri
alis
m’
(198
5)Sp
ivak
exam
ines
the
rhet
oric
alag
ency
ofon
esu
chpo
stco
loni
alna
rrat
ive
inJe
an
PO
ST
CO
LO
NIA
LIS
MA
ND
LIT
ER
AT
UR
E11
9
120
KE
YID
EA
S
Oth
er,
Bro
ntë’
sB
erth
a’(S
piva
k19
85:
250)
.Fo
rSp
ivak
,ho
wev
er,
Rhy
s’s
rew
riti
ngof
Bro
ntë’
sor
igin
alna
rrat
ive
fore
grou
nds
the
‘epi
stem
icvi
olen
ceof
impe
rial
ism
’th
atis
embe
dded
inJa
neEy
re(S
piva
k19
85:
25
1).
Spiv
akth
ussu
gges
tsth
atR
hys’
ste
xtch
alle
nges
the
dom
inan
tas
sum
ptio
nsw
hich
unde
rpin
the
oper
atio
nsof
impe
rial
ism
.O
neof
the
key
assu
mpt
ions
that
Spiv
akid
entif
ies
inJa
neEy
reis
‘the
cons
truc
tion
ofa
self
-im
mol
atin
gco
loni
alsu
bjec
tfo
rth
egl
orif
icat
ion
ofth
eso
cial
mis
sion
ofth
eco
loni
es’
(Spi
vak
1985
:25
1).
Inot
her
wor
ds,
byde
fini
ngth
eco
loni
alsu
bjec
tas
inhu
man
,he
athe
nor
prim
itiv
e,th
eB
ritis
hco
loni
alad
min
istr
atio
nw
asab
leto
just
ify
impe
rial
ism
asa
civi
lisin
gm
issi
on.
Spiv
ak’s
criti
cal
enga
gem
ent
with
post
colo
nial
liter
ary
text
sth
atse
emto
chal
leng
eor
subv
ert
the
auth
ority
ofdo
min
ant
colo
nial
disc
ours
eha
sbe
enve
ryin
flue
ntia
lin
gene
ratin
gm
ore
soph
istic
ated
and
nuan
ced
acco
unts
ofag
ency
inpo
stco
loni
alte
xts.
Inde
ed,
Spiv
ak’s
enga
gem
ent
with
text
ssu
chas
Wid
eSa
rgas
soSe
ais
apa
rtic
ular
case
inpo
int
beca
use
ittr
ies
tore
wri
teth
eco
loni
alna
rrat
ive
embe
dded
inJa
ne
Eyre
from
the
poin
tof
view
ofB
erth
aM
ason
.B
utSp
ivak
isal
soca
refu
lno
tto
exag
gera
teth
era
dica
lpo
litic
alac
hiev
emen
tsof
such
fict
iona
lre
wri
ting
s,as
Iw
illgo
onto
sugg
est
late
rin
the
chap
ter.
Bef
ore
doin
gso
,ho
wev
er,
Iw
ant
tolo
okat
Spiv
ak’s
enga
gem
ent
with
anot
her
post
-co
loni
alte
xtw
hich
rew
rite
sth
eco
loni
alna
rrat
ive
inD
anie
lD
efoe
’sno
vel
Rob
inso
nC
ruso
e(1
719)
.Si
gnif
ican
tly,
post
colo
nial
criti
csha
veof
ten
cite
dD
efoe
’sno
vel
Rob
inso
nC
ruso
eas
one
ofth
eor
igin
allit
erar
yte
xts
abou
tE
nglis
him
‘eri
alis
m.
InC
ultu
rean
dIm
peri
alis
m(1
993)
,fo
rex
ampl
e,E
dwar
dSa
idar
gues
that
itis
noac
cide
ntth
atD
efoe
’s‘p
roto
typi
cal
mod
ern
real
istic
nove
lis
abou
ta
Eur
opea
nw
hocr
eate
sa
fief
dom
forh
imse
lfon
adi
stan
t,no
n-E
urop
ean
isla
nd’
(Sai
d19
93:
xiii)
.In
deed
,fo
rSa
id‘R
obin
son
Cru
soe
isvi
rtua
llyun
thin
kabl
ew
itho
utth
eco
loni
sing
mis
sion
that
perm
its
him
tocr
eate
ane
ww
orld
ofhi
sow
nin
the
dist
ant
reac
hes
ofth
eA
fric
an,
Paci
fic,
and
Atla
ntic
wild
erne
ss’
(Sai
d19
93:
75).
In‘T
heor
yin
the
Mar
gin:
Coe
tzee
’sFo
eR
eadi
ngD
efoe
’sC
ruso
e!
Rox
ana’
(199
1),
Spiv
akap
proa
ches
Rob
inso
nC
ruso
efr
oma
rela
ted,
alth
ough
quite
diff
eren
tpo
sitio
nby
cons
ider
ing
how
the
whi
te,
Sout
hA
fric
anno
velis
tj.
M.
Coe
tzee
rew
rite
sD
efoe
’sno
vel
Rob
inso
nC
ruso
e
inhi
s19
86no
vel
Foe.
Star
ting
with
aco
nsid
erat
ion
ofK
arl
Mar
x’s
disc
ussi
onof
Rob
inso
nC
ruso
ein
Cap
ital
Vol
ume
One
,Sp
ivak
eluc
idat
esth
eex
act
sign
ific
ance
ofD
efoe
’sno
vel
toM
arx’
sth
eory
ofth
eco
mm
odity
.
Follo
win
gM
arx,
man
yco
mm
enta
tors
have
desc
ribe
dR
obin
son
Cru
soe
asa
cultu
ral
repr
esen
tati
onof
earl
yca
pita
lism
.Fo
rS
piva
k,ho
wey
er,.t
he-
reas
onth
atM
arx
invo
ked
Rob
inso
nC
ruso
evas
mer
ely
toill
ustr
ate
how
the
valu
eof
diff
eren
tfor
ms
ofpr
oduc
tive
labo
uris
calc
ulat
edac
cord
ing
toth
etim
eta
ken
toco
mpl
ete
apa
rtic
ular
task
.A
sM
arx
wri
tes
ofD
efoe
’spr
otag
onis
t,R
obin
son
Cru
soe:
Nec
essi
tyit
self
com
pel
shi
mto
appo
rtio
nhi
sti
me
accu
rate
lybe
twee
nhi
sd
if
fere
nt
kind
sof
wor
k.W
het
her
one
kind
occ
upie
sa
gre
ater
spac
ein
his
gen
eral
acti
vity
than
ano
ther
dep
ends
upon
the
diff
icul
ties
,g
reat
eror
less
asth
eca
se
may
be,
tobe
over
com
ein
atta
inin
gth
eus
eful
effe
ctai
med
at.
Thi
sou
rfr
iend
Rob
inso
nso
onle
arns
byex
per
ience
,an
dha
ving
resc
ued
aw
atch
,le
dger
,an
d
pen
and
ink
from
the
wre
ck,
com
men
ces,
like
atr
ue-
bo
rnB
rito
n,to
keep
ase
t
ofbo
oks.
His
stoc
k-bo
okco
nta
ins
alis
t of
the
ob
ject
sof
utili
tyth
atbe
long
tohi
m,
ofth
eo
per
atio
ns
nec
essa
ryfo
rth
eir
prod
ucti
on;
and
last
lyfo
rth
ela
bour
tim
e
that
defi
nite
qu
anti
ties
ofth
ose
ob
ject
sha
ve,
onav
erag
e,co
sthi
m.
(Mar
x19
77:
439)
By
invo
king
this
pass
age
from
Cap
ital,
Spiv
akem
phas
ises
thai
‘Tim
e,ra
ther
than
mon
ey,
isth
ege
nera
leq
uiva
lent
that
expr
esse
s[t
hepro
toca
pita
list
form
of]
prod
uctio
n’in
Rob
inso
nC
ruso
e(S
piva
k19
91:
161)
.T
his
read
ing
ofR
obin
son
Cru
soe
via
Mar
xm
ayse
emto
bedi
scon
tinuo
usw
ithco
loni
alis
tre
adin
gsof
the
nove
l,bu
tit
isno
ten
tirel
yun
rela
ted.
For
Spiv
ak’s
read
ing
echo
eshe
row
ncr
itica
len
gage
men
tw
ithM
arx’
sec
onom
icw
ritin
gson
valu
ean
dla
bour
,an
dth
equ
estio
nof
whe
ther
Mar
xov
erlo
oked
the
impo
rtan
ceof
impe
rial
conq
uest
toth
eex
pans
ion
ofE
urop
ean
capi
talis
m(s
eeC
hapt
er4,
p.93
).By
invo
king
Mar
x’s
read
ing
ofR
obin
son
Cru
soe,
Spiv
akth
ussu
gges
tsth
atM
arx
subo
rdin
ated
ques
tions
abou
t spa
cean
dim
peri
alis
mto
the
his
tor
4ica
lnar
rativ
eof
Eur
opea
nca
pita
lism
and
the
calc
ulat
ion
ofla
bour
inth
at9ro
pean
narr
ativ
e.\
Inde
ed,
this
poin
tis
mad
em
ore
expl
icit
inSp
ivak
’sre
adin
gof
J.M
.C
oetz
ee’s
nove
lFo
e:‘F
oeis
mor
eab
out
spac
ing
and
disp
lace
men
tth
anab
out
the
timin
gof
hist
ory
and
labo
ur’
(Spi
vak
1991
:16
1).
Byem
pha
sisi
ngth
ege
ogra
phic
allo
catio
nof
Rob
inso
nC
ruso
e,C
oetz
eefo
regr
ound
sth
eim
peri
alis
tde
term
inan
tsth
atfo
rmth
eba
ckdr
opof
Def
oe’s
nar
rativ
e.Li
keJe
anR
hys’
sre
wri
ting
ofR
oche
ster
’sco
loni
alis
tna
rrat
ive
inJa
neEy
re,
Coe
tzee
rew
rite
sR
obin
son
Cru
soe
inor
der
toch
alle
nge
the
auth
ority
ofC
ruso
e’s
colo
nial
narr
ativ
e.
I I iP
OS
TC
OL
ON
IAL
ISM
AN
DL
ITE
RA
TU
RE
121
122
KE
YID
EA
S
Thi
sre
wri
ting
isac
com
plis
hed
inpa
rtby
subs
titut
ing
afe
mal
ena
rrat
or,
Susa
nB
arto
n,fo
rD
efoe
’sm
ale
narr
ator
.A
sSp
ivak
note
s,‘C
oetz
ee’s
focu
sis
onge
nder
and
empi
re,
rath
erth
anth
est
ory
ofca
pita
l[.
..]
The
narr
ator
ofFo
eis
anE
nglis
hwom
anna
med
Susa
nB
arto
n,w
how
ants
to“f
athe
r”he
rst
ory
into
hist
ory,
with
Mr
Foe’
she
lp’
(Spi
vak
1991
:16
2).
But
perh
aps
one
ofth
em
ost
obvi
ous
inst
ance
sof
post
-co
loni
alre
wri
ting
inC
oetz
ee’s
nove
lis
Susa
nB
arto
n’s
atte
mpt
togi
vea
voic
eto
Frid
ay.
InR
obin
son
Cru
soe,
Rob
inso
nca
rrie
sou
tth
eci
vilis
ing
mis
sion
ofth
eE
urop
ean
impe
rial
ist b
yte
achi
ngFr
iday
tosp
eak
Eng
lish.
Indo
ing
so,
Def
oere
calls
asc
ene
inSh
akes
pear
e’s
play
The
Tem
pest
,w
here
Pros
pero
’sda
ught
er,
Mir
anda
,te
ache
sth
ena
tive
char
acte
rC
alib
anto
spea
kE
nglis
h.In
Coe
tzee
’sFo
e,ho
wev
er,
the
viol
ence
ofco
loni
aled
ucat
ion,
whi
chis
effa
ced
inth
ese
earl
ier
text
s,is
fore
grou
nded
asFr
iday
isre
veal
edto
have
had
his
tong
uere
mov
edby
slav
etr
ader
s.Su
san
Bar
ton
trie
sto
rem
edy
this
mut
enes
sby
find
ing
a‘m
eans
ofgi
ving
voic
eto
Frid
ay’
(Coe
tzee
cite
din
Spiv
ak19
91:
169)
.A
tfi
rst,
Bar
ton
enco
urag
esFr
iday
to‘e
xpla
inth
eor
igin
ofhi
slo
ssth
roug
ha
few
pict
ures
’(S
piva
k19
91:
168)
.T
hrou
gha
proc
ess
oftr
ial
and
erro
r,Su
san
Bar
ton
grad
ually
reco
gnis
esth
efu
tility
oftr
ying
tore
pres
ent
Frid
ay’s
trau
mat
icex
per
ien
cein
pict
ures
.A
sSp
ivak
com
men
ts:
‘The
unre
peat
abili
tyof
the
uniq
ueev
ent
can
only
bere
peat
edim
perf
ectly
’(S
piva
k19
91:
168)
.Fi
nally
,Su
san
Bar
ton
grow
sim
pati
ent
wit
hhe
rfa
ilure
and
relu
ctan
tly
atte
mpt
sto
teac
hFr
iday
how
tow
rite
.Sp
ivak
unde
rlin
esth
efa
ctth
aton
eof
the
wor
dsth
atSu
san
Bar
ton
teac
hes
Frid
ayis
‘Afr
ica’
.Fo
rSp
ivak
the
wor
dA
fric
ais
aca
tach
resi
s,or
anim
prop
erw
ord,
beca
use
itw
ashi
stor
ical
lyim
pose
don
aco
nti
nen
tby
aE
urop
ean
colo
nial
pow
er:
‘Afr
ica
ison
lya
tim
e-bo
und
nam
ing;
like
all
prop
erna
mes
itis
am
ark
wit
han
arbi
trar
yco
nnec
tion
toits
refe
rent
’(S
piva
k19
91:
170)
.By
teac
hing
Frid
ayth
ew
ord
Afr
ica,
Susa
nth
usat
tem
pts
togi
veFr
iday
the
lang
uage
toas
sert
natio
nal
inde
pend
ence
and
ther
eby
toch
alle
nge
Def
oe’s
orig
inal
colo
nial
narr
ativ
e.Y
etdu
ring
the
cour
seof
the
wri
ting
less
on,
Frid
aypr
ocee
dsto
draw
‘wal
king
eyes
’on
the
wri
ting
slat
eha
nded
tohi
mby
Susa
nB
arto
n:‘F
rida
yfi
lled
his
slat
ew
ith
open
eyes
,ea
chse
t upo
na
hum
anfo
ot:
row
upon
row
ofey
es:
wal
king
eyes
’(c
ited
inSp
ivak
1991
:17
1).
Whe
nSu
san
Bar
ton
dem
ands
that
Frid
aysh
owhe
rth
esl
ate,
Frid
ayim
med
iat
ely
eras
esth
edr
awin
g.T
his
even
tlea
dsSu
san
Bar
ton
toco
nclu
deth
atth
ew
riti
ngle
sson
ispo
intle
ss,
anop
inio
nw
hich
isbo
rne
out
byhe
r
rhet
oric
alqu
estio
n,‘H
owca
nFr
iday
know
wha
tfr
eedo
mm
eans
whe
nhe
bare
lykn
ows
his
own
nam
e?’
(cite
din
Spiv
ak19
91:
171)
.Fo
rSp
ivak
,ho
wev
er,
the
failu
reof
Bar
ton’
sw
riti
ngle
sson
prov
ides
anin
stru
ctiv
ere
adin
gle
sson
for
read
ers
ofpo
stco
loni
alte
xts.
Rat
her
than
apa
ssiv
evi
ctim
ofco
loni
alhi
stor
y,Sp
ivak
argu
esth
atFr
iday
isan
‘age
ntof
with
hold
ing
inth
ete
xt’
who
refu
ses
toyi
eld
anau
then
ticna
tive
voic
e(S
piva
k19
91:
172)
.In
deed
for
Spiv
ak,
ther
eis
norh
etor
ical
spac
eav
aila
ble
toFr
iday
inSu
san
Bar
ton’
sbe
nevo
lent
anti-
colo
nial
narr
ativ
e.Fr
iday
’sre
fusa
lto
spea
kco
uld
thus
bese
ento
push
agai
nst t
heag
enda
sof
natio
nalis
man
did
entit
y,w
hich
Susa
nB
arto
nem
ploy
sin
the
atte
mpt
toem
anci
pate
Frid
ayan
dto
rest
ore
his
voic
e.Sp
ivak
’sre
adin
gof
Coe
tzee
’sFo
eis
impo
rtan
t bec
ause
itre
veal
sho
wSp
ivak
’scr
itica
lth
inki
ngha
sin
crea
sing
lyso
ught
toch
alle
nge
the
exag
gera
ted
polit
ical
clai
ms
that
are
som
etim
esm
ade
onbe
half
ofpo
stco
loni
alte
xts.
Rat
her
than
sim
ply
rew
riti
ngR
obin
son
Cru
soe
from
the
poin
tof
view
ofFr
iday
,fo
rex
ampl
e,Sp
ivak
sugg
ests
that
Frid
ay’s
agen
cylie
sin
his
refu
sal
tobe
repr
esen
ted.
Bydo
ing
so,
Spiv
akem
pha
sise
sth
atC
oetz
eedr
aws
atte
ntio
nto
the
limita
tions
ofpo
stco
loni
alre
pres
enta
tion
asan
effe
ctiv
eve
hicl
efo
rpo
litic
alch
ange
.In
deed
,Sp
ivak
has
incr
easi
ngly
emph
asis
edho
wth
ete
rm‘p
ost-
colo
nial
’ca
nbe
mis
lead
ing
ifit
ista
ken
tosi
gnify
ast
raig
htfo
rwar
dhi
stor
ical
brea
kw
ithth
epo
litic
al,
cultu
ral
and
econ
omic
lega
cyof
colo
nial
ism
.A
sSp
ivak
wri
tes
inA
Cri
tique
ofPo
stco
loni
alR
easo
n,‘C
olon
ial
Dis
cour
sest
udie
s,w
hen
they
conc
entr
ate
only
onth
ere
pre
sent
atio
nof
the
colo
nize
dor
the
mat
ter
ofth
eco
loni
es,
can
som
etim
esse
rve
the
prod
ucti
onof
curr
ent
neo-
colo
nial
know
ledg
eby
plac
ing
colo
nial
ism
/impe
rial
ism
secu
rely
inth
epa
st’
(Spi
vak
1999
:1)
.Su
chan
argu
men
tis
echo
edin
Lee
laG
andh
i’s
asse
rtio
nth
atpo
stco
loni
alis
mis
‘adi
scip
linar
ypr
ojec
tde
vote
dto
the
acad
emic
task
ofre
visi
ting,
rem
embe
ring
and,
cruc
ially
,in
terr
ogat
ing
the
colo
nial
past
’(G
andh
i19
98:
4).
As
Iha
vesu
gges
ted,
Spiv
ak’s
enga
gem
ent
with
post
colo
nial
text
sis
mot
ivat
edin
part
bya
desi
reto
chal
leng
eth
eto
talis
ing
syst
emof
colo
nial
disc
ours
eby
focu
sing
onin
stan
ces
ofsu
balte
rnag
ency
orre
sist
ance
.In
this
resp
ect,
Spiv
ak’ s
read
ing
ofpo
stco
loni
allit
erar
yte
xts
can
bese
ento
echo
the
polit
ical
impe
rativ
esof
earl
ier
anti-
colo
nial
thin
kers
and
wri
ters
such
asC
hinu
aA
cheb
e(1
930—
),Fr
antz
Fano
n(1
925—
61),
and
Ngu
gTw
aT
hion
g‘o
’(1
938—
)to
chal
leng
eth
eau
thor
ity
ofE
uro
pean
impe
rial
ism
and
itscu
ltura
lte
xts.
Yet
Spiv
akis
also
rele
ntle
ssly
PO
ST
CO
LO
NIA
LIS
MA
ND
LIT
ER
AT
UR
E12
3
124
KE
YID
EA
S
criti
cal
ofth
epo
litic
alpr
omis
esof
Thi
rdW
orld
natio
nalis
man
dde
colo
nisa
tion,
espe
cial
lyfr
omth
epe
rspe
ctiv
eof
suba
ltern
wom
enan
dth
eun
derc
lass
.T
his
criti
cism
ofpo
stco
loni
alna
tiona
lism
isin
form
edby
the
his
tor
ical
thou
ght
ofSu
balte
rn,S
tudi
çssc
hola
rssu
chas
Part
haC
hatt
erje
e,w
hoar
gues
that
nati
onal
ism
isa
‘der
ivat
ive
disc
ours
e’th
atw
asin
heri
ted
from
Eur
opea
npo
litic
alid
eas
via
the
civi
lisin
gm
issi
onof
colo
nial
ism
.Fo
llow
ing
Cha
tter
jee,
Spiv
akar
gues
that
post
colo
nial
natio
nalis
mis
divi
ded
betw
een
the
stat
epo
litic
alpr
ogra
mm
esof
rulin
ggo
vern
men
tal
elite
san
dth
epo
pula
rst
rugg
les
ofth
epe
ople
who
are
ofte
nig
nore
dby
thes
edo
min
ant
polit
ical
prog
ram
mes
:
Ifna
tion
alis
mis
the
only
disc
ours
ecr
edit
edw
ith
eman
cipat
ory
poss
ibil
itie
sin
the
impe
rial
ist
thea
tre,
then
one
must
igno
reth
ein
num
erab
leex
ample
sof
resi
stan
ceth
roughout
the
impe
rial
ist
and
pre-
impe
rial
ist
cen
turi
es,
ofte
n
suppre
ssed
byth
ose
very
forc
esof
nati
onal
ism
whi
chw
ould
bein
stru
men
tal
in
chan
gin
gth
ege
opol
itic
alco
nju
nct
ure
from
terr
itor
ial
impe
rial
ism
toneo
-colo
nial
ism
.
(Spi
vak
1981
:24
5)
Ifdo
min
ant
hist
ory
wri
tes
the
popu
lar
stru
ggle
san
dpe
asan
tre
bel
lions
out
ofna
tiona
llib
erat
ion
mov
emen
ts,
how
ever
,Sp
ivak
sugg
ests
that
lite
ratu
reca
npr
ovid
ea
rhet
oric
alsp
ace
for
subl
ater
ngr
oups
tore
-art
icul
ate
the
supp
ress
edhi
stor
ies
ofpo
pula
rst
rugg
les.
RE
-IM
AG
ININ
GH
IST
OR
Y:
MA
HA
SW
ET
AD
EV
IA
ND
TH
EL
ITE
RA
RY
HIS
TO
RIE
SO
FS
UB
AL
TE
RN
WO
ME
N
Itis
inth
etr
ansl
atio
nsan
dco
mm
enta
ries
onth
eB
enga
li-la
ngua
gew
rite
rM
ahas
wet
aD
evi
that
Spiv
akha
spe
rhap
sdo
nem
ore
than
any
othe
rlit
erar
ycr
itic
toar
ticul
ate
the
hist
orie
san
dst
rugg
les
ofsu
balte
rnw
omen
wit
ha
polit
ical
com
mit
men
ttha
tis
alw
ays
tem
pere
dby
anac
ute
awar
enes
sof
the
ethi
cal
limita
tions
ofsu
cha
proj
ect.
As
men
tion
edbr
iefl
yin
prev
ious
chap
ters
,on
eex
ampl
eof
this
isse
enin
‘AL
itera
ryR
epre
sent
atio
nof
the
Suba
ltern
’,w
here
Spiv
akco
nsid
ers
how
Mah
asw
eta
Dev
i’s
stor
y‘S
tana
dayi
ni’
(‘B
reas
tG
iver
’)ch
alle
nges
the
trut
hcl
aim
sof
elite
hist
oric
aldi
scou
rse
inIn
dia
byna
rrat
ing
the
stor
yof
natio
nal
inde
pend
ence
from
the
poin
tof
view
ofa
suba
ltern
wom
an.
InM
ahas
wet
aD
evi’
sau
thor
ial
com
men
tary
onth
est
ory,
the
trag
icna
rrat
ive
ofJa
shod
a,a
suba
ltern
wom
an,
who
isfo
rced
into
serv
ilela
bour
asa
mot
her
tonu
rse
the
child
ren
ofa
wea
lthy
Bra
hmin
fam
ily,
is‘a
para
ble
ofde
colo
niza
tion’
(Spi
vak
1987
:24
4).
For
Dev
i,th
em
ater
nal
body
ofJa
shod
ast
ands
asa
met
apho
rfo
rth
ena
tiona
lbo
dypo
litic
afte
rde
colo
nisa
tion:
‘Lik
eth
epr
otag
onis
tJa
shod
a,In
dia
isa
mot
her
byhi
re.
All
clas
ses
ofpe
ople
,th
epo
st-w
arri
ch,
the
ideo
logu
es,
the
indi
geno
usbu
reau
crac
y,th
edi
aspo
rics
,th
epe
ople
who
are
swor
nto
prot
ect
the
new
stat
e,ab
use
and
expl
oit
her’
(Spi
vak
1987
:24
4).
Such
are
adin
gof
‘Sta
nada
yini
’ce
rtai
nly
emph
asis
esho
wa
gend
ered
disc
ours
eha
sbe
enin
voke
dto
repr
esen
tth
eIn
dian
natio
nst
ate
toits
citiz
etir
y.In
deed
,D
evi’
sre
adin
glo
cate
sJa
shod
a’s
narr
ativ
ein
rela
tion
toth
em
etap
hor
ofM
othe
rIn
dia
that
was
prev
alen
tdur
ing
the
cam
paig
nof
non-
viol
ent,
pass
ive
resi
stan
ceag
ains
tth
eB
ritis
hE
mpi
rele
dby
Gan
dhi.
Thi
sm
etap
hor
of[M
otl,i
crIn
dia
1ha
sits
root
sin
nine
teen
th-
cent
ury
anti-
colo
nial
resi
stan
cem
ovem
ents
,w
here
pow
erfu
lfe
min
ine
figu
res
from
Hin
dum
ytho
logy
like
Kal
i,Si
ta,
Dra
upad
iand
Sava
triw
ere
mob
ilise
dto
help
defi
nea
cohe
rent
sens
eof
Indi
anna
tionh
ood.
As
Ket
uK
atra
k(1
992)
argu
es,
Gan
dhi
exte
nded
the
met
apho
rof
Mot
her
Indi
ain
natio
nalis
tdi
scou
rse
tom
obili
seth
eac
tive
supp
ort
ofw
omen
inpu
blic
dem
onst
ratio
nsof
pass
ive
resi
stan
ceag
ains
tth
eB
ritis
h.Y
etas
Kat
rak
furt
her
emph
asis
es,
Gan
dhi’
spo
litic
alm
obili
satio
nof
wom
enth
roug
ha
gend
ered
disc
ours
eof
natio
nalis
mdu
ring
the
anti-
colo
nial
resi
stan
cem
ovem
ent
did
not
lead
tow
omen
’spo
litic
alem
anci
patio
n.R
athe
r,th
epo
litic
alm
obili
satio
nof
wom
enw
assu
bord
inat
edto
the
mor
eim
med
iate
goal
ofna
tiona
lin
depe
nden
ce.
Whe
nna
tiona
lin
de
pend
ence
was
final
lyac
hiev
edin
1947
,ho
wev
er,
wom
en’s
righ
tsw
ere
disr
egar
ded,
and
the
gend
ered
disc
ours
eof
natio
nalis
mw
asre
veal
edto
cont
ain
wom
enw
ithin
the
trad
ition
alge
nder
role
ofm
othe
rhoo
dan
dun
wag
eddo
mes
ticw
orke
rFo
rSp
ivak
,D
evi’
sre
adin
gof
the
stor
yas
anal
lego
ryof
natio
nalis
mtr
oubl
ingl
yig
nore
sth
elo
wer
-cla
sspo
sitio
nof
suba
ltern
wom
ensu
chas
Jash
oda.
Aga
inst
Dev
i’s
auth
oria
lco
mm
enta
ryon
the
stor
y,Sp
ivak
argu
esth
at‘S
tana
dayi
ni’
high
light
sth
epa
rtic
ular
soci
alop
pres
sion
ofsu
balte
rnw
omen
inth
eco
ntex
tof
post
colo
nial
natio
nalis
m.
Dra
win
gon
the
criti
cal
voca
bula
ryof
Mar
xist
fem
inis
m,
Spiv
akde
mon
stra
tes
how
Jash
oda’
sre
prod
ucti
vebo
dybe
com
esa
site
ofec
onom
icex
ploi
tat
ion
inth
ete
xt:
‘The
prot
agon
ist
suba
ltern
Jash
oda,
[who
sel
husb
and
[was
icr
ippl
edby
the
youn
gest
son
ofa
wea
lthy
hous
ehol
d[a
fter
the
t.
PO
ST
CO
LO
NIA
LIS
MA
ND
LIT
ER
AT
UR
E12
5
126
KE
YID
EA
S
husb
and
trie
sto
rob
the
hous
ehol
d],
beco
mes
aw
et-n
urse
for
them
.H
erre
peat
edge
stat
ion
and
lact
atio
nsu
ppor
ther
husb
and
and
fam
ily.
Byth
elo
gic
ofth
epr
oduc
tion
ofva
lue,
they
are
both
mea
nsof
prod
uctio
n’(S
piva
k19
87:
247)
.By
invo
king
the
them
esof
Mar
xist
fem
inis
m,
Spiv
aic
argu
esth
atJa
shod
apr
oble
mat
ises
the
mal
e-ce
ntre
dde
fini
tion
ofth
ew
orki
ng-c
lass
subj
ect
that
unde
rwri
tes
clas
sic
Eur
opea
nM
arxi
sm.
Inth
ecl
assi
cM
arxi
stth
eory
ofla
bour
,fo
rex
ampl
e,th
ere
isa
sexu
aldi
visi
onof
labo
urbe
twee
npr
oduc
tive
labo
ur(m
ascu
line)
and
repr
oduc
tive
labo
ur(f
emin
ine)
whi
chis
base
don
anes
sent
ialis
tno
tion
ofse
xual
diff
eren
ce.
Thi
sse
xual
divi
sion
ofla
bour
has
conv
entio
nally
deva
lued
and
igno
red
the
mat
eria
lsp
ecif
icity
ofw
omen
’sdo
mes
ticw
ork,
incl
udin
gch
ildbi
rth
and
mot
heri
ng,
beca
use
thes
efo
rms
ofw
ork
dono
tdi
rect
lypr
oduc
eex
chan
geva
lue
orm
oney
.In
‘Sta
nada
yini
’,ho
wev
er,
the
prot
agon
ist
Jash
oda
illus
trat
esho
wa
suba
ltern
wom
an’s
repr
oduc
tive
body
isem
ploy
edto
prod
uce
eco
nom
icva
lue.
As
Spiv
akar
gues
,Ja
shod
a’s
sale
ofhe
rm
ater
nal
body
toth
eho
useh
old
ofa
wea
lthy
Bra
hmin
fam
ilyto
supp
ort
her
own
fam
ilyef
fect
ivel
yre
vers
esth
istr
aditi
onal
sexu
aldi
visi
onof
labo
urbe
twee
nm
enan
dw
omen
.O
fco
urse
this
isno
tto
sugg
est
that
Jash
oda
issi
mpl
yem
pow
ered
beca
use
she
isth
eso
lebr
eadw
inne
rin
the
hous
ehol
d,or
that
Dev
i’s
stor
ypo
etic
ally
reso
lves
som
eof
the
theo
reti
cal
contr
adi
ctio
nsth
atha
veve
xed
wes
tern
Mar
xist
fem
inis
mfo
rm
ore
than
thre
ede
cade
s.R
athe
r,Sp
ivak
argu
esth
atJa
shod
a’s
empl
oym
ent
asa
prof
essi
onal
mot
her
cruc
ially
‘inv
okes
the
sing
ular
ityof
the
gend
ered
suba
ltern
’(S
piva
k19
87:
252)
.B
ydo
ing
so,
“Sta
nada
yini
”ca
llsin
toqu
estio
nth
atas
pect
ofW
este
rnM
arxi
stfe
min
ism
whi
ch,
from
the
poin
tof
view
ofw
ork,
triv
ializ
esth
eth
eory
ofva
lue
and,
from
the
poin
tof
view
ofm
othe
ring
asw
ork,
igno
res
the
mot
her
assu
bjec
t’(S
piva
k19
87:
258)
.Sp
ivak
’sre
adin
gan
dtr
ansl
atio
nof
‘Bre
ast
Giv
er’
isve
rype
rsua
sive
,al
thou
ghit
isno
tab
ove
criti
cism
.In
anes
say
onSp
ivak
’ste
xtua
lco
mm
enta
ries
and
tran
slat
ions
ofM
ahas
wet
aD
evi’
sfi
ctio
n,M
inol
iSa
lgad
o(2
000)
iden
tifie
sse
vera
ldi
scre
panc
ies
betw
een
Dev
i’s
orig
inal
stor
ies
and
Spiv
ak’s
tran
slat
ions
ofth
ese
stor
ies.
Inpa
rtic
ular
,Sa
lgad
ono
tes
how
Spiv
ak’s
italic
isat
ion
ofE
nglis
hw
ords
inD
evi’
sor
igin
alte
xtw
ork
to‘d
ram
atiz
eth
eef
fect
sof
stat
edo
min
atio
n’(S
alga
do20
00:
1 34)
.B
ydo
ing
so,
Salg
ado
cont
ends
that
Spiv
akex
agge
rate
sth
e‘c
onte
stat
iona
lan
dop
posi
tiona
lna
ture
ofM
ahas
wet
a’s
wor
k’(S
alga
do20
00:
135)
.In
deed
,Sp
ivak
’s‘c
laim
that
Mah
asw
eta’
sw
ork
punc
ture
sna
tion
alis
t dis
cour
se’
wou
ldse
emto
cont
radi
ctM
ahas
wet
a’s
call
‘for
the
trib
alpe
ople
’sin
sert
ion
into
the
Indi
anm
ains
trea
m’
(Sal
gado
2000
:13
5).
Wha
tis
atst
ake
inSa
lgad
o’s
criti
cism
ofSp
ivak
’str
ansl
atio
nan
din
terp
reta
tion
ofM
ahas
wet
aD
evi’
sw
ritin
gis
abr
oade
rar
gum
ent
that
Spiv
akis
help
ing
toco
mm
odif
yM
ahas
wet
aD
evi’
ste
xts
for
anin
ter
natio
nal
mar
ket
byin
sert
ing
the
text
sin
toa
wes
tern
theo
reti
cal
disc
ours
ew
hich
has
noco
nnec
tion
orre
latio
nshi
pto
the
peop
leor
cultu
rede
pict
edin
Dev
i’s
fict
ion.
Thi
sis
cert
ainl
ya
limita
tion
wit
hSp
ivak
’str
ansl
atio
nsof
Mah
asw
eta
Dev
i,al
thou
gh,
tobe
fair
,Sp
ivak
does
ackn
owle
dge
this
diff
icul
tyat
the
fore
fron
tof
her
tran
slat
ions
:
The
raven
ous
hunger
for
Thi
rdW
orld
lite
rary
text
sin
Eng
lish
tran
slat
ion
ispa
rtof
the
ben
evole
nce
and
part
ofth
epr
oble
m[.
..]by
tran
slat
ing
this
text
[Sta
nad
ayin
i’]
Iam
contr
ibuti
ng
tobo
th.
(Spi
vak
1987
:25
3)
To
alle
viat
eth
isdi
ffic
ulty
,Sp
ivak
deve
lops
anet
hics
ofre
adin
gw
hich
ism
ore
sens
itive
toth
eso
cial
loca
tion
ofsu
balte
rnw
omen
.A
gain
stth
ech
arge
sof
theo
reti
cal
diff
icul
tym
ade
bycr
itics
such
asM
inol
iSa
lgad
o(2
000)
and
Ben
itaPa
rry
(198
7),
Spiv
akar
gues
that
such
char
ges
are
base
don
acr
itica
lpo
sitio
n‘w
hich
pred
icat
esth
epo
ssib
ility
ofknow
ledg
eon
iden
tity’
(Spi
vak
1987
:25
4).
Spiv
akis
cert
ainl
ysc
eptic
alab
out
the
polit
ical
bene
fits
tobe
gain
edfr
ombe
nevo
lent
wes
tern
radi
cals
spea
king
for
post
colo
nial
subj
ects
.A
sSp
ivak
wri
tes,
‘It i
sw
hen
only
the
[dom
inan
t]gr
oups
theo
rize
that
the
situ
atio
nbe
com
esin
tole
rabl
e’(S
piva
k19
87:
253)
.Sp
ivak
does
not r
ule
outt
hepo
ssib
ility
ofan
allia
nce
betw
een
dom
inan
tre
ader
san
dth
ete
xts
ofsu
balte
rnity
alto
geth
er,
but
refo
rmul
ates
this
rela
tion
asan
ethi
cal
rela
tion
toth
eot
her:
‘kno
wle
dge
ism
ade
poss
ible
and
issu
stai
ned
byir
redu
cibl
edi
ffer
ence
,no
tid
entit
y’(S
piva
k19
87:
254-
).Su
chan
argu
men
tis
base
don
Jacq
ues
Der
rida
’sno
tion
ofet
hics
asa
resp
onsi
bilit
yof
the
(wes
tern
)se
lfto
war
dsth
e(n
on-w
este
rn)
othe
r.Jo
hnH
illof
fers
alu
cid
com
men
tary
onth
ew
ider
appl
icat
ion
ofD
erri
da’s
ethi
cal
thou
ght
topo
stco
loni
alst
udie
sin
anes
say
onth
eIr
ish
dire
ctor
Nei
lJo
rdan
’sfil
mTh
eC
ryin
gG
ame.
Hill
wri
tes
that
:
[Der
rida
]em
phas
ises
that
the
wor
dsre
spon
d’an
d‘r
espo
nsib
ilit
y’ha
veth
esa
me
root
.T
hus
answ
erin
gto
the
oth
eris
init
self
are
cogn
itio
nof
the
I. 1P
OS
TC
OL
ON
IAL
ISM
AN
DL
ITE
RA
TU
RE
127
128
KE
YID
EA
S
resp
onsi
bili
tyyo
uha
veto
war
ds
the
othe
r.T
heob
liga
tion
the
othe
r’s
resp
onsi
bilit
ypu
tson
you
isth
eob
liga
tion
tore
spon
d,in
ast
ran
ge
kind
ofre
lati
onsh
ipw
hich
pre
ced
esre
lati
onsh
ip[,
,.1in
dica
ting
that
inth
eha
ving
toli
sten
,in
the
havi
ngto
answ
erto
the
othe
r,a
rela
tion
ship
ofre
spon
sibi
lity
isal
read
yin
plac
e,
prio
rto
any
eng
agem
ent.
(Hill
1998
:98
—9)
LDer
rida
’spa
rado
xica
lun
ders
tand
ing
ofet
hics
as,
are
latio
nshi
pof
resp
onsi
bilit
y’.w
hich
ispr
ior
toan
yin
ter-
subj
ectiv
een
gage
men
tbe
twee
nth
eSe
lfan
dth
eO
ther
also
info
rms
Spiv
ak’s
ethi
csof
read
ing
post
colo
nial
liter
ary
text
s.O
neof
the
clea
rest
exam
ples
ofth
iset
hica
lre
lati
onis
seen
ina
revi
sed
vers
ion
of‘T
hree
Wom
en’s
Tex
tsan
da
Cri
tique
ofIm
peri
alis
m’
whi
chco
mpa
res
the
evoc
atio
nof
sym
path
yfo
rth
eO
ther
inM
ary
Shel
ley’
sFr
anke
nste
in(1
818)
and
Mah
asw
eta
Dev
i’s
‘Pte
roda
ctyl
’(1
995)
.Fo
rSp
ivak
,M
ary
Shel
ley’
ssy
mpa
thet
icre
pres
enta
tion
ofth
em
onst
er-a
s-co
loni
al-s
ubje
ctis
para
llele
dby
Dev
i’s
evoc
atio
nof
the
read
er’s
(eth
ical
)re
spon
seto
the
bele
agur
edtr
ibal
com
mun
ities
whi
char
eth
reat
ened
with
exti
ncti
onin
the
post
colo
nial
wor
ldof
the
stor
y.H
owev
er,
Spiv
akad
dsth
atth
ere
isno
guar
ante
eth
atth
ere
ader
’sre
spon
sew
illle
adto
anet
hica
lre
latio
nto
the
sing
ular
ityof
the
Oth
er.
Wha
tis
mor
e,Sp
ivak
’sco
ncer
nto
deve
lop
anet
hica
lre
latio
nw
ithth
esu
balte
rnth
roug
hre
adin
gal
soqu
estio
nsth
elim
itsof
polit
ical
rep
rese
ntat
ion
asa
criti
cal
stra
tegy
.Su
cha
read
ing
isco
ntra
ryto
Mah
asw
eta
Dev
i’s
argu
men
tth
athe
rfi
ctio
n‘p
osits
the
need
for
the
trib
alpe
ople
’sin
sert
ion
into
the
Indi
anm
ains
trea
m’
(Dev
i cite
din
Salg
ado
2000
:13
5).
For
Spiv
akth
isre
adin
gis
base
don
ana
ive
unde
rsta
ndin
gof
polit
ical
repr
esen
tati
on,
whi
chfa
lsel
yas
sum
esth
atlit
erar
yre
pres
enta
tion
will
nece
ssar
ilyle
adto
the
polit
ical
repr
esen
tati
onof
trib
alsu
balte
rngr
oups
.In
stea
d,Sp
ivak
emph
asis
esth
atD
evi’
sfi
ctio
nfo
rmal
lyar
ticu
late
sth
est
ruct
ural
barr
iers
ofcl
ass,
cult
ure,
lang
uage
and
liter
acy
that
prev
ent
trib
algr
oups
from
part
icip
atin
gin
the
parl
iam
enta
ryde
moc
racy
ofpo
st-i
ndep
ende
nce
Indi
a.In
Mah
asw
eta
Dev
i ‘S
stor
y‘D
oulo
tith
eB
ount
iful
’,fo
rex
ampl
e,th
elim
itsof
dem
ocra
cyar
efo
regr
ound
edin
anex
chan
gebe
twee
nth
ew
ash
Raj
bian
dth
eG
andh
ian
prop
het
Sadh
uji.
Inth
isdi
alog
ue,
the
narr
ator
fore
grou
nds
the
split
betw
een
the
ever
yday
lives
oftr
ibal
wom
enan
dth
ege
nder
eddi
scou
rse
ofth
ena
tion
stat
e.
You
are
not
un
tou
chab
le.
You
,m
e,M
unab
arC
hand
ela,
are
offs
prin
gof
the
sam
em
othe
r.
Hea
ring
all
this
the
was
her
wom
anR
ajbi
said
,‘H
owca
nth
atbe
,S
adhu
ji[M
r
Hol
yM
an)?
’
—Y
es,
sist
er,
quit
etr
ue.
—W
hy,
wha
thap
pen
ed?
—W
ear
eal
lof
fspr
ing
ofth
esa
me
mot
her.
—N
oS
adhu
ji,
untr
ue,
untr
ue.
—W
hy?
—If
the
offs
prin
gof
the
sam
em
othe
r,w
ear
eal
lb
roth
ers
and
sist
ers,
yes?
—S
houl
dbe
.
—B
utM
unab
ardo
esn’
tkn
owth
at.
Mun
abar
’sch
ild
ren
inm
yro
om,
Mun
a.
bar’
sch
ildre
nin
Muk
ami
Dus
adin
’spl
ace
asw
ell,
and
allth
ese
boys
are
bond
ed
labo
r.T
ell
me
how
this
can
be.
—S
iste
r,no
tth
atki
ndof
mot
her,
Mot
her
Indi
a.
—W
hois
that
?
—O
urco
untr
y,In
dia.
—T
his
isou
rco
untr
y?
—O
fco
urse
.
—O
hS
adhu
ji,
my
plac
eis
Seo
ravi
llag
e.W
hat
doyo
uca
lla
coun
try?
Ikno
w
tahs
il[a
pre
-indep
enden
cere
ven
ue
coll
ecti
ngun
it),
Ikno
wst
atio
n,I d
on’t
know
coun
try.
Indi
ais
not
the
coun
try.
—H
ey,
you
are
all
indep
enden
tIn
dia’
sfr
eepe
ople
,do
you
under
stan
d?
—N
o,S
adhu
ji.
(Dev
i19
95:
41)
Sadh
uji’
sin
sist
ence
that
Raj
biis
one
ofth
e‘o
ffsp
ring
’of
Mot
her
Indi
aan
dno
tan
unto
ucha
ble
falls
onde
afea
rs. t
F6r
Raj
bi,
the
dem
ocra
ticrh
etor
icof
inde
pend
ent
Indi
ais
mea
ning
less
beca
use
itha
sno
rela
tion
shp
toth
em
ater
ialr
ealit
yof
her
ever
yday
lifel
As
Spiv
akpo
ints
out,
the
‘ritu
als’
ofde
moc
racy
seem
‘abs
urd’
toth
ose
peop
lew
hoco
ntin
ueto
bebr
utal
lyex
ploi
ted
byIn
dia’
scl
ass-
cast
esy
stem
.Li
keth
ebo
nd-s
lave
s’m
isun
ders
tand
ing
ofth
evo
ting
boot
hsan
dth
eC
ensu
sin
‘Dou
loti
the
Bou
ntif
ul’,
Sadh
uji’
sco
nfus
ion
abou
tth
erh
etor
icof
deco
loni
satio
nan
dna
tiona
llib
erat
ion
emph
asis
esth
efa
ilure
ofna
tiona
lin
depe
nden
ceto
radi
cally
chan
geth
eliv
esof
trib
alsu
balte
rnco
mm
uniti
es.
Mor
eur
gent
ly,
Spiv
ak’s
read
ings
and
tran
slat
ions
ofM
ahas
wet
aD
evi’
ssh
ort
fict
ion
illus
trat
eho
wth
evi
olen
ceof
deco
loni
satio
nan
dna
tiona
llib
erat
ion
isof
ten
brut
ally
insc
ribe
don
the
mat
eria
lbodie
of
PO
ST
CO
LO
NIA
LIS
MA
ND
LIT
ER
AT
UR
E12
9
130
KE
YD
EA
S
suba
ltern
wom
en.
In‘S
tana
dayi
ni’,
the
natio
nalis
t myt
hof
Mot
her
Indi
ais
cont
rast
edw
ithth
egr
otes
que
desc
ript
ion
ofJa
shod
a’s
canc
erou
sbr
east
,w
hich
‘bur
sts
and
beco
mes
like
the
crat
erof
avo
lcan
o’af
ter
Jash
oda
brea
stfe
eds
seve
ral
child
ren
inan
uppe
r-cl
ass
hous
ehol
d.Fo
rSp
ivak
,Ja
shod
a’s
canc
erou
sbr
east
embo
dies
the
spec
ific
mat
eria
l‘o
ppre
ssio
nof
the
gend
ered
suba
ltern
’(S
piva
k19
87:
267)
.
WO
ME
N’S
BO
DIE
SIN
RE
VO
LT
The
trag
ican
dgr
ueso
me
deno
uem
ent
of‘S
tana
dayi
ni’
isec
hoed
inD
evi’
sst
ory,
‘Dou
loti
the
Bou
ntif
ul’.
Inth
efin
alse
ctio
nof
the
stor
y,w
ear
epr
esen
ted
with
the
spec
tacl
eof
Dou
loti’
sco
rpse
, whi
chis
‘putr
efle
dw
ithve
nere
aldi
seas
e’af
ter
Dou
loti
isso
ldin
tobo
nded
labo
uras
apr
osti
tute
topa
yof
fhe
rfa
ther
’sde
bts.
Sign
ific
antly
,th
eev
ent
ofD
oulo
ti’s
deat
hta
kes
plac
eon
apo
litic
alm
apof
Indi
a,w
hich
isdr
awn
incl
ayon
the
grou
ndby
alo
cal
villa
gesc
hool
mas
ter
the
prev
ious
nigh
t.W
hen
the
scho
olm
aste
rre
turn
sth
efo
llow
ing
day
tote
ach
his
clas
sab
out
the
polit
ical
geog
raph
yof
Indi
a,bo
thsc
hool
mas
ter
and
stud
ents
are
conf
ront
edw
ithth
efo
llow
ing
spec
tacl
e:
Filli
ngth
een
tire
Indi
anpe
nins
ula
from
the
ocea
nsto
the
Him
alay
as,
here
lies
bond
edla
bor
spre
adea
gled
,ka
miy
a-w
hore
Dou
loti
Nag
esia
’sto
rmen
ted
corp
se,
putr
efie
dw
ithve
nere
aldi
seas
e,ha
ving
vom
ited
upal
lth
ebl
ood
inhe
rdes
icca
ted
lung
s.
(Dev
ici
ted
inP
arke
ret
a?.
1992
:11
2)
The
appe
aran
ceof
Dou
loti’
sco
rpse
ona
map
ofIn
dia
pow
erfu
llyill
ustr
ates
how
the
act o
f pol
itica
lin
depe
nden
cefr
omth
eB
ritis
hE
mpi
reis
foun
ded
onth
eco
ntin
ued
soci
alan
dpo
litic
alop
pres
sion
ofsu
balte
rnw
omen
.A
sSp
ivak
asse
rts:
‘The
spac
edi
spla
ced
from
the
empi
re-n
atio
nne
gotia
tion
now
com
esto
inha
bit a
ndap
prop
riat
eth
ena
tiona
l map
,an
dm
akes
the
agen
daof
natio
nalis
mim
poss
ible
’(S
piva
kin
Park
eret
a].
1992
:11
3).
Inot
her
wor
ds,
Dou
loti’
sbr
utal
ised
corp
sem
arks
the
limits
ofde
colo
nisa
tion
inpo
st-i
ndep
ende
nce
Indi
aan
dth
efa
ilure
ofpo
litic
alin
depe
nden
ceto
effe
ctiv
ely
chan
geth
ecl
ass
and
gend
erin
equa
litie
sin
Indi
anso
ciet
y.Fo
rSp
ivak
,on
eof
the
impo
rtan
tqu
estio
nsth
atth
efi
ctio
nof
Mah
asw
eta
Dev
i rai
ses
isw
heth
ersu
balte
rnw
omen
such
asD
oulo
tian
dJa
shod
aha
vean
ypo
litic
alag
ency
orvo
ice
inth
ena
tion
stat
e.C
erta
inly
,
Dev
i’s
fict
ion
pres
ents
the
read
erw
itha
pict
ure
ofth
esu
balte
rnw
oman
’sbo
dylit
eral
lyre
volti
ngag
ains
t the
post
colo
nial
stat
e.B
utth
ese
acts
ofbo
dily
resi
stan
cean
dre
volt
are
clea
rly
not
asi
gnof
inte
ntio
nal
polit
ical
stru
ggle
.Fo
rth
eex
ploi
ted
and
abus
edbo
dies
ofJa
shod
aan
dD
oulo
tist
and
asa
pain
ful
rem
inde
rof
the
clas
san
dge
nder
ineq
ualit
ies
that
cont
inue
todi
vide
Indi
a,de
spite
the
eman
cipa
tory
prom
ises
mad
eby
the
rulin
gpo
litic
alel
itein
the
nam
eof
deco
loni
satio
nan
dde
moc
racy
.T
his
ques
tion
ofsu
balte
rnw
omen
’spo
litic
alag
ency
isfu
rthe
rex
plor
edin
Mah
asw
eta
Dev
i’s
shor
tst
ory,
‘Dra
upad
i’,
whi
chha
sal
sobe
entr
ansl
ated
into
Eng
lish
bySp
ivak
.T
hest
ory
isse
tin
aN
orth
ern
regi
onof
Wes
tB
enga
ldu
ring
the
time
ofa
rura
l-ba
sed
peas
ant
rebel
lion
agai
nst
econ
omic
and
polit
ical
oppr
essi
onby
land
owne
rsan
dth
ego
vern
men
tin
the
late
I960
s.T
hena
rrat
ive
reco
unts
the
even
tsle
adin
gup
toth
eca
ptur
ean
dsu
bseq
uent
tort
ure
ofon
eof
the
peas
antin
sur
gent
sby
the
stat
em
ilita
ryfo
rces
,a
wom
anna
med
Dra
upad
ior
Dop
diM
ejhe
n.A
sSp
ivak
note
sin
the
‘Tra
nsla
tor’
sFo
rew
ord’
to‘D
raup
adi’
,th
efi
rst
part
ofth
est
ory
isna
rrat
edfr
omth
epo
int
ofvi
ewof
Sena
naya
k,th
ear
my
chie
f who
hunt
sth
ele
ader
sof
the
Nax
alite
rebe
llio
n.In
orde
rto
catc
hth
ele
ader
sof
the
peas
ant
rebe
llio
n,Se
nana
yak
trie
sto
under
stan
dth
epo
litic
alm
otiv
atio
nof
the
insu
rgen
tsby
read
ing
left
-win
gpa
perb
acks
and
lite
ratu
re.
For
Spiv
ak,
Sena
naya
k’s
avar
icio
usin
tell
ectu
alpu
rsui
tis
not
diss
imila
rto
‘the
Fir
st-W
orld
scho
lar
inse
arch
ofth
eT
hird
Wor
ld’
(Spi
vak
1987
:17
9).
Inde
ed,
for
Spiv
ak, S
enan
ayak
’sfu
tile
atte
mpt
totr
ansl
ate
Dop
di’s
song
late
rin
the
stor
yco
uld
bese
ento
mir
ror
the
‘Fir
stW
orld
’re
ader
’sde
sire
tokn
owth
esu
balte
rnby
inte
rpr
etin
gD
evi’
sst
ory;
Alt
houg
hw
ear
eto
ldof
spec
iali
sts,
the
mea
nin
gof
Dop
di’s
song
rem
ain
sundis
clos
edin
the
text
.T
heed
uca
ted
Ben
gali
do
esno
tkn
owth
ela
nguag
esof
the
trib
es,
and
nopo
liti
cal
coer
cion
obli
ges
him
tokn
ow’
it.W
hat
one
mig
htfa
lsel
yth
ink
ofas
apo
liti
cal
priv
ileg
e—
know
ing
Eng
lish
prop
erly
—st
ands
inth
ew
ayof
ad
eco
nst
ruct
ive
pra
ctic
eof
languag
e—
usin
git
corr
ectl
y’th
rou
gh
ap
oli
tic
ald
isp
lace
men
t,or
op
erat
ing
the
languag
eof
the
oth
ersi
de.
As
Spiv
akpo
ints
out,
the
‘pri
vile
ge’
of‘k
now
ing
Eng
lish
prop
erly
’pr
even
tsbo
thSe
nana
yak
and
the
Firs
tW
orld
read
erfr
omtr
ansl
atin
g
I I
(Spi
vak
1981
:18
6)
PO
ST
CO
LO
NIA
LIS
MA
ND
LIT
ER
AT
UR
E13
1
132
KE
YID
EA
S
Dra
upad
i’s
song
.In
this
resp
ect,
Dra
upad
ico
uld
bese
enas
ate
xtua
len
igm
a,w
hose
agen
cylie
sin
the
refu
sal
toco
nfes
she
rm
eani
ngan
dst
ory
toth
ere
ader
.T
hest
ory
also
rais
esqu
estio
nsab
out
Dra
upad
i’s
polit
ical
agen
cyth
roug
hits
rew
riti
ngof
the
anci
ent
Indi
anep
icth
eM
ahab
hara
ta.
Inth
eor
igin
alan
cien
tep
ic,
Dra
upad
iis
‘mar
ried
toth
efiv
eso
nsof
the
impo
tent
Pand
u’an
dis
‘use
dto
dem
onst
rate
mal
egl
ory’
(Spi
vak
1987
:18
3).
Sinc
eD
raup
adi
ism
arri
edto
seve
ralh
usba
nds,
anac
tw
hich
isco
ntra
ryto
the
law
ofth
esc
ript
ures
,D
raup
adi
is‘d
esig
nate
da
pros
titu
te’
(cite
din
Spiv
ak19
87:
183)
.In
the
term
sof
the
scri
ptur
es,
this
desi
gnat
ion
perm
its
mal
ech
iefs
tobr
ing
her
‘clo
thed
orun
clot
hed,
into
the
asse
mbl
y’(S
piva
k19
87:
183)
.D
urin
ga
scen
ew
here
inD
raup
adi’
sel
dest
husb
and
lose
shi
sw
ife
asa
stak
ein
aga
me
ofdi
ce,
the
enem
ych
ief
‘beg
ins
topu
llat
Dra
upad
i’s
sari’
(183
).W
hatf
ollo
ws
ispe
rcei
ved
tobe
‘one
ofK
rish
na’s
mir
acle
s’(1
83).
As
Spiv
akw
rite
s:
The
enem
ych
ief
beg
ins
topu
llat
Dra
upad
i’s
sari.
Dra
upad
isi
lent
lypr
ays
to
the
inca
rnat
eK
rish
na.
The
Idea
ofS
ust
ainin
gL
aw(D
harm
a)m
ater
iali
zes
itse
lf
ascl
othi
ng,
and
asth
eki
ngpu
lls
and
pull
sat
her
sari,
ther
ese
ems
tom
ore
and
mor
eof
it,D
raup
adi
isin
fini
tely
clot
hed
and
cannot
bepu
blic
ally
stri
pped
.
(Spi
vak
1987
:18
3)
Inth
eM
ahab
liara
ta,
Dra
upad
i’s
dign
ityan
dho
nour
are
thus
pres
erve
dby
the
divi
nein
terv
enti
onof
the
mal
eH
indu
God
,K
rish
na.
Mah
asw
eta
Dev
ire
wri
tes
this
scen
efr
omth
eM
ahab
hara
taby
havi
ngD
raup
adi
‘rem
ain
publ
ical
lyna
ked
athe
row
nin
sist
ence
’(S
piva
k19
87:
184)
.Fo
llow
ing
orde
rsfr
omSe
nana
yak,
Dop
diis
viol
ently
rape
dby
mili
tary
guar
ds.
Inde
fian
ceof
this
viol
ent
act,
Dop
disu
bseq
uent
lyco
nfro
nts
Sena
naya
kw
ithth
ebl
oody
spec
tacl
eof
her
tort
ured
and
rava
ged
body
:
Dra
upad
ist
ands
befo
rehi
m,
nake
d.T
high
and
pubi
cha
irm
atte
dw
ith
dry
bloo
d.T
wo
bre
asts
,tw
ow
ound
s.
Wha
tis
this
?H
eis
about
toba
rk.
Dra
upad
ico
mes
clos
er.
Sta
nd
sw
ith
her
han
don
her
hip,
laughs
and
says
,
The
ob
ject
ofyo
urse
arch
,D
opdi
Mej
hen.
You
aske
dth
emto
mak
em
eup
,do
n’t
you
wan
tto
see
how
they
mad
em
e?
(cit
edin
Spi
vak
1987
:19
6)
Insp
iteof
her
viol
ent
phys
ical
and
sexu
alto
rtur
eby
the
mili
tary
,D
raup
adi’
sre
fusa
lto
becl
othe
dst
ands
asan
uneq
uivo
cal
sign
ofp
oli
tic
alre
sist
ance
and
agen
cy.
Inde
ed,
the
viol
ent
spec
tacl
eof
Dra
upad
i’s
rava
ged
body
thre
aten
sth
eau
thor
ityof
the
patr
iarc
hal
stat
e,w
hich
ispe
rson
ifie
dby
Sena
naya
k.A
sth
ena
rrat
oras
sert
s,‘D
raup
adi
push
esSe
nana
yak
with
her
two
man
gled
brea
sts,
and
for
the
firs
ttim
eSe
nana
yak
isaf
raid
tost
and
befo
rean
unar
med
targ
et,
terr
ibly
afra
id’
(cite
din
Spiv
ak19
87:
196)
.T
his
thre
atto
patr
iarc
hal
auth
ority
isre
iter
ated
inD
raup
adi’
sin
terr
ogat
ion
ofhe
rto
rtur
ers:
‘Wha
t’s
the
use
ofcl
othe
s?Y
ouca
nst
rip
me,
buth
owca
nyo
ucl
othe
me
agai
n?A
reyo
ua
man
?’(c
ited
inSp
ivak
1987
:19
6).
For
Spiv
ak,
Dra
upad
i’s
ques
tions
effe
ctiv
ely
reve
rse
the
lingu
istic
subj
ect
posi
tions
ofth
ein
terr
ogat
oran
dth
ein
terr
ogat
ed,
and
sow
ork
toch
alle
nge
the
auth
ority
ofth
eru
ling
elite
.Si
mila
rly,
Dra
upad
i’s
impe
rativ
eto
Sena
naya
kto
‘cou
nter
’he
rfu
rthe
run
derm
ines
the
secu
reop
posi
tion
betw
een
the
activ
esu
bjec
tof
inte
rrog
atio
nan
dth
epa
ssiv
eob
ject
ofto
rtur
e.Sp
ivak
note
sth
atD
raup
adi’
sus
eof
the
wor
d‘c
ount
er’
‘isan
abbr
evia
tion
for
“kill
edby
polic
ein
anen
coun
ter,
”th
eco
dede
scri
ptio
nfo
rde
ath
bypo
lice
tort
ure’
(Spi
vak
1987
:18
6).
Yet
,D
rau
padi
’sus
eof
the
verb
coun
ter
rath
erth
anen
coun
ter
iscl
oser
toth
e“p
rope
r”E
nglis
hus
age’
(Spi
vak
1987
:18
6).
For
Spiv
akth
is‘c
orre
ct’
use
ofth
eE
nglis
hla
ngua
geis
sign
ific
ant
beca
use
Dra
upad
iw
ould
have
nokn
owle
dge
ofth
eE
nglis
hla
ngua
geas
aru
ral,
trib
alpe
rson
wit
hon
lyba
sic
know
ledg
eof
spok
enB
enga
li:‘D
opdi
does
not
unde
rsta
ndE
nglis
h,bu
tsh
eun
ders
tand
sth
isfo
rmul
aan
dth
ew
ord’
(Spi
vak
1987
:18
6).
Dra
upad
i’s
corr
ect
unde
rsta
ndin
gof
the
Eng
lish
wor
d‘c
ount
er’
isth
usde
rive
dfr
oma
polit
ical
con
scio
usne
ssof
stat
evi
olen
cean
dop
pres
sion
from
the
stan
dpoi
ntof
atr
ibal
,su
balte
rnw
oman
,ra
ther
than
apr
ivile
ged
educ
atio
nin
Eng
lish
sem
antic
s.Fo
rth
isre
ason
,Sp
ivak
argu
esth
atD
raup
adi’
sus
eof
the
impe
rativ
e‘c
ount
erm
e’is
apo
wer
ful
‘dec
onst
ruct
ive
prac
tice
ofla
ngua
ge’,
apr
actic
eth
atus
esla
ngua
ge‘“
corr
ectly
”th
roug
ha
polit
ical
disp
lace
men
t,or
oper
at[e
s]th
ela
ngua
geof
the
othe
rsi
de’
(Spi
vak
1987
:18
6).
As
Iha
vesu
gges
ted,
Spiv
ak’s
tran
slat
ions
and
com
men
tari
eson
Mah
asw
eta
Dev
i’s
fict
ion
have
done
muc
hto
artic
ulat
eth
ehi
stor
ies
oftr
ibal
suba
ltern
wom
en.
Spiv
akis
cert
ainl
yve
ryco
nsci
ous
ofth
ejU
tièa
liiy
ksin
volv
edin
tran
slat
ing
Dev
i’s
fict
ion
for
ala
rgel
yw
este
rnre
ader
ship
.O
neof
the
dang
ers
with
Spiv
ak’s
tran
slat
ions
isth
atth
e
I IP
OS
TC
OL
ON
IAL
ISM
AN
DL
ITE
RA
TU
RE
133
134
KE
YID
EA
S
narr
ativ
esco
uld
beta
ken
out
ofco
ntex
tto
repr
esen
tatr
agic
ster
eoty
peof
post
colo
nial
vict
imho
od.
Byem
ploy
ing
the
criti
cal
tool
sof
deco
nstr
ucti
on,
how
ever
,Sp
ivak
resi
sts
the
tem
ptat
ion
tore
pres
ent
the
fict
iona
lsu
balte
rnch
arac
ters
inM
ahas
wet
aD
evi’
sw
ritin
gas
tran
spar
ent
obje
cts
ofkn
owle
dge
for
wes
tern
-tra
ined
inte
llect
uals
.In
stea
d,Sp
ivak
trac
esth
elin
guis
tican
drh
etor
ical
nuan
ces
inD
evi’
ste
xts
whe
retr
ibal
,su
balte
rnw
omen
char
acte
rslik
eJa
shod
a,D
raup
adi
orD
oulo
tiar
ticul
ate
anem
bodi
edkn
owle
dge
that
cann
otbe
acco
unte
dfo
rin
the
dom
inan
tte
rms
ofw
este
rnkn
owle
dge
and
repr
esen
tati
on..
AF
TE
RS
PIV
AK
In19
99Sp
ivak
’slo
ngaw
aite
dbo
okA
Cri
tique
ofPo
stco
loni
alR
easo
n:To
war
dsa
His
tory
ofth
eV
anis
hing
Pres
ent
was
publ
ishe
dby
Har
vard
Uni
vers
ityPr
ess.
Thi
sbo
okis
sign
ific
ant
for
man
yre
ason
s,no
tle
ast
beca
use
itsi
gnal
sSp
ivak
’sre
ject
ion
ofth
ela
bel
‘pos
tcol
onia
l’w
hich
had
prev
ious
lybe
enap
plie
dto
her
wor
k.W
hat
ism
ore,
the
book
cont
ains
are
vise
dve
rsio
nof
‘Can
the
Suba
ltern
Spea
k?’;
anin
geni
ous
read
ing
ofth
eG
erm
anph
iloso
pher
sIm
man
uel
Kan
t,G
.W.F
.H
egel
and
Kar
lMar
xas
colo
nial
disc
ours
eth
eori
sts
befo
reth
ele
tter
;an
da
sust
aine
dcr
itiqu
eof
the
cultu
ral
and
econ
omic
effe
cts
ofgl
obal
isat
ion.
The
seam
bitio
uspr
ojec
tsco
llect
ivel
yde
mon
stra
teth
eco
ntin
ued
impo
rtan
cean
din
flu
ence
ofSp
ivak
’sin
telle
ctua
lw
ork.
For
one
ofSp
ivak
’sm
ost
impo
rtan
tan
dva
luab
leco
ntri
butio
nsto
cont
empo
rary
criti
cal
theo
ryan
dpu
blic
inte
llect
ual
cult
ure
ishe
rre
lent
less
abili
tyto
revi
sean
dre
wor
kea
rlie
rco
ncep
tsan
dde
bate
sab
out
post
colo
nial
ism
,or
the
cultu
ral,
polit
ical
and
econ
omic
lega
cyof
colo
nial
ism
,in
aw
ayth
atis
dire
ctly
rela
ted
toth
eco
ntem
pora
ryco
nditi
ons
ofgl
obal
capi
talis
m.
AC
ritiq
ueof
Post
colo
nial
Rea
son
was
also
the
occa
sion
for
aco
nfer
ence
pane
lon
Spiv
ak’s
thou
ght
atth
etw
enty
-fou
rth
annu
alco
nfer
ence
ofth
eIn
tern
atio
nal
Ass
ocia
tion
ofL
itera
ture
and
Philo
soph
y(2
000)
held
inSt
ony
Bro
ok,
New
Yor
kSt
ate.
Thi
sco
nfer
ence
pane
lin
clud
edpa
pers
byfi
gure
ssu
chas
the
lega
lth
eori
stD
ruci
llaC
orne
llan
dth
elit
erar
yth
eori
stT
hom
asK
eena
n,an
dco
vere
dto
pics
such
asSp
ivak
’sre
adin
gof
SU
MM
AR
Y
•Sp
ivak
’scr
itic
alen
gag
emen
tw
ithcl
assi
cni
nete
enth
-cen
tury
Eng
lish
liter
ary
text
sha
sde
mon
stra
ted
how
the
inst
itut
ion
ofE
ngli
shli
tera
ryst
udie
sdi
ssem
inat
edth
eid
eaof
Eng
lish
impe
rial
ism
.In
this
resp
ect
her
wor
kha
sco
ntri
bute
dm
uch
toth
est
udy
ofli
tera
ture
asa
colo
nial
disc
ours
e.
•Sp
ivak
ism
ost
fam
ous
for
her
crit
ical
engag
emen
tsw
ithpo
stco
loni
alli
tera
ture
asa
coun
ter-
disc
ours
eth
atca
nch
alle
nge
the
auth
orit
yof
colo
nial
mas
ter
narr
ativ
esin
clas
sic
Eng
lish
liter
ary
text
ssu
chas
Cha
rlot
teB
ront
ë’s
Jane
Eyr
ean
dD
anie
lD
efoe
’sR
obin
son
Cru
soe.
•H
owev
er,
Spi
vak
isin
crea
sing
lysc
epti
cal
ofth
era
dica
lpo
tent
ial
ofa/
I
post
colo
nial
fict
ion
toef
fect
ivel
ych
alle
nge
the
cond
itio
nof
suba
lter
ngr
oups
livin
gun
der
cont
empo
rary
cond
itio
nsof
glob
alex
ploi
tati
on.
•N
ever
thel
ess,
Spi
vak’
str
ansl
atio
nsan
dco
mm
enta
ries
onth
eB
enga
li-
lang
uage
wri
ter
and
acti
vist
Mah
asw
eta
Dev
iem
phas
ise
the
impo
rtan
ceof
Dev
i’s
lite
rary
and
acti
vist
wri
ting
toar
ticu
late
the
unw
ritt
enhi
stor
ies
oftr
ibal
,su
balt
ern
wom
enan
dto
atle
ast
begi
nto
imag
ine
anal
tern
ativ
eto
cont
empo
rary
soci
al,
poli
tica
lan
dec
onom
ic
oppr
essi
on.
