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Ancillary services: Research results from wind power plants
Sørensen, Poul Ejnar; Cutululis, Nicolaos Antonio; Hansen, Anca Daniela; Altin, Müfit; Zeni, Lorenzo;Basit, Abdul
Publication date:2014
Document VersionPeer reviewed version
Link back to DTU Orbit
Citation (APA):Sørensen, P. E. (Author), Cutululis, N. A. (Author), Hansen, A. D. (Author), Altin, M. (Author), Zeni, L. (Author), &Basit, A. (Author). (2014). Ancillary services: Research results from wind power plants. Sound/Visual production(digital)
Ancillary services: Research results from wind power plants
Poul Sørensen, Nicolaos Cutululis, Anca D. Hansen, Müfit Altin, Lorenzo Zeni, Abdul Basit
DTU Wind Energy, Technical University of Denmark
Program outline Ancillary Services: Research Results From Wind Power Plants
• Characteristics and requirements for ancillary service provision to
European power systems - now and in the future
• Technical capabilities required by wind power plants in order to provide ancillary services - a focus on state-of-the-art industry and R&D (simulation based) perspectives
• What are the economic incentives and barriers to providing ancillary services?
• What are the next steps for researchers, developers, system operators and turbine manufacturers to allow further penetration of wind into European grids?
Windpower Monthly - Grid support and ancillary services
2 2014-06-04
DTU Wind Energy, Technical University of Denmark
Definitions of ancillary services • CIGRÉ report - overview of International Practices
– definitions for ancillary services can differ significantly based on who is using the terms. While some definitions emphasize the importance of ancillary services for system security and reliability, others mention the use of ancillary services to support electricity transfers from generation to load and to maintain power quality
• Some TSOs are including more specific types of ancillary services than others because
– differences in the definitions (above) – some of the required properties of the generation plants are
embedded in conventional power plants using directly grid connected synchronous generators.
– new ancillary service products seem to pop up in power systems with large scale penetration of renewables.
Windpower Monthly - Grid support and ancillary services
3 2014-06-04
DTU Wind Energy, Technical University of Denmark
Requirements for – and types of – ancillary services • Active power reserves (using ENTSO-E glossary)
– Frequency containment reserves (FCR) – Frequency restoration reserves (FRR) – Replacement reserves (RR)
• Properties required to maintain power system stability today (Energinet.dk terminology)
– Short-circuit power – Continuous voltage control – Voltage support during faults – Inertia
• Possible new ancillary service products (research references) – Fast frequency response (and inertia support) – Synchronising power – Power oscillation damping – Black-start capability
Windpower Monthly - Grid support and ancillary services
4 2014-06-04
RESERVICES CONSORTIUM www.reservices-project.eu
Sharon Wokke Project Manager European Wind Energy Association Rue d’Arlon 80 1040 Brussels (Belgium) Tel: 0032 2 213 18 39 [email protected]
DTU Wind Energy, Technical University of Denmark
Windpower Monthly - Grid support and ancillary services
6 2014-06-04
DTU Wind Energy, Technical University of Denmark
State of the art technical capabilities in industry • Horns Rev 2002 (Kristoffersen et.al.) according to first DK technical
requirements – Primary frequency control – Secondary frequency control – Reactive power neutral
• Today +
– Continuous voltage control – Voltage support during faults – “Inertia” under development – verification?
• REserviceS presentation more details?
Windpower Monthly - Grid support and ancillary services
7 2014-06-04
Simulation based verification of ancillary services from wind power Anca D. Hansen, Müfit Altin DTU Wind Energy
DTU Wind Energy, Technical University of Denmark
9 2014-06-04
Background
PSO project EaseWind Enhanced Ancillary Services from Wind Power Plants
Partners: Vestas Technology R&D DTU Wind Energy DTU Compute AAU IET Objective
to develop technical solutions for enabling wind power to have similar power plant characteristics as conventional generation units.
Wind power replacing conventional power plants!
Windpower Monthly - Grid support and ancillary services
DTU Wind Energy, Technical University of Denmark
Ancillary services from wind power plants
10
The ancillary services from wind power plants are supported by communication and control at the power plant level.
2014-06-04 Windpower Monthly - Grid support and ancillary services
DTU Wind Energy, Technical University of Denmark
11
Simple generic wind power plant model follows the basic structure of the IEC standard Type IV wind turbine model
includes additional adjustments to reflect the dynamics relevant for active power and grid frequency control capabilities.
Pitchcontroller Aerodynamic Mechanical
model
Staticgenerator
Wind speed(CorWind)
P, Q measurements
P control
Q control
v
vFilter
MPPT Power referenceselection
LVRT
wtWPPCP
Optimal speedreference
Wind speedfilter
filtgen _ω
refgen _ω
filtgen _ω
Estimatedavailable power
filtgen _ω
wtMPPTP
wtrefP
wtmeasP
wtmeasP
wtmeasQ
wtrefQwt
WPPCQ
wtrefP
wtavailableP
Pcmdi
Qcmdi
wtaeroP
wtmeasP
rotω
θ
filtgen _ω
2014-06-04 Windpower Monthly - Grid support and ancillary services
DTU Wind Energy, Technical University of Denmark
Wind speed 0.6pu
Short-term overproduction capability Wind speed 0.93pu Wind speed 1.1pu
Below rated wind speed, the overproduction is followed by recovery period
The higher the wind speed, the shorter the recovery period
The higher the overproduction power: the longer the recovery period and the larger the power underproduction -> frequency stability might
be affected the higher the shaft torque -> high mechanical stress of the turbine
No power recovery above rated wind speed
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 400.2485
0.249
0.2495 Aerodynamic power [pu]
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40-0.005
0
0.005ωgen - ωrot [pu]
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40-1
0
1
Time [sec]
Pitch Angle [deg]
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 400.2
0.25
0.3
Electrical power [pu]
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 400.8
0.85
0.9 Rotor Speed [pu]
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 400.2
0.25
0.3
0.35
0.4Shaft Torque [pu]
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 400.6
0.8
1 Aerodynamic power [pu]
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40-0.06-0.04-0.02
00.02
ωgen - ωrot [pu]
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40-1
0
1
Time [sec]
Pitch Angle [deg]
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 400
0.5
1
Electrical power [pu]
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 400.70.80.9
11.1 Rotor Speed [pu]
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40-0.5
00.5
11.5 Shaft Torque [pu]
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 400.8
1
1.2
Aerodynamic power [pu]
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
-0.01
0
0.01
ωgen - ωrot [pu]
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 4002468
Time [sec]
Pitch Angle [deg]
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 400.9
11.11.2
Electrical power [pu]
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 400.95
1
1.05 Rotor Speed [pu]
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
1
1.2
1.4 Shaft Torque [pu]
2014-06-04 Windpower Monthly - Grid support and ancillary services
12
DTU Wind Energy, Technical University of Denmark
13
Wind power plant control architecture
2014-06-04 Windpower Monthly - Grid support and ancillary services
DTU Wind Energy, Technical University of Denmark
Enhanced ancillary services
2014-06-04 Windpower Monthly - Grid support and ancillary services
14
WPP Active or Reactive Power output POD controller
PODQ∆I
P PODP∆
Active Power or Current Magnitude
time
time
IR controllerIRP∆f∆
dtdf /
1pu Grid Frequency
time
P
time
WPP Power Output∆
SP controllerSPP∆δ∆
θ∆
Load Angle
Time
WPP power output
Time
DTU Wind Energy, Technical University of Denmark
WPP Inertial response capability
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 400.98
0.985
0.99
0.995
1
1.005
[pu]
Grid frequency
Without IRWith IR
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 400.2
0.21
0.22
0.23
0.24
0.25
0.26
0.27
0.28
0.29
[pu]
WPP power
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
0.856
0.858
0.86
0.862
0.864
0.866
[s]
[pu]
Gen. speed5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
-1.25
0.00
1.00
2.00
3.00
4.00
5.00
[deg
]
Pitch angle
2014-06-04 Windpower Monthly - Grid support and ancillary services
15
DTU Wind Energy, Technical University of Denmark
WPP synchronise power capability
δ∆
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40350
400
450
500
550Load change
[MW
]
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 405
10
15
20Rotor angle deviation
[deg
]
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40340
360
380
400WPP power
Time [s]
[MW
]
Without SPWith SP
2014-06-04 Windpower Monthly - Grid support and ancillary services
16
OffshoreDC
2014-06-04 Windpower Monthly - Grid support and ancillary services
17
OffshoreDC
WP 3 – Communication and control in clusters of wind power plants
connected to offshore HVDC grids PhD student: Lorenzo Zeni
OffshoreDC Results – status
L. Zeni et.al. From paper in Cigré session 2014
2014-06-04 Windpower Monthly - Grid support and ancillary services
19
VDC,1
VDC,WPP
VDC,2
P1,Q1 P2,Q2
P,Q P,QSG1 SG2
0.5*Zline 0.5*Zline
PWPP,QWPP
P,Q
Grid 2
Grid 1
VSC1 (w chopper)
VSC2 (w chopper)
Bus 1 Bus 2Bus 3
Investigation on system services provision
Onshore AC voltage control and LVRT
Onshore frequency control and power
oscillation damping
Offshore network control
Important results obtained and lines for future work were drawn.
DC voltage control
OffshoreDC
Two strategies are compared: 1. Communication-based control (with communication delay) 2. Coordinated control mirroring the frequency in DC voltage
2014-06-04 Windpower Monthly - Grid support and ancillary services
20
Frequency support through HVDC P2P example
OffshoreDC On the inertial contribution
2014-06-04 Windpower Monthly - Grid support and ancillary services
21
0 2 4 6 8 100.35
0.4
0.45
0.5
A2
- Pre
f [pu]
0 2 4 6 8 100.35
0.4
0.45
0.5
B2
- Pre
f [pu]
Time [s]
(a)
(b)
(b)
(a)
Power reference to WPP (a) From controller (b) Ramp-limited
Communication
Coordinated control
The initial power support is heavily limited by the ramp limiter (0.1 pu/s): relaxation of this figure?
OffshoreDC Conclusions
• Onshore frequency variations can be mirrored offshore • Hence, WPPs can provide frequency control through
HVDC with communication-less scheme • In a P2P connection, communication-based and
coordinated solutions are equivalent, as far as frequency control and inertial response are concerned
• Fast control actions are inhibited by ramp rate limiters in the WPP
2014-06-04 Windpower Monthly - Grid support and ancillary services
22
23
Consortium and budget
Spain (5) RED ELECTRICA DE ESPAÑA IBERDROLA ITT COMILLAS GAMESA ABB S.A.
Belgium (6) ELIA SYSTEM OPERATOR EWEA CORESO UNIVERSITY LIEGE UNIVERSITY LEUVEN UNIVERSITE LIBRE BRUXELLES
Denmark (3) DONG ENERGY ENERGINET DTU ENERGY
France (2) RTE EDF
United Kingdom (2) ALSTOM GRID UNIVERSITY OF STRATHCLYDE
Germany (3) FRAUNHOFER IWES 50 HzT SIEMENS Wind Power
Italy RSE
Ireland UCD
The Netherlands TENNET Portugal
INESC-PORTO
Norway SINTEF
Total budget: 56.8 M€ EU contribution: 31.8 M€
10 European Member States 1 Associated Country
DFFV conference, Herning
24
Demo 4 - The challenge
DFFV conference, Herning
0° 15° E
60° N
Synchronous Area
2020 2030
MW MW
Continental 21,421 57,685
Nordic 4,924 14,669
GB 13,711 33,601
Ireland 1,419 3,219
2030 map
DTU Wind Energy, Technical University of Denmark
• There must be sufficient primary reserves in the power system synchronous area to replace lost production corresponding to dimensioning fault
• This brings power system from normal state to alert state
• Frequency restoration (secondary / tertiary) reserves will return system to normal state in 15 minutes
• Larger faults (loss of generation) may bring system into disturbed (or emergency) state
• Therefore, maximum 15 minute wind power forecast errors are essential to esure adequacy of primary reserves
Large scale challenge: Adequacy of primary reserves
DFFV conference, Herning 25 2014-03-26
Nordic grid code 2007
Synchronous Area Dimensioning faultt MW
Continental 3,000 Nordic 1,200 GB 1,800 Ireland 500
DTU Wind Energy, Technical University of Denmark
• Result for 2020 indicates that there is sufficient primary reserves with current dimensioning fault to cover offshore wind power variability in the four main European synchronous areas
• Result for 2030 indicates that there is not sufficient primary reserves with current dimensioning fault to cover offshore wind power variability in Continental and GB synchronous areas
• Current requirements for primary reserves should be revised by 2030 to maintain secure operation
Upscaling results and conclusion
DFFV conference, Herning 26 2014-03-26
Synchronous Area HWSD HWEP Dimensioning faultt
MW MW MW Continental 4,729 3,933 3,000 Nordic 1096 1082 1,200 GB 4,418 4,440 1,800 Ireland 439 438 500
Synchronous Area HWSD HWEP Dimensioning faultt
MW MW MW Continental 1,661 1,548 3,000 Nordic 480 483 1,200 GB 1,212 1,222 1,800 Ireland 224 224 500
2020
2030
DTU Wind Energy, Technical University of Denmark
Simulation of balancing (Simba)
• Simba idea – Simulation of intra hour balancing
as supplement to day ahead – Uses inputs from “day-ahead
market model” – Main imbalance included today is
from wind • Applications of Simba
– Planning of investment – Assessment of new market
designs (e.g. towards real time) – Assessment of cost / value of
reserves – Assessment of needs for reserve
capacities – Economic optimisation of system
services – Assessment of flexible demand
support to system balancing
Windpower Monthly - Grid support and ancillary services
27 2014-06-04
Import Export
Simulation of Balancing (Simba)
DTU Wind Energy, Technical University of Denmark
CorWind Simulation of wind power fluctuations and forecast errors
Windpower Monthly - Grid support and ancillary services
28 2014-06-04
DTU Wind Energy, Technical University of Denmark
Modelling chain
Windpower Monthly - Grid support and ancillary services
29 2014-06-04
Spot market model
(e.g. WILMAR)
Wind power model
(CorWind) Intra-hour balancing
model (Simba)
Pw,DA[1h]
Pw,HA[5m]
Pw,pos[5m]
Ptraded,DA[1h]
Secondary control model (PhD)
Pplan[5m]
Pw,pos[5m]
Pavail[1h]
Power system scenario
Pinst
Pw,inst
DTU Wind Energy, Technical University of Denmark
Automatic Generation Control in a power system with high wind power penetration – Danish case study
30 Windpower Monthly - Grid support and ancillary services
2014-06-04
fnominal
factual BACE PI
controller ∆Pset
pfCHP+ -
PCHP
++
PLOAD
PDCHP
Pexchange
Pwind
∆P
∆f/R
PGEN
-
-
-+
∆PDCHP+
++
+90 MW
-90 MWpfDCHP
∆PCHP
AGC model Model overview
Result: simulated AGC performance
DTU Wind Energy, Technical University of Denmark
Wind Power integration into the Automatic Generation Control of power systems
31 Windpower Monthly - Grid support and ancillary services
2014-06-04
Aggregated Wind Turbine modelSimBa
Frequency droop
Fmeasure
Wind Power Plant
Controller
Pref_WT
Pavailable
Pref
Pmeasure
Active power
Controller
Static Generator
ip_cmd
Pmeasure
AGC
+
+
Pref (freq)
ΔP_WF∆Pset
∆P > dP_avail
|∆P| < |curtailing|
∆P < 0
dPavailable
Curtailing Power
yes
no
yes
yes
no
no
∆P_WF = ∆Pset∆P_CHP = 0
∆P_WF = -1*|curtailing|∆P_CHP = |curtailing| -|∆Pset|
∆P_WF = dP_avail∆P_CHP = ∆Pset - Available
∆P_WF = dP_avail∆P_CHP = 0
Aggregated WPP model Secondary (AGC) dispatch with wind
DTU Wind Energy, Technical University of Denmark
Summary and reflections on technical capabilities • WPPs can provide basic ancillary services and replace conventional power
plants • Also possible to provide enhanced ancillary services – emulating
synchronous generators (inertia-like response, power oscillation damping and synchronizing power)
– … but is this the optimal solution in future systems? • Ancillary services can also be provided from HVDC connected WPPs
32 Windpower Monthly - Grid support and ancillary services
2014-06-04
DTU Wind Energy, Technical University of Denmark
Economic incentives and barriers • Incentives:
– Technical requirements for grid connection! – Higher prices for reserves than for power (e.g. low – and even
negative power prices) – Co-generation with other production technologies (ramp support) – Enables higher wind power penetration
• Barriers: – Symmetric (up/down) requirement (Spain – TWENTIES)
• Downwards reserves from WPPs is feasible with high penetration
• … loads are more feasible as upwards reserves – Length (= prediction horizon) of reserve products – Development costs for new products – Additional hardware costs – Verification needs for new products – costly certifications
33 Windpower Monthly - Grid support and ancillary services
2014-06-04
DTU Wind Energy, Technical University of Denmark
TPWind Technology Platform New strategic research agenda (SRA) / Market deployment strategy 2014 • Issues – very similar to REserviceS
– Frequency support – Voltage support – System restoration support
• Research priorities – Further development of enhanced wind power capabilities from
wind turbine level up to cluster level, including the related design tools and models;
– Testing and verification of frequency and voltage capabilities, and methods of proving compliance of new solutions for advanced capabilities with Grid Codes and standards;
– Harmonisation, standardisation and interoperability of methods and technologies for delivering ancillary services with wind power.
34 Windpower Monthly - Grid support and ancillary services
2014-06-04
DTU Wind Energy, Technical University of Denmark
Next steps to allow further penetration of wind into European grids? • Researchers
– Propose strategies for ancillary services to ensure system strategy – from wind and other sources
• Special focus on power system security with increasing levels of non-synchronous generation
• Not necessarily emulation of synchronous generators!! – Develop and implement new controls in simulation tools – Simulation based validation of ancillary services from wind – Develop tools to assess the value of new ancillary services
• Developers / owners – Assess the value of new ancillary services
• System operators – Propose and verify new strategies to ensure system security
• Turbine manufacturers – Develop and implement new ancillary service capabilities in full WPP
scale
35 Windpower Monthly - Grid support and ancillary services
2014-06-04