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I am fascinated by ancient history and the cities in which history played out. While the vast majority of the famous places from the past are now gone, a number still remain – some small and others huge. This list takes a look at ten ancient cities that are still functioning today. I have chosen a day shot and a dusk or night shot for each city. There are definitely some great tourist destinations in this list.
10PlovdivFounded: Pre 400 BC
Plovdiv is in modern day Bulgaria. When it was founded it was called Eumolpias and was a Thracian settlement. It was conquered by the Macedonians and ultimately became part of what is now known as Bulgaria. It is second in size and importance to the capital city of Sofia which is about 150 kilometres away from it.
9JerusalemFounded: 2000 BC
Jerusalem is one of the oldest cities in the world and it is considered a holy city by Christianity, Islam, and Judaism. It is capital city of Israel (though not all countries recognise this fact). In antiquity it was the famed City of David from the Bible and later the place where Jesus began his last week of life.
8Xi’anFounded: 1100 BC
One of the four great ancient capitals of China, Xi’an is now the capital of the Shaanxi province. The city is full of ancient ruins, monuments, and still contains the ancient wall built in the Ming
Dynasty – pictured here. It also holds the tomb of Qin Shi Huang which is most famous for the terracotta army.
7CholulaFounded: 500 BC
Cholula is in the Mexican state of Puebla which started out as a pre-columbian city. Its most famous site is the Great Pyramid of Cholula which now looks like a hill with a church atop; in fact the hill is the pyramid base. The pyramid temple is the largest in the new world.
6VaranasiFounded: 1200 BC
Varanasi (also known as Benares) is in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh. Jains and Hindus consider it to be a holy city and believe that if you die there you will attain salvation. It is the oldest habited city in India and one of the oldest in the world. Found along the river Ganges are gats – stops along the way in which believers can perform religious ablutions in the river.
5LisbonFounded: 1200 BC
Lisbon is the largest city and the capital of Portugal. It is the oldest city in Western Europe – predating London, Rome, and the like. Religious and funerary monuments exist there from the neolithic age and archeological evidence also suggests that it was once an important trading post for the Phoenicians. In 1755 it was struck by a devastating earthquake which almost completely destroyed it due to the fires and a Tsunami – it is one of the deadliest quakes in history.
4AthensFounded: 1400 BC
Athens it the capital city of Greece and it is also the largest city. Its 3,400 year history is a fascinating one and much of the culture and customs of the ancient Athenians found there way into many other cultures due to its dominance in the region as a vast city-state. The multitude of archeological sites make this the perfect city for visit for anyone with a passion for European history and culture.
3DamascusFounded: 1700 BC
Damascus is the capital of Syria and home to over 2.6 million people. The recent civil uprisings have unfortunately caused a great deal of damage to one of history’s most significant and oldest cities. It has been named in the top 12 cultural heritage sites most in danger of being destroyed or suffering irreparable loss. Only time will tell whether this ancient city will survive or be relegated to history as another ancient city lost to the world.
2RomeFounded: 753 BC
Rome began as a collection of small urban villages which ultimately became the city-state that ruled one of the greatest empires known to man. The Roman Empire (which grew from the Roman Republic) was relatively short lived – lasting from its founding in 27 BC with its first Emperor Augustus to its last, Romulus Augustulus, who was deposed in 476 AD (though the Eastern Roman Empire survived another 977 years).
1 IstanbulFounded: 660 BC
As just mentioned the Roman Empire in the East continued to exist until 1453 with its capital city being Constantinople – now known as Istanbul. Constantinople fell to the Turks who established the Ottoman Empire in its place which survived until 1923 when the Sultanate was abolished and the Republic of Turkey created. Arteifacts of both the Roman and Ottoman empires remain to this day in Istanbul with probably the most significant being the Hagia Sofia – originally a Church but converted to a Mosque under the Islamic ottomans and then a museum under the republic.
If what's happening in Ukraine sounds familiar it's because we've seen it all before.
It happened in the 1990s in another bitterly divided Slav society, Yugoslavia.
The Yugoslav federation was breaking up with infighting between its seven states. The most brutal use of force came from the country's dominant group, the Serbs, who resorted to "ethnic cleansing" to move their rivals out.
NATO, which had never gone to war in Europe before (or since) used its air power to oust the Serbian regime of Slobodan Milosevic.
The Russians, Serbia's allies and patrons, fumed but did nothing because they couldn't. They had enough problems at home trying to recover from the shock of the fall of communism.
Now, the jackboot is on the other foot. It's NATO's turn to be incensed as Russia sends its troops into the Ukrainian territory of Crimea and threatens the new regime in Kyiv with further action.
In Ukraine, only money and hard power count: Neil Macdonald Europe wrings its hands as Putin checkmates Crimea: Don Murray
U.S. President Barack Obama has issued a stern warning to Vladimir Putin to keep his hands off Ukraine. But the Russian leader isn't likely to be deterred by Obama's latest "red line" any more than Bashar al-Assad was by the one the Americans drew in the sands of Syria.
There is an unusual twist in this crisis, however, because, as Putin put it, Ukrainians and Russians are brothers. (And there is no falling out more bitter than a family feud.)
From the Russian perspective, therefore, this problem begs to be handled as a domestic affair — not subject to interference from outsiders, be they the UN Security Council or NATO.
Russia's cradleToday, though Russians tend to look at Ukrainians as their kid brothers, Ukraine is in fact more like Russia's cradle.
The first Russian state was based in Kyiv, and Ukraine is still often seen as Russia's cultural and spiritual homeland, the place where Eastern Orthodox Christianity took root.
But power passed on north to Moscow and St. Petersburg after Ukraine was overrun in the 13th century by Mongols from Asia. And that event still has its aftershocks.
Members of Vienna's Ukrainian community protest against Russian troops in Ukraine on Wednesday as diplomats from Russia, the EU and the U.S. gathered in Paris to try to ease tensions. (Leonhard Foeger / Reuters)
The situation in Crimea is a perfect example. The West says it's an integral part of Ukraine, which is now in the hands of its Western-leaning opposition parties.
Moscow says it's Russian because a majority of the population is Russian. You be the judge.
For centuries, the majority of Crimea's inhabitants were Tatars, a Turkic-speaking people who arrived as part of the Mongol's "Golden Horde."
But under Soviet rule these people were devastated. By 1933, half of Crimea's Tatar population is estimated to have been starved to death, slaughtered or deported as part of the communist drive to collective agriculture.
In the wake of Second World War, then Soviet leader Joseph Stalin deported the Tatars that were left to central Asia, accusing them of collaborating with the German invaders.
There were indeed Tartars who joined the Waffen-SS, the Nazi force of foreigners from countries as diverse as France and India.
To be precise, 3,518 Tatars joined the Waffen-SS. But so did 70,000 Russians and Ukrainians.
Besides, punishing 200,000 people because of the sins of 3,518 is, to say the least, irrational.
Nearly half of the deported Tatars died of hardships suffered in exile. They were not allowed back to Crimea until after the fall of communism and now represent a small minority fearful of being victimized again by Russians.
Florence NightingaleBut Crimea's Russians also have a justified complaint: the fact that the territory is legally part of Ukraine.
Their claim to the peninsula — aside from the fact that they represent 60 per cent of the population — is that it was conquered by the tsarist Russia in 1783.
In 1853, an alliance of Britain, France and the Turkish Ottoman Empire, fearful of Russian expansionism, attacked Crimea in a war that became famous in the West. (Think of Florence Nightingale, the pioneering nurse, and Alfred, Lord Tennyson's poem "The Charge of the Light Brigade.")
Though the Russians lost the three-year bloody conflict, they managed to hang on to the peninsula.
After the communist revolution, both Crimea and Ukraine became "autonomous" Soviet socialist republics.
Then in 1954, totally out of the blue, Nikita Khrushchev, the Soviet leader of the day, issued an edict turning Crimea into a part of Ukraine.
The handover was widely considered a gift from Khrushchev who, though Russian, owed much to Ukraine. He had spent his youth and early career there, and had a Ukrainian wife.
Brotherly loveThe brotherly talk, though, can change. It certainly did in the case of Yugoslavia.
A century ago, it was the dream of Balkan Slavs, who for centuries had been ruled by outsiders, to have a country of their own,
The dream led a Serb to assassinate the crown prince of Austria, one of the Slavs' overlords, in Sarajevo in June 1914, thereby unleashing the First World War.
Ukrainian police separate ethnic Russians, on the left, and Crimean Tatars during opposing rallies near the Crimean parliament building in Simferopol in February as the standoff in Ukraine was escalating. One person died in the confrontation, apparently of a heart attack. (Baz Ratner / Reuters)
In a case of supreme irony, the slaughter of that war led to the assassin's dream becoming a reality when Yugoslavia was born.
Fast forward to the 1990s, however, and the exploding resentments between the Yugoslav ethnic groups once again put Sarajevo in the crosshairs.
The Bosnian city was besieged by Serb forces for four years in what has been the longest siege in the history of modern warfare.
The decade of fighting that tore apart Yugoslavia cost 130,000 lives and displaced four million people, one in every six Yugoslavs. And the region still has not fully recovered from its ravages.
For all our sakes, we can only hope that the Russians and Ukrainians — and most importantly Vladimir Putin — may have learned something from the disaster that befell their Balkan Slav brethren before it's too late.
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