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Ancient Africa: Egyptian Temple Architecture
Old Kingdom Middle Kingdom New Kingdom
King Zoser’s Mortuary Complex
Great Pyramids, Giza(mortuary complex)
Mortuary temple of Hatshepsut
Temple of Amon, Luxor
2600 BC
2500 BC
2030 BC
1550 BC
1400 BC
I. From Middle Kingdom uncertainty to New Kingdom confidence: Stone architecture for pharaohs and gods
Nile Valley in Upper Egypt
I. A. Historical Context: Political power sharing: pharaohs, priests, and nobles
Middle Kingdom (ca. 2040 – 1640 B.C.)
A rock-cut tomb at Beni Hasan, 2000-1900 B.C.
I. B. What major change was there in Middle and New Kingdom mortuary temple design compared to Old Kingdom (Saqqara and Giza)?
Middle Kingdom Mortuary Temple of Mentuhotep,
2061-2010 BC
I. B.
New Kingdom: Hatshepsut’s Mortuary Temple, Deir el-Bahri,
Egypt, c. 1500 BC
I. B.
Actual burials in the Valley of the Kings
Middle- and New-Kingdom mortuary templesat Deir el-Bahri
Mortuary temples facing the Nile River
I. B.
Hatshepsut’s Mortuary Temple
Great Pyramids at Giza
Old Kingdom Middle Kingdom New Kingdom
Mentuhotep’s Mortuary Temple
II. Hatshepsut’s mortuary temple: innovation and tradition in Egyptian design
Hatshepsut’s Mortuary Temple
Hatshepsut’s Mortuary Temple
II. A. Tradition: Queen Hatshepsut’s Mortuary Temple and earlier mortuary complexes 1. Major parts of the New Kingdom mortuary temple
Hatshepsut’s Mortuary Temple
II. A. 2. How did Senmut’s design dramatize the progress of the processional ritual for Hatshepsut?
Great Pyramids at GIza
II. B. Innovation: Aspects of the new temple design that could be attributed to gender . . . 1. Colonnades, open terraces
Hatshepsut’s Mortuary Temple
ramp to third terrace
Great Pyramids at Giza
Like the myrrh terraces of Punt, mythical homeland of the gods
II. B. 2. Landscape orientation
Great Pyramids at Giza Hatshepsut’s Mortuary Temple
“welded to the rockscape as if nature were an extension of Senmut’s design” (Kostof 82)
II. B. 2.
ramps up and in views back and out
Hatshepsut’s Mortuary Temple
a framed view on the central axis
II. B. 3. Architectural language: Is it more representational (vernacular) or more abstract?
Hatshepsut’s “proto-Doric” columnsColumns from Saqqara and GizaDoric columns in Greece
II. B. 3.
polychrome Osiris statues with the face of Queen Hatshepsut
Egyptians were the first to use stone columns not merely as structural supports but as forms connoting certain values.
Hatshepsut’s Mortuary TempleOsiris
New Kingdom Temples near Thebes
III. New Kingdom Temples to gods and the Elaboration of Spatial Progression
Temple at Luxor
Temple at Karnak
III. A. Context: Why did the truly extensive monumental temples not come about until the New Kingdom period (1552-1070 BC)?
displays power through gigantismTemple at LuxorTemple at Karnak
Avenue of Sphinxes
Temple at Luxor
III. A. What are the parts of a New Kingdom Egyptian temple in spatial progression?
Temple at Luxor
pylontruncated pyramidal towers flanking the
entrance of a temple
EastWest
Inner sanctuary hypostyle courtyard
Temple at Luxor
Phase 1
pylon
Phase 2
courtyard
III. A.
Pylon
Archaic hypostyle columned entrance
(as at Saqqara)
EastWest
inner sanctuaryhypostylecourtyard
Temple at Karnak
pylon
The Four Characteristic Parts of an Egyptian Temple Again
pylonshypostylecourtyard
III. A. 1. Why do the parts of the temple often repeat themselves?
Temple at Luxor
Egyptian royal palace at Amarna, c. 1350 B.C.
inner sanctuary
hypostyle
courtyard
III. A. 2. What is Kostof’s approach to this spatial progression as a product of ritual?
Difficulty of approach
Limited or graduated access
Spatial Progression
vertical wall & passage
open, sunny & defined
half-light, half-dark mystery
small, low, utterly dark
4. hypostyle 3. courtyard 2. pylon5. inner sanctuary
III. B. Section by section, what are the spatial/experiential qualities shaping the ritual progression and to what does each section correspond in representing the Egyptian creation myth?
LuxorLuxorLuxorEdfu
(Temple of Horus at Edfu)
III. B. 1. temenos wall
threshold = pylon
III. B. 2. pylon
Karnak
Luxor
Luxor
III. B. 3. courtyard
Luxor
KarnakVeil of mysterious semi-darkness
clerestorey
III. B. 4. hypostyle hall and its clerestory
a space half filled with mass
III. B. 4. a. the character of the hypostyle hall as an interior space
Spaces created by Egyptian clerestorey-lit hypostyle halls
Zoser’s Funerary Complex Giza (Chephren’s Valley T.) Karnak hypostyle hall
III. B. 4. a.
III. B. 5. inner sanctuary
(Temple of Horus at Edfu)
Geography and Landscape Kingship (pharaohs v. priests)
Religious belief in the afterlife Symbolic architectural language Ritual