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ANB 218AFall 2013
Movement and Migration Part 2
Outline1. Introduction –
kinds of movementevolutionary theory and migration
2. Concept of annual routines (life cycles) and phenotypic flexibility
3. Life history stages and how environmental conditions influence their progression
4. Classification of environmental cues: predictable, unpredictable
5. Genetic basis for migratory traits
6. Conclusions
Outline1. Introduction –
kinds of movementevolutionary theory and migration
2. Concept of annual routines (life cycles) and phenotypic flexibility
3. Life history stages and how environmental conditions influence their progression
4. Classification of environmental cues: predictable, unpredictable
5. Genetic basis for migratory traits
6. Conclusions
Environmental information can be divided into two categories
Predictable cues (reliable, temporally relevant):Initial predictive – daylength, circannual rhythms, seasonality
Local predictive –Current environmental conditions, temperature, food, other resources, wet / dry seasons, geomagnetic information, planetary cues, etc
Unpredictable cues (labile, unexpected): - - Huge swings in climatic conditions, food supply,
social dominance, disease, predators
- Exposure leads to a modification of the current LH stage
Classification of environmental cues
Storm fronts/prevailing windsSeasonal TemperatureOcean currentsLandscapesCelestial cuesSetting sunPolarized lightGeomagnetic forcesPredatorsSeasonal fluxes of foodSolar time cycle
StormsPollutionDiseaseLoss of habitatChange in foodGlobal changesSocial conditions
Predictable Cues Unpredictable Cues
Early phase
Late phase
Effect of the magnetic field on orientation ofEuropean robins, Erithacus rebecula
Autumn recoveries of Thrush Nightingale from SE Scandinavia to E Mediterranean.
(Kullberg et al. 2003)
Early Migration Later Migration
Experimentals
Controls
Long distance migrations of marine turtles raise questions of the source of cues
Ascension Islands
Magnetic lineations along the seafloor created by fracture zones along spreading ridges
Classification of environmental cues
Storm fronts/prevailing windsSeasonal TemperatureOcean currentsLandscapesCelestial cuesSetting sunPolarized lightGeomagnetic forcesPredatorsSeasonal fluxes of foodSolar time cycle
StormsPollutionDiseaseLoss of habitatChange in foodGlobal changesSocial conditions
Predictable Cues Unpredictable Cues
Facultative responses to an unpredictable cue – Emergency life history stage
(Wingfield et al 1998)
Emergency life history stage represents interrelationships of substages
(Wingfield and Ramenofsky, 2011)
Modeling responses to unpredictable events or labile perturbation factors:Allostatic Load.
2
Energymetabolism
Immunefunction
Behaviorb-ENDORPHIN
Analgesia,behavioral effects
(Landys, Ramenofsky, Wingfield, 2006)
Associations of homeostasis, allostasis and physiological state
Meta Landys working withBar-tailed godwits in the Netherlands
Taking an Allostatic Load Approach to the studies of migration
Departure biology of long Bar-tailed Godwits from Spring stop-over site
(Landys et al. 2002)
Corticosterone Baseline in Migrating Godwits
Cor
ticos
tero
ne B
asel
ine
(ng
/mL)
0
5
10
15
20
25
LATE-FLIGHT REFUELING
EARLY MIDDLE LATE
56 82 113 43
ANOVA(on log10 corticosterone)Period: P < 0.001
error bars = standard error of the mean
Corti
cos t
eron
e ng
/ml
Do these peaks of corticosterone represent allostatic overload?
One might ask:
NO!
Model of the relationships across available energy (resources), demand and glucocortiocoid levels
(Landys et al 2006)
Classification of environmental cues
Storm fronts/prevailing windsSeasonal TemperatureOcean currentsLandscapesCelestial cuesSetting sunPolarized lightGeomagnetic forcesPredatorsSeasonal fluxes of foodSolar time cycle
StormsPollutionDiseaseLoss of habitatChange in foodGlobal changesSocial conditions
Predictable Cues Unpredictable Cues
Jenni et al, 2000
Corticosterone levels of a variety of transequatorial migrants following migration across the Mediterranean Sea during spring migration.
Behavioral responses to the unpredictable - Facultative movements - Partial migrants
Within a wintering flock some members will remain on or nearby the breeding grounds while others will migrate away depending upon local environmental conditions. This is also considered an evolutionary stable strategy (ESS).
Schwabl et al 1985
Map of Europe
Breeding range ofEuropean Blackbird
Wintering range
Adults remainOn breeding range
SEVERE MILD0
5
10
15
AdultFirst year
Male European Blackbird
Weather conditions
Cort
icoste
ron
e,
ng
/ml
SEVERE MILD0
5
10
15
AdultFirst year
Female European Blackbird
Weather conditions
Cort
icoste
ron
e,
ng
/ml
(Schwabl et al., 1985)
Geographical range of European Blackbird, Turdus merula
Residents
Partial migrants
(Partecke et al., 2007)
Red crossbill: a facultative migrant
Irregular movements of flocks that coincide with availability of cone crops
Red Crossbill (Loxia curviostra) Douglas fir conePseudotsuga Menziesii
(Hahn et al., 2008)
Annual reproductive schedules of red crossbills
Suggestions of how Red crossbills react to food shortages
(Cornelius et al., Proc. R. Soc., 2010)
Public information and movement in red crossbills
(Cornelius et al., Proc. R. Soc., 2010)
Key Points
1. Migrants respond to both predictable and unpredictable environmental cues but the physiological mechanisms differ
2. Predictable cues influence the speed of progression through the life history stagewhereas, unpredictable cues induce an alternative - Emergency life history stageThe physiological mechanisms of this have been aligned with the Allostatic load models
Outline1. Introduction –
kinds of movementevolutionary theory and migration
2. Concept of annual routines (life cycles) and phenotypic flexibility
3. Life history stages and how environmental conditions influence their progression
4. Classification of environmental cues: predictable, unpredictable
5. Genetic basis for migratory traits
6. Conclusions
Be(Berthold and Pulido, 1994)
Morphological changes in phenotype with range expansion of a long-distance migrant:Assortative mating promotes microevolution of a migratory population
(Gunnarsson et al 2012)