Anatomy & Physiology Unit #1 Notes

History of Anatomy & Physiology Scope of Anatomy & Physiology

Anatomy =

Physiology=

_____________________ & ________________________

Gross Anatomy

-_________________ that can be seen with the naked eye, whether by _______________ observation or

________________.

The Origins of Biomedical Science

_________________“father of medicine”

- established a code of ethics for physicians (Hippocratic Oath).

- emphasized seeking a _____________ for disease.

________________ (384 – 322 b.c.e)

- believed in both _______________ and ___________ cause for disease

- book “Of the Parts of Animals”, tried to identify unifying themes

- argued ________ structures are made from _________ structures.

______________________ (129 –c – 199)

- physician to the ___________________

- wrote the most noteworthy medical textbook of ancient era

__________________; Published On the Motion of Heart and Blood in Animals

Before it was believed that digested food traveled to the _________ then turned into blood then

traveled through the ____________ to ____________who digested it.

Organization of the Human Body

__________ > ____________>____________>______________>______________ Life Processes

· ____________________________:sum of all chemical processes that occur in body.

· Responsiveness:

· _______________________: includes motion of the whole body, individual organs, single cells, or other

structures inside cells.

· Growth:

· Differentiation:

· _________________________: either formation of new cells for growth and repair or the production of

a new individual.

Homeostasis

Definition:

· Appropriate concentration of _____________, appropriate _____________, appropriate

______________.

· Stress:

· Internal:

· External

· The _______________ and ___________________ systems are under control of the homeostatic

mechanisms of the body.

· _________________________: detects deviation and sends signals throughout body to counteract

stress.

· _________________________: glands and hormones (chemical messengers), also send signals

throughout the body (slower than nervous system).

Feedback System

Negative:

Positive:

Chemistry Chemical Elements

· All _____________ is made up of chemical _______________.

· Of the 109 elements we know of, ______ are found in the human organism. 96% are:

-

-

-

-

- Trace Elements: ______________, _____________, ___________, ___________,

__________, magnesium, iodine, and iron (3.9 %)

Structure of Atoms

An ________________ is the basic unit of a chemical element.

A group of atoms bonded together is known as a ___________________________.

Compounds

A chemical substance that is composed of two or more different ___________________.

Ionic Bond

____________ between a positively charged and negatively charged ion.

These are considered “__________________” bonds.

Examples:

Covalent Bond

A chemical substance that is composed of two or more different elements.

Known as the “______________” bond.

Examples in the human body;

Water

___________________________________

Hydrogen Bonds

A specific type of ____________________ bond where the positive charge of a hydrogen atom is

attracted to the negative charge of another atom.

Examples in the human body;

Water

Holds proteins together

Holds bases of DNA together.

Inorganic Compounds

Inorganic; without ________________

Examples in the human body; water & ____________

Water

Why is water important to the human body;

1.It is a _____________________; other molecules (solutes) dissolve in water. It carries nutrients, wastes,

and oxygen around the body.

2.Water helps in ___________________; water helps break down large molecules for digestion.

Molecules can also be produced in water.

3.Water absorbs and releases _____________slowly; helps keep a stable internal environment in terms

of temperature.

ATP

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

Function: to _____________________________ for cell’s basic life activities.

-releases lots of energy when it is broken down.

- We restore ADP to ATP through several processes in the body collectively know as cellular respiration.

Carbohydrates

Carbohydrates (sugars and starches)

-Most readily available energy source (used to make ATP), used in some cell structures.

-Composed of carbon, hydrogen, and _________________________

Examples:

- _________________________ (monosaccharide) used for energy.

- glycogen (polysaccharide) a long chain a glucose molecules, stored by the liver and

skeletal muscles to be used for energy when needed.

Divided into 3 major groups:

Monosaccharides: simple sugars, building blocks of carbohydrates

__________________________: two or more monosaccharides, simple sugars

Polysaccharides: tens or hundreds of monosaccharides put together, complex sugars

Lipids

- composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

- contains less oxygen than carbohydrates

- protect, _____________________, and serve as energy reserve

Types of Lipids;

- Triglycerides: provide 3 times more energy than carbs, but difficult to break down.

- Phospholipids; cell membrane

· ______________; cholesterol, vitamin D, and some hormones (estrogen and testosterone)

Triglycerides

Importance in the human body;

______________; “bad” fats found mostly in animal products. Saturated fats can cause high cholesterol

levels.

__________________; “good” fats found in oils such as canola oil, olive oil, and peanut oil help to reduce

cholesterol levels.

Tissues Cell ; ____________________________________________________________

Tissue

- A layer or group of ___________cells with a _____________ function.

- Cells ------ Tissues ------- Organs—---Organ System

· Tissues can be distinguished from each other by cell size, shape, organization, and function.

4 Major Tissue Types

· _____________, _____________, ____________, ______________

Epithelial Tissue

- “Epi” means on top.

- Covers body surfaces and organs, also the inner lining for body cavities and lines hollow organs.

- Lacks _____________vessels.

- Cells divide rapidly.

- Cells are tightly packed.

- Functions in ___________, secretion, _________________, and excretion.

- Classified according to cell shape and number of cell layers.

- Cell shape

________________ thin flattened cells

________________: cube-like shapes

________________: elongated cells

- Cell Layers

_____________: single layer of cells

_____________: two or more layers of cells

Simple Squamous Epithelium

Often a site for diffusion and filtration. Covers surface.

Example: Lines the alveoli of the lungs, forms walls of

capillaries, and lines insides of major blood vessels.

Stratified Squamous Epithelium

Thick due to amount of cell layers.

Offers protection.

Makes up the outermost layer of skin.

Also lines esophagus and oral cavity.

Simple Cuboidal Epithelium

Main functions are secretion and absorption.

Found in kidneys, follicles or thyroid gland, covers the

ovaries.

Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium

Provides more protection that single layer.

Often lines the ducts of glands; sweat glands, salivary

glands, and pancreas.

Simple Columnar Epithelium

May ciliated or non-ciliated. Protection, secretion,

absorption.

Non ciliated lines uterus, stomach, and large intestines.

Secretes digestive fluids, absorbs nutrients.

Goblet cells; modified columnar cells that secrete mucous

Connective Tissue

- Most abundant tissue type, make up most of body.

- Bind structures, provide support and protection, serve as frameworks, fill spaces, store fat, produce

blood cells, protect against infections, and help repair tissue.

- Not as tightly packed as epithelial cells.

- Contain an _________________________ (composed of protein fibers and a ground substance).

- Have a _______________supply.

- Most can cells divide.

Stratified Columnar Epithelium

Found on part of the male urethra.

Protection and secretion.

Adipose Connective Tissue

Fat

Energy storage.

Located beneath skin, in between muscles, around

kidneys, behind eye balls, in certain abdominal

membranes, on surface of heart, around certain joints.

Hyaline Cartilage

Most common type.

Found on the ends of bones on many joints, soft part of

nose, supporting rings of the trachea.

Important in the development and growth of bones.

Muscle Tissue

- Contract

- Responsible for movement.

- Three types; skeletal, smooth, and cardiac.

Elastic Cartilage

More flexible that hyaline.

Dense network of fibers in extracellular matrix.

Makes up framework for external ear.

Blood

Composed of cells suspended in extra cellular fluid called

plasma.

Made of red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.

Transports gases, defends against disease, clotting.

Bone

Most ridged

Contains mineral salts (calcium) between cells as wells as

collagen fibers which provide flexibility and reinforce

mineral salts.

Supports and protects also provides framework.

Skeletal Muscle

Forms muscles that attach to bones. Muscle movement &

heat production.

Controlled by conscious effort.

Long and narrow, striated (light and dark markings).

Nervous Tissue

Smooth Muscle

Lacks striations.

Shorter and spindle shaped.

Makes of walls of hollow internal organs.

Involuntary.

Moves food and constricts blood vessels.

Cardiac Muscle

Only in the heart.

Striated and branched. Join end to end.

Each cell has a single nucleus.

Intercalated disc connects one cell to another.

Involuntary. Pumps blood through the body.

•Found in brain, spinal cord and peripheral nerves.

•Called _________________.

•Sensory reception and the conduction of electrical

impulses.

Membranes

Combination of an epithelial layer and underlying connective tissue forms an epithelial membrane.

– 3 Types of Membranes

• ________________

• ________________

• ________________

Mucous Membrane

• Lines a _________________ that opens directly to the exterior.

– Examples: respiratory, digestive tract (small intestine, stomach, esophagus, large

intestine), excretory (kidney’s), reproductive.

Serous Membrane

Does not open to exterior, cover organs that lie within cavity.

– Examples;

• _______________ ; covers lungs

• ________________; surrounds heart

• _______________; covers abdominal organs

Cutaneous Membrane

________________

Synovial Cavities

Example;

Integumentary System The skin and its accessory organs, such as hair, nails, glands, and several specialized receptors make up

the integumentary system.

Structure

“Layers” of skin

1. _________________: made of epithelial tissue, outer layer

2. ______________: connective tissue, thicker

3. _____________________________: attaches skin to underlying structures.

Function

1. Regulation of body temperature.

2. _________________

3. Sensation

4. _________________

5. _________________

6. Synthesis of vitamin D

Epidermis

Composed of keratinized stratified squamous epithelium.

Contains 4 types of cells:

1. _________________; protects skin and lying tissue.

2. ______________: produces melanin, absorbs _____________ protects against sun exposure.

3. Langerhans cell: immunity

4. Merkel cell: sensation of touch

___________; protein that helps protect skin and underlying structures

___________; protein that determines skin color and also absorbs UV light, protecting the skin against

sun exposure.

Layers of Epidermis (superficial to deep.) Stratum ________________: stratified cells completely filled with keratin

Stratum lucidum: mostly on hands or soul of feet

Stratum granulosum: 5 rows of flattened cells

Stratum spinosum: 10 rows of cells, melanin

Stratum basale: highly _________________ cells (cells always dividing) melanocytes, keratinocytes,

Merkel cells

Dermis

Composed of _____________________ tissue containing collagen and _______________ fibers.

Cells of Dermis

Adipocytes; fat cells

Fibroblasts; synthesize collagen

_______________; immunity cells

Structures of the Dermis

_______________: small projections of the dermis create ridges in the epidermis (fingerprints).

Some dermal papillae contain _____________________ (Meissner’s), nerve endings sensitive to touch.

The lower region of the dermis consists of dense, irregular connective tissue, adipose tissue,

______________, nerves, oil glands, and the ducts of ________________________.

Glands (accessory organs)

Sebaceous (Oil) Glands

- Secrete ____________________

- Keeps hair from drying out, prevents excessive evaporation of water from the skin, keeps skin

soft, protects against ____________________.

Sudoriferous Glands

- Sweat glands

- ___________________; located in armpit and pubic region

- ___________________; located at base of hair follicles

- Helps regulate body temperature

Hair

- primary function is protection

- Dead, fused, keratinized cells (protein).

- ____________________; smooth muscle fibers that contract making hair stand straight up

(“goose bumps”)

Hypodermis / Subcutaneous Layer

Contains ___________________ endings called lamellated (Pacinian) corpuscles (pressure sensors).

Skin Color

Skin color is due to melanin, carotene, and hemoglobin. All of these pigments contribute to skin color.

___________________: varies skin color from pale yellow to black

______________: yellowish-orange pigment found in stratum corneum

_______________: causes Caucasian skin to appear pale pink to red depending on the amount of

oxygenated blood moving through the dermis.

Albinism: inability to produce melanin

Freckles: Patches of _______________________

Accessory Organs

Ceruminous Glands

- Ear Wax (Cermen)

- Provides a sticky barrier against foreign bodies Nails

- Plates of tightly packed, hard, keratinized cells of the epidermis

- Provide grip

- _________________________________

- Scratch an itch