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In the name of God
Anatomy:
Endocrine System
Moradian MD, MPH, PhD candidate
Tehran University of Medical Sciences
2013
http://www.
emc.marico
pa.edu/fac
ulty/farabe
e/biobk/bio
bookendocr
.html
Endocrine system
http://www.sums.ac.ir/~moradij
Controls many body
functions
exerts control by
releasing special
chemical substances into
the blood called
hormones
Hormones affect other
endocrine glands or body
systems
http://www.sums.ac.ir/~moradij
Exocrine: glands
transport their
hormones to target
tissues via ducts.
Endocrine :glands
release hormones
directly into the
blood, which in turn
transports the
hormones to target
Endocrine System
A. Exocrine gland
Ducts
Lumen and
surfaces
B. Endocrine gland
Chemical
messengers
Blood stream
http://www.sums.ac.ir/~moradij
http://www.sums.ac.ir/~moradij
Hormone + target =
change in cell
function
http://www.sums.ac.ir/~moradij
Hormone + Receptor
http://www.sums.ac.ir/~moradij
Hormones
Chemical
messenger
Secreted by
endocrine gland
Specific to target
Activate cellular
change
Of 4 different
chemical types
http://www.sums.ac.ir/~moradij
Endocrine System and
Homeostasis
http://www.sums.ac.ir/~moradij
Control of Endocrine Function
A. Positive
B. or Negative
Feedback
mechanisms
Self-regulating
system
http://www.sums.ac.ir/~moradij
A. Positive Feedback
Not common
Classic example:
Action of
OXYTOCIN on
uterine muscle
during birth.
http://www.sums.ac.ir/~moradij
B. Negative Feedback
Most common
control mechanism
Level of hormone in
blood or body’s
return to
homeostasis shuts
off loop at
hypothalamus and
pituitary
http://www.sums.ac.ir/~moradij
Endocrine Glands
http://www.sums.ac.ir/~moradij
http://www.sums.ac.ir/~moradij
Hypophys Gland
http://www.sums.ac.ir/~moradij
Anterior Pituitary Hormones
HORMONE TARGET FUNCTION
Thyroid (TSH)
Stimulating
Thyroid gland TH synthesis &
release
Growth (GH) Many tissues growth
Adrenocortico-
Tropin (ACTH)
Adrenal cortex Cortisol release
(androgens)
Prolactin (Prl) Breast Milk production
Follicle (FSH) Gonads Egg/sperm prod.
Luteinizing (LH) Gonads Sex hormoneshttp://www.sums.ac.ir/~moradij
Neurosecretory Cells
Specialized neurons
Synthesize and
secrete hormones
Extend from
HYPOTHALAMUS
to POSTERIOR
PITUITARY
http://www.sums.ac.ir/~moradij
Posterior Pituitary Hormones
Manufactured in Hypothalamus, released from Post. Pit.
Oxytocin
Target = smooth ms. Uterus and Breast
Function = labor and delivery, milk ejection,(pair bonding)
ADH (Vasopressin AVP)
Target = kidneys
Function = water Reabsorption
http://www.sums.ac.ir/~moradij
What happens with excess GH?
http://www.sums.ac.ir/~moradij
GH as Juvenile
http://www.sums.ac.ir/~moradij
GH as an Adult
http://www.sums.ac.ir/~moradij
Hypersecretion of GH
http://www.sums.ac.ir/~moradij
GH = pituitary dwarfism
http://www.sums.ac.ir/~moradij
Thyroid Gland
http://www.sums.ac.ir/~moradij
http://www.sums.ac.ir/~moradij
لوب راست و چپ و بخش میانی
رشد، فعالیت فیزیکی، حالات روحی و تغییرات : تیروکسین
جنسی، درجه حرارت
http://www.sums.ac.ir/~moradij
Parathyroid GlandsSecretes parathyroid hormone
regulates plasma calcium (osteoclast activity)
regulates phosphate levels
Adrenal GlandAdrenal gland located atop kidney
Outer part = cortex
Secretes Cortisol (stress), Androgens,
Aldosterone (electrolytes)
Inner part = medulla
Secretes EPI & NEPI
(fight or flight)
SNS control
http://www.sums.ac.ir/~moradij
Hypersecretion of Adrenal Cortex
http://www.sums.ac.ir/~moradij
Cushing’s Syndrome?
http://www.sums.ac.ir/~moradij
Pineal gland
ارتباط با مسیر بینایی: مغز میانی
رنگ پوست :اثر بر سایر غدد، ملاتونینhttp://www.sums.ac.ir/~moradij
http://www.sums.ac.ir/~moradij
PancreasLocated slightly behind the stomach
Insulin: reduces blood glucose
Facilitates glucose transport into the
cells
Promotes glycogenesis
Inhibits gluconeogensis
Glucagon: increases blood glucose
http://www.sums.ac.ir/~moradij
Gonadstestes (testosterone) = sex
characteristics
muscle development and
maturity
ovaries (estrogen) = sex
characteristics
maturity and coordination
Breasts
http://www.sums.ac.ir/~moradij
غدد عرق تغییر شکل یافته
نیپل، هاله، مجاری شیری
Breasts
http://www.sums.ac.ir/~moradij
Other Secretions
http://www.sums.ac.ir/~moradij
Other Secretions
http://www.sums.ac.ir/~moradij