anatomy and physiology of endocrine system

7/23/2019 anatomy and physiology of endocrine system

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X. ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLO



A. Anatomy and Physiology

• Hypothalamus

The hypothalamus is located in the lower

central part of the brain. This part of thebrain is important in regulation of satiety,metabolism, and body temperature. Inaddition, it secretes hormones that stimulateor suppress the release of hormones in thepituitary gland. Many of these hormones arereleasing hormones, which are secreted intoan artery (the hypophyseal portal system)

that carries them directly to the pituitarygland. In the pituitary gland, these releasinghormones signal secretion of stimulatinghormones. The hypothalamus also secretes ahormone called somatostatin, which causesthe pituitary gland to stop the release ofgrowth hormone.

The pituitary gland is located at the base of the brain bhypothalamus and is no larger than a pea. It is often cimportant part of the endocrine system because it procontrol many functions of other endocrine glands. Whdoes not produce one or more of its hormones or not ecalled hypopituitarism.

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• Thyroid Gland

The thyroid gland is located in thelower front part of the neck. Itproduces thyroid hormones thatregulate the body's metabolism. It alsoplays a role in bone growth anddeelopment of the brain andnerous system in children. Thepituitary gland controls the release ofthyroid hormones. Thyroid hormonesalso help maintain normal

blood pressure, heart rate, digestion,muscle tone, and reproductiefunctions.

•

The parathyroid glands are two pairs of small glandssurface of the thyroid gland, one pair on each side. Thormone, which plays a role in regulating calcium lebone metabolism.

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• Adrenal Glands

The two adrenal glands are triangular!shapedglands located on top of each kidney. Theadrenal glands are made up of two parts. Theouter part is called the adrenal corte", and theinner part is called the adrenal medulla. Theouter part produces hormones calledcorticosteroids, which regulate the body'smetabolism, the balance of salt and water inthe body, the immune system, and se"ualfunction. The inner part, or adrenal medulla,produces hormones called catecholamines (fore"ample, adrenaline). These hormones help

the body cope with physical and emotionalstress by increasing the heart rate and bloodpressure.

• The pineal body, or pineal gland, islocated in the middle of the brain. Itsecretes a hormone called melatonin,

which may help regulate the wake-sleep cycle of the body. !eproducti"e Glands

•

The reproductie glands are the main source of se" htestes, located in the scrotum, secrete hormones callimportant of which is testosterone. These hormones characteristics (for e"ample, se"ual deelopment, grpubic hair) as well as sperm production. In females, both sides of the uterus, produce estrogen and progeThese hormones control the deelopment of female ce"ample, breast growth), and they are also inoled (for e"ample, menstruation, pregnancy).

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• Pancreas

The pancreas is an elongated organ located toward the bthe abdomen behind the stomach. The pancreas has digehormonal functions. &ne part of the pancreas, the e"ocripancreas, secretes digestie enymes. The other part of tpancreas, the endocrine pancreas, secretes hormones cainsulin and growth hormone deciency in children. Thesehormones regulate the leel of glucose (sugar) in the blo

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#. Illustration (drawing of organs(s) / system(s) involved with appropriate labels of its st



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anatomy and physiology of endocrine system