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Anatomy and Physiology
EyeSensory organ located in the orbit of the
skullComponents
○ Sclera, cornea, iris, pupil○ Anterior chamber, posterior chamber○ Lens, retina, choroid layer, posterior cavity
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Anatomy and Physiology
EarExternal ear, middle ear, inner earExternal ear: pinna and auditory canalExternal and middle ear separated by
tympanic membraneMiddle ear called the tympanic cavity
○ Contains three bones: malleus, stapes, incus
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Anatomy and Physiology
EarInner ear is most sophisticated part Responsible for hearing and equilibriumConsists of vestibule, semicircular canals,
round window, and cochleaCochlea is organ of hearing
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Common Signs and Symptoms Eye
Pain or burning in or around the eyeDecreased visual acuity or ability to seeAny disorder such as seeing flashes of lightEye redness
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Common Signs and Symptoms Ear
OtalgiaDeafnessVertigoTinnitus
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Diagnostic Tests
EyeOphthalmoscopyVisual acuityTonometrySlit lampAngiography
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Diagnostic Tests
EarOtoscopyAudiometry
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Eye Refractive Errors Inability to focus images on retina One-third of population affected Types
Myopia - nearsightednessHyperopia - farsightednessPresbyopia – age-related hyperopiaAstigmatism - irregularity of cornea surface
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Blepharitis
Inflammation of edge of eyelid, eyelash follicles, and glands
Due to bacterial infection, allergic reaction, or seborrhea
Red, swollen, and crusted eyelids Treatment: antibiotics, allergy
medication, treatment of seborrhea
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Keratitis
Inflammation of cornea caused by trauma or infection
Usually unilateral Symptoms - photophobia, pain,
excessive tearing Treatment - antibiotic, drops, eye patch
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Hordeolum
Stye - inflammatory infection of a sebaceous gland of eyelid
Styes resemble pimples Treatment: warm compresses, topical or
systemic antibiotics
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Cataract
Clouding of lens Causes
Change in metabolism and nutrition in lensAging
Symptom: decreased visual acuity Treatment: surgery
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Glaucoma
Excessive eye pressure Slow progression with or without
symptoms Permanent damage can occur before
patient is symptomatic Treatment: eye drops or surgery
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Nystagmus
Constant, involuntary movement of eyes May affect one or both eyes Causes: brain tumors, disease, alcohol
abuse, congenital defects Treatment: correct underlying cause
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Strabismus
Eyes fail to focus in same direction simultaneously
Due to muscle weakness in one or both eyes
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Strabismus
TreatmentCover normal eye to train affected eye to
function Eye exercises Corrective lensesSurgery
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Macular Degeneration
Degeneration of macular area of retina Most common cause is age related Primary symptom: loss of central vision Treatment: laser surgery to improve
vision
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Diabetic Retinopathy
Leading cause of blindness in United States
Diabetes Mellitus causes vascular changes in retina leading to decreased visual acuity
Treatment: laser photocoagulation Prevention: controlling blood sugar
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Infection of the Ear
Otitis MediaInflammation in middle earUsually affects infants and young childrenSerous and suppurative Otitis Media
TreatmentAnalgesics, decongestants, and antibiotics
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Otitis Externa
“Swimmer’s ear” Inflammation of external ear canal Caused by bacterial or fungal infection
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Otitis Externa
SymptomsExtreme pain and feverPruritus and hearing lossClear or purulent drainage
Treatment Keep ear canal clean and dryAnalgesics and antibiotics
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Mastoiditis
Inflammation of mastoid bone or process
Acute mastoiditis is usually a result of middle ear infection
Symptoms: tinnitus and otalgia Treatment: antibiotics or mastoidectomy
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Deafness
Affects more than 25 million people Conductive and Sensory
Conductive:○ Caused by external or middle ear disorders
that decrease or stop sound conduction
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Deafness
Causes: impacted cerumen, otosclerosis, ruptured eardrum
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Deafness
Sensory Cochlear or auditory nerve damage
preventing sound to be carried to the brain
Cause is related to damaging noise levels and ototoxic medications
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Impacted Cerumen
Cerumen is a soft, yellow-brown secretion commonly called earwax
Causes skin dryness, excessive hair, narrow ear canal, excessive dust
Treatment: ear irrigation
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Otosclerosis
Bony fixation of middle ear bones do not allow vibrations from eardrum to inner ear
Treatment: stapedectomy
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Sensorineural Deafness
Sensory deafness due to damage to cochlea or auditory deafness
May be due to exposure to loud noise Damage is often permanent
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Motion Sickness
Experiencing nausea when traveling by car, boat, or airplane
Symptoms: nausea, vomiting, diaphoresis, and vertigo
Treatment: anti-motion sickness medication, rest, and closing eyes
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Corneal Abrasion
CausesObstruction trapped between eyelid and
corneaIll-fitting or worn contact lensesAccidentally poking a finger in eyeExtreme light, as with welding
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Corneal Abrasion
TreatmentRemove obstructionAntibiotic ointment or analgesicsPressure dressing to prevent eye movementReduce pain of photophobia
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Retinal Detachment
Often occurs with trauma, diabetes, and other retinopathies
Symptoms: blurred vision, flashes of light, floating spots
Painless disorder but needs attention Treatment: surgery
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Ruptured Tympanic Membrane Common cause is middle ear infection
or sticking a sharp object in ear canal Symptoms: pain, partial loss of hearing,
bloody or purulent discharge Treatment: antibiotics and surgical
patching of membrane with tissue graft
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Retinoblastoma
Hereditary malignant tumor of the eye occurring during infancy and childhood
If left untreated, the condition is fatal Treatment: enucleation, radiation, and
chemotherapy
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Meniérè’s Disease
Chronic disease of inner ear Symptoms:
TinnitusVertigoProgressive hearing lossFeeling of fullness in ear
Attacks: few hours to several days
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Meniérè’s Disease
Treatment Medications to control nausea Low salt dietDiureticsAntihistaminesNo smoking
Surgery may be necessary
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Color Blindness
Ability to see color diminishes with age due to yellowing of lens
Inherited Most common affects ability to
distinguish between red and green No cure
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