Anatomy and Physiology Ch 1 to 3 Flash Cards

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What does the cell surface consist of? Plasma membrane, glycocalyx, cellextentions

What does the cytoplasm consist of? Cytoskeleton, organellesWhat does the nucleus consist of ? DNA, nucleolusWhat is the function of the plasmamembrane?

To protect the cell from harmful stuffand to let in stuff it needs.

______ is an oily, two-layeredphospholipid film with proteinsemebedded in it

Plasma membrane

______ has these functions: receptormolecules, cellular transport,cell-identity marker, and cell adhesion

Membrane proteins

What makes up the plasma membrane? PhospholipidsWhat maintains the fluid nature of theplasma membrane?

Cholesterol

What serves for cell identificaion? Glycolipids, GlycoproteinsGlycocalyx Fuzzy, sugary coating formed by

carbohydrated coponents ofglycoproteins and glycolipids

Anatomy and Physiology Test 1 (Ch. 1-3) flashcards | Quizlet https://quizlet.com/14552143/anatomy-and-physiology-test-1-ch-1-3-flash...

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Microvilli Extensions of the plasma membrane thatincrease surface area for absorption(kidney tubules and small intestine)

Cilia Short hairlike processes that are motileor nonmotile

Motile Moving substancesNonmotile Sensory functionFlagellum Long hairlike process for locomotion of

human spermWhat are the 3 cell extentions? Microvilli, cilia, flagellumWhat are the 3 intercellular junctions? Tite junctions, desmosomes, gap

junctionsTite junctions Seal of the intercellular space, prevents

molecules from passing through theintercellular space

Desmosomes Prevent cells from pulling apartGap junctions Enable free passing of nutrients and ionsHow does the selectively permeablemembrane affect us?

It prevents certain things from gettinginto the cell and allows the stuff it needsinto the cell.

Cytoskeleton Network of protein filaments andtubules that structurally support a cell

Organelles Metabolically active structures within acell

Nucleus Genetic control center (containschromosomes)

Nucleolus part of nucleus that synthesizesribosomes

Smooth Endoplasmic reticulum Transport system, synthesizes steroidsand other lipids, detoxifies alcohol

Rough endoplasmic reticulum Covered with ribosomes; modifies andtransports proteins to golgi complex


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Ribosomes Protein synthesis (translating the geneticcode of DNA into protein)

Golgi complex Further modifies proteins and packagesthem into secretory vesicles

Lysosomes Break down used organelles and othersubstances

Peroxisomes Neutralize free radicals and detoxifydrugs and toxins

Mitochondria Energy conversion within cells(powerhouse)

Centrioles Participate in cell division, are part ofcentrosome

Cell cycle -all cells come from preexisting cells-series of events in the life of a cell thatculminates in mitosis and cytokinesis-divided into 5 main phrases(Interphase, Prophase, Metaphase,Anaphase, Telophase)

What are the different forms of PassiveTransport?

NO ATP REQUIRED1.Simple diffusion2.Channel-mediated facilitated transport3.Carrier-mediated facilitated transport4.Osmosis

Simple diffusion Molecules follow their concentrationgradient and pass through the plasmamembrane

Channel-mediated facilitated transport Ions flow through the cell via proteinsbased on charge and size

Carrier-mediated facilitated transport Via a protein a chemical that matchesthe binding site will be let in.

Osmosis Diffusion of water from Highconcentration of water to Lowconcentration of water (Or think Waterfollows where there is more solute)


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What are the different forms of ActiveTransport?

ATP REQUIRED1.Primary Active Transport2.Secondary Active Transport3. Vesicular Transport

Primary Active Transport Using ATP to change the shape of theprotein it pumps molecules/ions againstthere concentration gradient.

Secondary Active Transport Using ATP to move things out the celland then having them move along thereconcentration gradients and bring alonga friend to enter.

Vesicular Transport Endocytosis- Vesicles that send thingsinto the cellExocytosis- Vesicles that send things outof the cellTranscytosis- Vesicles that send thingsinto, across andout of a cell

Isotonic Same solutionHypertonic Solution has more solutesHypotonic Solution has less solutesWhat happens to red blood cells in aHypertonic Solution?

The RBC will lose water or crenate orshrivel up

What happens to red blood cells in aHypotonic Solution?

The RBC will gain water and rupture

What is resting membrane potential andhow is it established?

It is largely established by K+ and it is aelectrical voltage just across themembrane. K+ goes outside the cell andthe concentration difference along withthe electrical difference brings Na+ intothe cell. It is important for exciting thecell.

Interphase Growth and DNA Synthesis (Most of theCycle) G1: Growth, S phase: Growth andDNA synthesis, G2: Preparations fordivision


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Prophase The nuclear envelope dissappears andChromosomes appear

Metaphase The Centrioles pull the Chromosomestowards the middle

Anaphase The centrioles pull the chromosomesapart and towards each side of the cell

Telophase The nuclear envelope forms and thecells begin seperating.

Cytokinesis The Cells split apartDNA Replication 1. DNA strands open up via enzymes.

2. Leading strand gets new nucleotidesput on it while the lagging strand getsput together in fragments via DNAPolymerase3.Ligase enzymes splec the shortsegments of DNA together4. Histones associate with the DNA,forming two new chromatin strands.

Protein Synthesis The genetic code to make proteins iscoded in three bases called a triplet.Translation (Nucleus) happens andFinally Transcription (Cytoplasm).

Translation mRNA gets a copy of DNA in its ownlanguage and takes it to the cytoplasm

Transcription mRNA transfers the copy to tRNA todecode and have rRNA form newproteins.

Codon Three-nucleotide sequence onmessenger RNA that codes for a singleamino acid

Anticodon Group of three bases on a tRNAmolecule that are complementary to anmRNA codon

What is Matter? That which has mass and occupies spaceWhat is Energy? The ability to do work


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What are the three states of matter? Solid, Liquid, or GasWhat does Kinetic energy mean? Energy in actionWhat does Potential energy mean? Stored energyWhat four elements make up 96% of ourbody mass?

Carbon (C), Hydrogen (H), Oxygen (O),and Nitrogen (N)

What makes up an atom and what arethere charges?

In the Nucleus we have Protons (+) andNeutrons (Neutral), while orbiting thenucleus are Electrons (-)

What is does atomic number mean? The number of protons in an atomWhat does mass number mean? The sum of the masses of its protons and

neutronsWhat does isotope mean? Same element with a different amount

of neutronsWhat are solutions? They are homogeneous mixtures of

components that may be gases, liquids,or solids.

What are solvents? The substance present in the greatestamount (Usually liquids)

What are solutes? The substance present in smalleramounts

What are colloids? Heterogeneous mixtures that scatterlight but don't settle out. (A kind ofhappy medium between solutions andsuspensions)

What are suspensions? Heterogeneous mixtures that are oftenvisible that tend to seperate out

What is a molecule? Two or more of the same type ofelement

What is a compound? Two or more of differnt types ofelements


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What are the different types of chemicalreactions?

Covalent bonds- Two or more nonmetals sharing electrons (CO)Ionic bonds- Two or more metal to nonmetal atoms giving away or takingelectrons (NaCl)Hydrogen bonds- Not really chemicalbonds but more like strong attractionswhen a hydrogen attached covalently toa Nitrogen or Oxygen to anotherelectron hungry atom.

Polar bonds Charges caused by unequal sharing ofelectrons ( HO)

Nonpolar bonds No charges caused, equal sharing ofelectrons (CO)

What are valence shell electrons? Outermost shell of electrons that causechemical reactions to occur

What is the rule of 8? Atoms tend to want to have an a valenceshell of 8

What is a chemical reaction? When to two reactants form a productby bond being formed

What does reactant mean? Two or more atoms being combinedWhat does product mean? The result of the the reactantsWhat is a synthesis reaction? When something is combined to make a

new product. (A+BAB)What is a decomposition reaction? When something is broken down into

smaller molecules (ABA+B)What is a exchange reaction? Bonds are both made and Broken (AB+

CBC +A or AB + CD AC+BD)What is a redox reaction? Electrons are exchanged. Electron

donors (Oxidized) lose electrons whileElectron acceptors (Reduced) take upelectrons

What is the difference betweeninorganic and organic molecules?

Inorganic molecules tend to not haveCarbon. While organic molecules tend tohave Carbon.


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What are Ions? Atoms that has a positive or negativecharge

What are Electrolytes? A solution that conducts electricitybecause it contains ions.

What is a cation? Positively charged particleWhat is a anion? Negatively charged particleWhat are acids? H+(Proton) DonatorsWhat are bases? H+(Proton) AcceptorsWhat is the function of buffers? To maintain homeostasis with acids and

basesWhat is the pH scale? (7= Neutral, X>7= Basic, X

What are the 3 basic steps to enzymeactivity?

1. Substrates bind to the enzyme's activesite, temporarily forming an enzyme-substrate complex.2. The enzyme-substrate complexundergoes internal rearangements thatform the products.3. The enzyme releases the product(s) ofthe reaction.

What is the function of ATP? The energy/currency of the body topreform all of its functions.

What is the difference between anatomyand physiology?

Anatomy- study of the structure of bodyparts and their relationships to oneanother.Physiology- study of the functions of thebody.

What is the principle ofcomplementarity?

It is the relationship between structureand function.That is, what a structurecan do depends on its specific form.

What are the levels of organization? From Smallest to Largest:(1) Chemical Level (2) Cellular Level(3) Tissue Level (4) Organ Level(5) Organ System Level (6)Organismal Level

What are the 11 organ systems? 1.Integumentary System 2. SkeletalSystem3. Muscular System 4. Nervous System5. Endocrine System 6. CardiovascularSystem7. Lymphatic System 8. RespiratorySystem9. Digestive System 10.Urinary System11. Reproductive System

What are the functions of theIntegumentary system?

Protection, Synthesis of vitamin D,Houses cutaneous receptors and sweatand oil glands, Water retention


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What are the functions of the Skeletalsystem?

Support, frame work for movement,blood formation, protective enclosure ofviscera (organs), and Electrolyte andAcid-base balance

What are the functions of the Muscularsystem?

Movement, Stability, communication,control of body openings, and heatproduction

What are the functions of the Nervoussystem?

Rapid internal communication,coordination, motor control andsensation

What are the functions of the Endocrinesystem?

Hormone production, internal chemicalcommunication and coordination

What are the functions of theCardiovascular system?

Distribution of nutrients, oxygen, wastes,hormones, electorlytes, heat, immunecells, and antibodies, fluid, electrolyte,and acid- base balance

What are the functions of the Lymphaticsystem?

Recovery of excess tissure fluid,detection of pathogens, production ofimmune cells, defense against disease

What are the functions of theRespiratory System?

absorption of oxygen, discharge ofcarbon dioxide, acid-base balance,speech

What are the functions of the Digestivesystem?

Nutrient breakdown and absorption;liver funcions include metabolism ofcarbohydrates, lipids, proteins, vitamins,and minerals; synthesis of proteins;disposal o drugs, toxins, hormones;blood cleansing

What are the functions of the Urinarysystem?

Eliminates wastes, regulation of bloodvolume and pressre, stimulation of RBC(Red Blood Cell) formation, control offluid electrolyte, and acid- base balance,detoxification

What are the functions of theReproductive system?

Make offspring


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What is homeostasis? Maintaining a relatively stable/constantcondition even though the outside worldchanges continuously (ex temperature)

How does the body maintainhomeostasis?

A STIMULUS detected by a receptorsends info to the CONTROL CENTERvia AFFERENT PATHWAYS. Thecontrol center decides what to do. Itsends info to an EFFECTOR viaEFFERENT PATHWAYS to evoke aRESPONSE. Which gets the body backto normal by doing the opposite of thestimulus (Negative Feed Back Loop) orincreases the response (Positive FeedBack Loop)

Anatomical Position Standing erect with feet flat; arms at thesides; palms, face, and ears facingforward; providing a standard referencefor body position

Ventral toward the front or bellyDorsal toward the back or spineAnterior toward the front of the bodyPosterior toward the back of the bodySuperior aboveInferior belowCephalic toward the head or superior endRostral toward the forehead or noseCaudal toward the tail or inferior endMedial toward the midline of the bodyLateral away from the midline of the bodyProximal closer to the point of attachment or

originDistal farther from the point of attachment or

originSuperficial closer to the body surface


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Deep farther from the body surfaceAbdominal Abs areaAcromial Deltoid areaAntebrachial ForearmAntecubital Anterior part of the elbowAxillary Armpit areaBrachial ArmBuccal CheeksCalcaneal HeelCarpal WristCephalic HeadCervical Where Cervical vertebre are (Neck)Crural LegDigital Fingers and ToesFemoral ThighFrontal ForeheadGluteal ButcheeksInguinal GroinLumbar Where Lumbar vertebre are (Lower

back, superior to the gluteal)Mammary Near the nipplesMental JawNasal NoseOccipital Back of the HeadOral MouthOrbital EyesOtic EarsPalmar HandsPatellar Front of the knee


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Pelvic Inferior to Abdominal, and superior toGroin

Plantar FootPopliteal Back of the kneePubic Genital areaScapular BackSternal SternumSural CalfTarsal AnkleThoracic ChestUmbilical Belly buttonVertebral Spinal cord areaSagittal plane Divides the body into left or right partsMidsagittal plane Divides the body in the middle to

become left or right partsTransverse plane Divides the body into superior and

inferior partsFrontal plane Divides the body into anterior and

posterior partsSagittal section Sagittal cutTransverse or Cross section Transverse cutFrontal or Coronal Section Frontal cutOblique Section Diagonal cutsWhat are the two cavities of the DorsalBody Cavity?

Vertebral cavity and Cranial cavity

What are the two cavities of the VentralBody Cavity?

Thoracic cavity and Abdominopelviccavity

What cavities are in the Thoracic cavity? Pleural cavity, Pericardial cavity andMediastinum

What cavities are in the Abdominopelviccavity?

Abdominal cavity and Pelvic cavity


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What is serosa? A thin, double-layered membranecontaining a bit of fluid to reducefriction

What is the part of the membrane thatlines the cavity walls called?

Parietal serosa

What is the part of the membrane thatlines the organs called?

Visceral serosa

What serous membrane lines the Cranialand Vertebral cavities?

Parietal and Visceral Meninges

What serous membrane lines theAbdominal and Pelvic cavity?

Parietal and Visceral Peritoneum

What serous membrane lines the Pleuralcavity?

Parietal and Visceral Pleurae

What serous membrane lines thePericardial and Mediastinum cavities?

Parietal and Visceral Pericardium

If you consider your home airconditioner in terms of homeostatsis,then the wall thermostat would be the

Control Center

Which of the following statements is themost correct regarding homeostaticimbalance?

It is considered the cause of mostdiseases.


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Anatomy and Physiology Ch 1 to 3 Flash Cards