Associated Bodywork & Massage Professionals The Nervous System Anatomy and Physiology Flash Cards

Associated Bodywork & Massage Professionals

The Nervous System

Anatomy and Physiology Flash Cards


Directions

The first slide asks a question.

The second slide answers the question.

Use these slides like flash cards to test your core knowledge.


Question

Name the divisions of the nervous system.


Answer

• CNS (central nervous system)

• PNS (peripheral nervous system)

•ANS (autonomic nervous system)

•Somatic (voluntary)

•Sympathetic

•Parasympathetic


Question

Name the organs of the nervous system.


Answer

• Brain

• Spinal Cord

• Nerves

• Specialized sense organs

• Microscopic sense organs


Question

What is the central nervous system (CNS)

composed of?


Answer

The brain and spinal cord


Question

What is the peripheral nervous system (PNS) composed of?


Answer

The nerves that extend to outlying parts of the body.


Question Describe the autonomic nervous system

(ANS).


Answer

A subdivision of the peripheral nervous system (PNS) that consists of structures that regulate the body’s automatic or involuntary functions (heart rate, stomach and intestinal contractions, and gland secretions)


Question

Name the two types of cells found in the nervous system.


Answer

1. Neurons

2. Glia


Question

Neurons are nerve cells and they consist of three parts. What are the three parts of a neuron?


Answer

1. The main part is called the cell body.

2. One or more branching projections are called dendrites.

3. One elongated projection is called the axon.


Question

What are the functions of each part of the neuron?


Answer

• Dendrites conducts impulses to the cell body.

• Cell body is the main part.

• Axon conducts impulses away from the cell body.


Question

Axons are either myelinated or unmyelinated. What is myelin?


Answer

Myelin is a white fatty substance formed by Schwann cells in the PNS and oligodendrocytes in the CNS.


Question

The indentations between Schwann cells in the PNS are called ______.


Answer

Nodes of Ranvier


Question

The outer cell membrane of a Schwann cell is called ______.


Answer

Neurilemma


Question

Glia is one of the two types of cells in the nervous system. Glia have several functions including holding the functioning neurons together, protecting them, and regulating neuron function. Glia cells vary in shape and size. Can you name the three main types of support cells in the central nervous system and provide a short description of each?


Answer

1. Astrocytes: Star shaped cells with threadlike branches, anchor blood vessels to neurons, and support the blood brain barrier.

2. Microglia: Usually remain stationary until inflammation or deterioration occurs, then they enlarge and begin the process of phagocytosis.

3. Oligodendrocytes: Produce the myelin sheath that wraps nerve fibers in the CNS.


Question

Name the three nerve coverings and what each covers.


Answer

1. Endoneurium: Surrounds the individual fibers within a nerve.

2. Perineurium: Surrounds a group (fascicle) of nerve fibers.

3. Epineurium: Surrounds the entire nerve.


Question

True or False?

Only neurons can provide the rapid communication between cells that is necessary for maintaining life.


Answer

True


Question

Another term for nerve impulse is ______.


Answer

Action potential


Question

A specialized type of neuron pathway is called a ______.


Answer

Reflex arc


Question

The simplest kind of reflex arc is ______.


Answer

Two-neuron reflex arc (sensory neuron and motor neuron)


Question

What neurons are included in a three-neuron reflex arc?


Answer

1. Sensory neurons

2. Interneurons

3. Motor neurons


The “knee jerk” or patella reflex is an example of a ______ neuron reflex.

Question


Answer

Two


Question

Receptors are at the beginning of the dendrites of ______ neurons.


Answer

Sensory


Question

Describe the term ganglion.


Answer

A group of nerve cell bodies in the PNS.


Question

What is the definition of a nerve impulse?


Answer

A self-propagating wave of electrical disturbance that travels along the surface of a neuron membrane.


Question

The microscopic space that separates the axon ending of one neuron from the dendrites of the next neuron is called a ______.


Answer

Synapse


Question

What is saltatory conduction?


Answer

As the traveling nerve impulse comes in contact with myelin sections, it jumps over the myelin to the indentations called Nodes of Ranvier.


Question

When the traveling impulse jumps from one neuron to the next it crosses over a ______.


Answer

Synapse


Question

Name a type of three-neuron reflex arc?


Answer

Withdrawal reflex


Question

What are the three structures that make up a synapse?


Answer

1. Synaptic Knob

2. Synaptic Cleft

3. Plasma membrane of the postsynaptic neuron


Question

The synaptic knob contains small sacs or vesicles. Each sac or vesicles contains a chemical compound called ______.


Answer

Neurotransmitters


Question

What is a neurotransmitter?


Answer

Chemicals used by neurons to communicate. Released by the presynaptic neurons to assist, stimulate or inhibit the postsynaptic neurons. At least thirty different compounds have been identified as neurotransmitters.


Question

Detail the process of a neurotransmitter release through to its termination.


Answer

• The vesicles of the synaptic knob of a preganglionic neuron’s axon release the neurotransmitter. The neurotransmitter crosses the synaptic cleft.

• The neurotransmitter is received by the receptor site on the cell membrane of the postsynaptic neuron’s dendrites.

• What is not used or needed will diffuse back into the synaptic knob or will be absorbed by the body.


Question

What is acetylcholine?


Answer

A neurotransmitter abbreviated as ACH and released at the neuromuscular junction as well as all autonomic ganglia.


Question

Describe catecholamines and name three types of this neurotransmitter.


Answer

• Catecholamines play a role in sleep, motor function, mood and pleasure recognition.

• Three catecholamines are:

1. Norepinephrine

2. Serotonin

3. Dopamine


Question

Name two morphine-like neurotransmitters.


Answer

1. Endorphins

2. Enkephalins


Question

What neurotransmitters ay be released in response to pain or injury?


Answer

Endorphins and enkephalins


Question The central nervous system has two main

structures; the brain and the spinal cord. In addition to the brain being protected by the cranial cavity and the spinal cord surrounded in the spinal cavity by the vertebral column for its protection, both are covered by protective membranes called ______.


Answer

Meninges


Question

Name the divisions of the brainstem from inferior to superior.


Answer

• Medulla Oblongata

• Pons

• Midbrain


Question

From the brain stem, moving superiorly, name the next parts of the brain.


Answer

• Diencephalon

• Hypothalamus

• Thalamus


Question

Which part of the diencephalon controls the hormone secretion for the pituitary gland?


Answer

Hypothalamus


Question

What is the second largest part of the human brain?


Answer

Cerebellum


Question

What is the name of the largest part of the brain?


Answer

Cerebrum


Question

Which part of the brain helps control muscle contractions by producing coordinated movements so we can move smoothly and maintain our balance with normal posture?


Answer

Cerebellum


Question

Name the four lobes of the cerebrum.


Answer

1. Frontal

2. Temporal

3. Parietal

4. Occipital


Question

What is the name of the structure that separates and allows the brain hemispheres to communicate?


Answer

Corpus collosum


Question

Which lobe of the cerebrum controls movement?


Answer

Frontal lobe


Question

Name the shallow grooves in the cerebrum.


Answer

Sulci—grooves


Question

Where is the motor speech area called Broca’s area located?


Answer

Frontal lobe


Question

Which part of the brainstem contains the vital centers?


Answer

Medulla oblongata


Question

Name the part of the brain responsible for regulating sleep cycle, water balance, and that produces antidiuretic hormone (ADH).


Answer

Hypothalamus


Question

The spinal cord has inner and outer parts. Which part is composed of white matter made up of bundles of axons called tracts?


Answer

The outer part of the spinal cord.


Question

What is CSF?


Answer

Cerebrospinal fluid—a clear fluid that nourishes and protects the brain and spinal cord as well as fills the ventricles in the brain.


Question

Name the three layers of the tough, fluid-containing membranes known as meninges that protect the brain and spinal cord, from superficial to deep.


Answer

1. Dura mater (tough mother)

2. Arachnoid (cobweb-like)

3. Pia mater (soft mother)


Question

The structure associated with the ventricles and contributes to the formation of CSF is ______.


Answer

Choroid plexus


How many pair of cranial nerves are in the human body?

Question


Twelve pair

Answer


Name the cranial nerves.

Question


I. Olfactory

II. Optic

III. Oculomotor

IV. Trochlear

V. Trigeminal

VI. Abducens

VII. Facial

VIII. Vestibulocochlear

IX. Glossopharyngeal

X. Vagus

XI. Accessory

XII. Hypoglossal

Answer


Question

How many pairs of spinal nerves are in the human body?


Answer

Thirty-one pairs


Skin surface areas supplied by a single spinal nerve are called ______.

Question


Dermatomes

Answer


Question

What are the paths of the white matter tracts?


Answer

• Sensory tracts=

Peripheral nerves to the brain

• Motor tracts=

Brain to peripheral nerves


Our spinal nerves conduct impulses necessary for us to experience sensations as well as voluntary movements, explaining their structure of the dendrites of sensory neurons and the ______ of ______.

Question


Axons of motor neurons

Answer


What is known as the “fight or flight” system?

Question


Sympathetic or thoracolumbar system

Answer


What are the three types of tissues the ANS controls?

Question


1. Cardiac

2. Smooth

3. Glandular (epithelial)

Answer


Name the neurotransmitter released by sympathetic postganglionic axons.

Question


Norepinephrine

Answer


Question

Which branch of the ANS dominates control of visceral effectors in normal everyday conditions?


Answer

Parasympathetic system


Question

Where will you find a sensory cell body?


Answer

In the dorsal horn or posterior root ganglion.


Question

What are cholinergic fibers?


Answer

Sympathetic pre and post ganglionic axons and the parasympathetic postganglionic axon classify as cholinergic fibers because they release ACH from their terminals at the synapse.


Question

What fibers are considered adrenergic?


Answer

Only the axon of a sympathetic postganglionic neuron releases the neurotransmitter norepinephrine in sympathetic response to visceral receptors.


Question

What is another name for the limbic system?


Answer

The emotional brain


Question

What is the autonomic nervous system’s job as a whole?


Answer

To regulate the body’s automatic functions that will bring about or restore homeostasis.

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Associated Bodywork & Massage Professionals The Nervous System Anatomy and Physiology Flash Cards