ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY

RLE3.3 Group 1

LUNGS

LUNGS

A pair of spongy air-filled organs located on both sides of the chest.

The right lung has 3 lobes and the left lung has two lobes.

left lung – “cardiac notch”

LUNGS

Trachea – conducts inhaled air into the lungs through its tubular branches, called bronchi

Bronchi (airways) Alveoli – absorbs

oxygen from the air into the blood.

PLEURA

a thin, balloon-like structure that surrounds the lungs and allows them to move smoothly as we breath in and out

2 types: Visceral pleura– covers

the lung Parietal pleura– covers

the chest wall Between the visceral and

parietal pleura exists the pleural space which contains a small amount of fluid.

CILIA

First line of defense for infection

Tiny hairs that lines the bronchi

Moves back and forth in an ongoing motion– like a wave

Moves foreign objects, like bacteria or viruses, out of the lungs

Mucus is carried on top of the cilia

INTERSTITIUM

Refers to the tissue network that surrounds and supports the air sacs (alveoli).

It includes a web-like network of strong structural fibers that prevent the alveoli from being over-stretched.

DIAPHRAGM The diaphragm is the large dome shaped muscle

that contracts and relaxes during breathing. It also separates the chest and abdominal cavity. Muscles near our ribs also help expand our chest for breathing.

Note:

Too much carbon dioxide in the blood results from

hypoventilation (too little breathing).

Too little carbon dioxide in the blood results from

hyperventilation (too much/or rapid breathing).

PANCREAS

PANCREAS

Transverse, retroperitoneal organ

Lies behind the stomach 5.75 to 9.5 cm long

Parts: Head – rests within the

concavity of the duodenum

Neck – between the head and the body and is in front of the superior mesenteric artery and vein

Body – lying behind the base of the stomach

Tail – ends just abutting the spleen

ENDOCRINE FUNCTION

The part with the endocrine function is made up of approximately a million cell clusters called islets of Langerhans.

4 cell types in the islets: α Alpha cells – secretes glucagon (increases glucose

in the blood) β Beta cells – secretes insulin (decrease glucose in

the blood) Δ Delta cells – secretes somatostatin (regulates

secretion of alpha and beta cells) γ Gamma cells – secretes pancreatic polypeptide

EXOCRINE FUNCTION

Helps out digestive system Secretes pancreatic fluid that contains

digestive enzymes to further break down the carbohydrates, proteins and lipids in the chyme.

PANCREATIC JUICES

DIGESTIVE ENZYME Proteases: trypsin and chemotrypsin –

digests proteins and peptides into smaller peptides.

Pancreatic lipase: digests dietary fat Amylase: digests carbohydrates

BICARBONATE neutralizes the acid coming in to the small

intestine from the stomach

KIDNEYS

KIDNEYS

2 bean-shaped organs

Situated in the retroperitoneum

Between T12-L3 on each side

Outer layer is the CORTEX and the middle layer is the MEDULLA

KIDNEYS: CORTEX

Glomerulus - ball-shaped structure composed of capillary blood vessels that filters waste products from the blood

Proximal Convoluted Tubule – major site of reabsorption

Loop of Henle – where urine production takes place

KIDNEYS: CORTEX

Distal tubule – responsible for the selective reabsorption of Na, K, Ca and water (with presence of ADH)

Collecting duct - reabsorbs bicarb and hydrogen to to acidify urine

KIDNEYS: MEDULLA

Renal pyramids - cone-shaped tissues of the kidneys

KIDNEYS

Multiple pyramids taper and join forming a minor calyx.

Several combined to make a major calyx.

The major calyxes join and enter a funnel-shaped renal pelvis that directs urine into the ureters.

KIDNEYS: NEPHRONS

Nephrons basic structural and functional

unit of the kidney regulate the concentration of

water and soluble substances like Na salts by filtering the blood, reabsorbing what is need and excreting the rest as urine

2 types: Cortical

Approximately 85% Performs excretory and

regulatory functions Juxtamedullary

Approximately 15% Responsible for concentration

and dilution of urine

URINE FORMATION

Thanks!

FIN.

*toss toss*