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8/14/2019 Anand antineoplastic
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CANCER & ANTINEOPLASTICANCER & ANTINEOPLASTI
AGENTAGENT
Trivedi Anand K.
M.Sc Biotechnology 4th Sem.
Shree M.& N. Virani Science College.
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x Introduction
x Cancer treatment
x Antineoplastic agents
x Classification of antineoplastic agentsx Approches for antineoplastic agents
x Mechanism of antineoplastic agents
x Major classes of antineoplastic agents
x Adverse effects
x Conclution
x Re erences
ContentsContents
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IntroductionIntroduction
x Cancer (medical term: malignant
neoplasm) is a class of diseases
in which a group ofcells display
uncontrolled growth , invasion
(intrusion on and destruction of
adjacent tissues).
x
Two types of tumor:x Benign tumor
x Malignant tumor
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malignanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoplasmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diseasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_(biology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_(biology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diseasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoplasmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malignant8/14/2019 Anand antineoplastic
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Antineoplastic Agents
x Antineoplastics areChemotheraputic Agents.The choice of whichantineoplastic to usedepends on what the celltype of the tumor is, andon its site of growth.
x Antineoplastic agents have
more of an effect on thetumor cells than normalcells because of their rapidgrowth.
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Cancer TreatmentsCancer Treatments
x Possible treatments include:
x Treatment of choice depends on type of cancer, its locatio
invasion process, patients state of health.
x Surgeryx Antineoplastic agents or Chemotherapeutic agents.
x Radiation
x Immunotherapy
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Antineoplastic Agents??.. Antineoplastic Agents??..
x A : Anticancer drugs causex N : Nausea and vomitingx T : Treatment regimen must be followedx I : Individualized dosagex N : New drugs appear on the marketx E : Exposure time kept to a minimumx O : Only a physician can administerx P : Protect yourselfx L : Look, listen, and learnx A : Assessment of laboratory testsx S : Safe dosage based on weightx T : Toxicitiesx I : Inform patientsx C : Classi ication o a ents
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Classification of Antineoplastic
Agentsx On the basis of antineoplastic action on the phase o
proliferation cycle, drugs are classified as:
x Cell cycle non-specific agents: (phase non-specific agen
CCNSA) (e.g. Alkylating agents and antitumor antibiotics.)x Act in all proliferating phases.x Effects are stronger.
x Cell cycle specific agents: (phase specific agents, CCSA). (e.
Antimetabolites, and plant alkaloids)xjust act on specific phases of the cell cyclex effects are comparatively weaker.
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Approches for Antineoplastic age
on Cells
Most antineoplastic drugs act on the proliferating cycle of cell.
x Destruction of DNA or inhibition of DNA duplication
e.g. alkylating agents, mitomycin C
x Inhibition of nucleic acid (DNA and RNA) synthesise.g. 5-fluorouracil, 6-mercaptopurine, methotrexate, cytarabine, et
x Interfering with the transcription to inhibit RNA synthesis
e.g. dactinomycin, dauoruicin, and doxorubicinx Inhibition of protein synthesis
e.g. vinca alkaloids, epipodophylotoxins, and paclitaxelx Interfering with hormone balance
e.g. adrenal corticosteroids, estrogens, tamoxifen etc.
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Mechanism of Antineoplastic AgenMechanism of Antineoplastic Agen
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Major Classes of AntineoplasticMajor Classes of Antineoplastic
AgentsAgents
x Alkalyting agent
x Antimetabolites
x Enzymetic agentsx Antitumor antibiotics
x Plant alkaloids
x Hormonal agents
x Miscellaneous agents
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Alkylating Agents Alkylating Agents
x In general these are used to treat many types of leukamia (Hematolog
malignancies).x There follows either cross-linking of the two strands of DNA, preventing replica
or DNA breakage.
x
All alkylating agents are phase-nonspecific.x kill rapidly proliferating cells, also kill non-proliferating cells.
x Examples:
x Mechlorethamine
x the first drug used in the treatment of cancer and At present, it is mainly use
Hodgkin's disease and non-Hodgkin's lymphomas.x Cyclophosphamide
x Most widely used in clinical therapy for treatment of cancer at present.
x It has no antineoplastic action outside the body and must be activated in the l
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Antimetabolites AgentsAntimetabolites Agents
x These are purine and pyrimidine analogues.
x Interfere with the metabolic process of the cell, preventing creproduction.
x Only act on dividing cells and are most effective in treatrapidly proliferating malignant cells
x Example:x 6-Merceptopurine:Inhibit purine biosynthesis, causing inhibition
biosynthesis of nucleic acid. Treatment in leukamia.
x 5-flurouracil
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Example of AntimetabolitesExample of Antimetabolites
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Enzymatic AgentsEnzymatic Agents
x The enzymes which act as antineoplastic agents.x Inter,feres with DNA synthesis by inhibiting the DNA
enzyme topoisomerase I.x L-asparaginase is an example of an enzyme used in the treatment o
cancer.x L-asparaginase works by hydrolyzing asparagines into aspartic acid
and ammonia.x Cancer cells need an exogenous source of asparagine for survival
normal cell can synthesize asparagine.x
Side effects of L-asparaginase include pain at the injection sitehypotension, and diarrhea.
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Antitumor AntibioticsAntitumor Antibiotics
x Certain antibiotics have an antineoplastic effect
x Act by interfering with one or more stages of RNA
and DNA synthesis
x Interfere with a malignant cells ability to grow and
reproduce
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Hormonal AgentsHormonal Agents
x Used to treat tumors; capable of suppressing the growth
certain tissues of the body without causing cytotoxic effects
healthy neighboring cells.
x Adrenocortical steroids to inhibit the growth of cancers of lymphoid
tissue and blood.
x Oestrogen antagonists ( tamoxifen ) is indicated for breast cancer.
x Oestrogen is used for prostatic cancers.
x Testosterone: treatment in testicular cancer.
x Progesterone: Use in metastatic carcinoma.
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Immuno suppresorsImmuno suppresors
x In immuno therapy use immunosuppresor which is act antineoplastic agents. Treatment of disease by stimulationthe bodys immune system.
x Uses the bodys own immune defense system to attack
cancer. Immunosuppressive drugs work by interfering with oof the stages of the cell cycle or by affecting cell messengersx Cyclosporine inhibits the proliferation of T-lymphocytes; used
managing KCS in dogs and immune-mediated skin disordersx Azathioprine affects cells in the S phase of the cell cycle and a
inhibits T- and B-lymphocytes; used mainly in dogs for immumediated disease
x Cyclophosphamide interferes with DNA and RNA replicatdisrupting nucleic acid function; has been used for immune-mediadiseases
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Plant AlkaloidsPlant Alkaloids
x Affects rapidly
growing cells .
x Inhibits the cell
division mitosis.x Treatment of:
x Lymphomas
x Leukemias
x Breast cancer and
bladder carcinoma.
May apple
Vinca rosea
Taxus brevifolia
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Miscellaneous agents
x Examples: Hydroxyurea
x Hydroxyurea inhibits ribonucleotide reductase.
inhibition of DNA synthesis.
x It is CCS agent, specific for the cells ofSphase
x The major adverse effect of this drug is bone marrow
depression.
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Adverse effectsAdverse effects
x Interfere with vital cells functioning and kill or destro
malignant cells
xNormal, healthy cells may also be destroyed
x Most agents are cytotoxic, mutagenic, ancarcinogenic
xNausea and vomiting
x Diarrhea andAnemia & Malnutritionx Hair loss and Memory loss and Weight loss or gain
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ConclusionConclusion
Now a days, there are number of natural and
artificial antineoplastic agents which are used for
curing some malignant diseases but still there are
some serious diseases like AIDS and certainneurological disorders which are uncurable. So,
further research should be carried out for those
diseases and antineoplastic agents can be potent
source in the research.
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ReferencesReferences
x Websites:-
x www.medical online.com
x www.cancer.org
x www.cancer.com/antineoplastic agents
x Reviews:-
x Joensuu H. (2008). Systemic chemotherapy and antineoplastic ag
for cancer: from weapon to treatment.Lancet Oncol.9 (3): 304.
x Tannock IF, Ahles TA, Ganz PA, Van Dam FS (June 2004). Cogni
impairment associated with chemotherapy and antineoplastic agentscancer: report of a workshop.J. Clin. Oncol.22 (11): 22339.
x Goodman LS, Wintrobe MM, Dameshek W, Goodman MJ, Gilman
McLennan MT. (1946). Nitrogen mustard therapy.JAMA132: 263
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Thank You