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ANALYZING THE DRUG SAFETY ISSUE IN
SUSHRUTA SAMHITA : A CRITICAL REVIEW
Shashi Gupta*, Rabinarayan Acharya**
PURPOSE
Herbal formulations being widely accepted therapeutic agents asantidiabetics, antiarthritics, hepatoprotectives, cough remedies,memory enhancers, and adaptogens.
The commonest myth regarding herbal medicines is that thesemedicines are completely safe, and can therefore be safely consumed bythe patient on his/her own, without a physician’s prescription.
This belief has led to large-scale self-medication by people all over theworld, often leading to disappointing end-results, side-effects, orunwanted after-effects.
There is an increasing awareness at several levels of the need todevelope pharmacovigilance practices for herbal medicines.
Recently, its purview has been widened to include herbal, traditionaland complementary medicines, with the goal to comprehensivelydetect, assess, understand with the unanimous goal of preventingoccurrence of adverse effects in those individuals undergoing therapy.
The present paper is an attempt to emphasize the pharmaco-vigilantaspects of certain drugs of herbal origin documented in SushrutaSamhita.
Materials and Method
In the present review, All the six Sthanas (divisions) ofSushruta samhita have been reviewed thoroughly andinformation pertaining to pharmacovigilance aspects of drugs,diets and procedures have been noted, analyzed &presented in a structured format.
Results And Discussions
After thorough review of All the six Sthanas ( divisions) of Sushrutasamhita, 700 medicinal plants, 64 preparation from mineral sourcesand 57 preparation based on animal sources were found, Among them,81 were found to be responsible for Vata Prakopa ,69 for Pitta Prakopa,76 for Kapha Prokapa , 5 Rakta Prakopa , 41 Tridosha Prakopa .Dravyasa having effect on Dosha:
V-Prakopak P-Prakopaka K-Prakopak R-prakopak T-Prakopak
Shuska Saka Dala madhu Masa Pautika Madhu Ama Madhu
Udalaka Atasi tail Godhuma Vanakulatha Kausumbha tail
Nivara Matsya Mansa Mulaka Sonita Sarsapa Lakucha phala
Vadava Dadhi Kakamachi Mahisa Dadhi Krishna Sarsapa MandaJataDadhi
Nadeya Jala Vapi Jala Amratak phala Nadi matsya Samudra Jala
Kalaya Palandu Adra pipali Navina madya
V-Prakopak P-Prakopaka K-Prakopak R-prakopak T-Prakopak
Suchipatra Tila Pauskara Phanita
Madwika Madya Madya Shastika chawal Sarshapa Saka
Ajamutra Gomutra Guda Gandira
Jamuna Baddha kesar Amrataka phala Pinyaka
Pratuda vargaPakshi
Hasti Mansa Kulinga Mansa Tilakalka
Yava Piluphala Shlesmtaka Sthunika
NaliSaka Sursa Visyandana Kohal
Vatak Pakva Vartaka Palal Bhedashi
Kumud kanda Surendra kanda Prithuka Pakwa bilwa
Lauha Karamarda Panasa Navadhanya
Nilapor Jambiri nimbu Pandu trapusa Sheeta jala
Rasa Dhatu Rakta Dhatu Meda Dhatu Sukra Dhatu
Ushna ,RukshaAtimatra sevan
Ati amla dadhi Madhura Dadhi Intake of AtimatraKatu,Amla,Ushna, Lavana rasa
Viruddha , Adhyasan,Ajeerna, Asatmyasevan
Vanakulattha Guda Kalinda
Sweta Sarsapa Audan(Dugdha Paka) Kohal
Patina matsya Chana
Kausumbha Tail
Dravayas Having Effect on Dhatus :
Sristavina mutra Manda jata dadhi ,Plava varga ,Sukla kaarkata
Badhavinamutra Karenu ghrita ,Vaidal varga ,SarshapSaka , Gandira ,Vegnaama
Varchavivardhan Hasti dadhi , Yava ,Sankha ,Kurma
Baddhavarcha Shaali Chawal ,Brihidhanya, Masura,Harenu,Sateena
Badhamutra Eksapha ghrita ,Jambu Sidhu ,Kudhanya,Venuyava ,Yava, Pratuda varga pakshi ,Khadagapisita ;Tila -Alpa mutra
Mutrala Ikshu ,Surasava , Raktashaali ,Bilesaya,Kulachar,Vidarikanda, Guda Panaka
Baddhavinamutramaruta Aswabala(MethiSaka)
Sweda Janana Varaha mansa
Dravyas having Effect on Mala,Mutra And Sweda :
AAbhisyanda Nadeya Jala,Anoopa Jala Mahisa Dugdha ,Ama Kshira
Madhura Dadhi ,Avika DadhiKiratikta,Madhavilata,Vibhitaka ,Nalikera ,Kola, AkshodaJivanti,Priyala, Karbudara, Suryavalli,Trapusa,Evaruka,Karkaruka,Kushmanda, Phanita , NavinaMadya
Vistambha Madhulika Sura ,Madhuka Sidhu ,Vaidala,AmratakaphalaLakuchaphala ,Phalguja ,Paushkara ,Pakva Bilwa AruskaraSrsapa Saka, Gandira , Vegnama , Vena Ankura ,VatakaBisha ,Shringataka ,KaserukaKanda(Sthoola,Surana,Mana),Audan(DugdhaPaka),Panak(Parushak,Kola), Mugdadi Vesvara ,Vaidalya Dhanya
Durjara Narangaphala, Bisha ,Madhumastaka ,Sanyava ,Pupa
Dravyasa Having Effect on Digestive System:
Vidahi Amla Rasa ,Katu Rasa ,Manda Jata Dadhi, PautikaMadhu,Suchipatra,Nilapora, Naipala, Dirghapatra,Yantra Ikshu,Madya ,Navina Madya, SimbiVarga,Vaidala ,Pakva Bilwa, Pistaka ,Virudha DhanyaTaila Padartha
Sangrahi Kashaya Rasa ,Purana Madhu, Vibhitaka Sidhu,Shastika,Kullatha ,Tila ,Ena Mriga ,Sugandhi HiranLava ,Titara Ama Kapittha,Sinchita Phala , MatulungaKesar,Bhavya, Pakva Tindika ,Jamuna ,Todanphala,Amatinduka ,Bakula ,Balabilva ,Chunchu SakaRajkshavak Saka
Sara Navina Madhu ,Draksha Madya, Sauviraka,Godhuma, Madhu Shigru, Tamra
Dravyas Having Effect on Digestive System:
Varjya dravya . Anupana varjya Tambula Varjya Nidana Karaka
Vrana , MadyaSevani Vrana ,Ritukala,Garbhini,BhagnaPrameha,Udara rogaSotha ,Pinasa,Jwara, andvarjya duringdifferent Ritus
Shwasa ,KasaUrdhwajatrugata Vikara ,KshataPraseka ,UphataSwara .
RukshaDaurbalyaAasya Sosha .
Kustha pramehaUdara rogaPlihodaraParistravi udaraDakodara ,MudhagarbhaAntaravidradhi ,Klaibya ,AtisaraHridrogaRaktapitta Krimi
Contra-indicative Condions or Contra-indications:
Sahaparvata jala Kustha
Vindhya Parvata jala Kustha,Pandu
Malaya Prabhav , Ikshu,makustha Krimi
Mahendra Prabhav Slipada
Himvata Prabhava Hridroga , Shotha ,Shlipada,Galaganda
Avanti , Avi Dadhi Arsha
Vadava Dadhi, Atasi tail ,Shimbivarga Achakshusya
Ingudi tail, kalinda Dristisukrabalapaham
Kausumbha tail Achakshusya ,Raktapittakrita
Dravyas acting on different organs or having pathetic conditions:
Pautika madhu ,Surasava,Maireya,Vibhitakaphala majja
Madakrita
Madhukapuspa phanita Bastidushnam
Kohal,Chana,Lakucha phala Pumsatvanasana
Navina Madya,Madhuka kusuma,Tikta Alabu Ahrida
Varuka ,Mukandaka Vishoshi
Vanakullatha,Nadi matsya Raktapittakrita
Pathina matsya Kustharoga,Nidrajanaka
Ama kapitha ;Abhya phala Swarhgna
Samiphala Kesanasana
Taila padarth Dristihgna,twakapradusana
Sukta,Arnala,Kulattha,Masa Netra roga
Antariksha jala Vishopamam
Atiyoga of Rasa
Madhura
Amla
Lavana
Katu
• Gatra Manya stambh , Akshepaka , Ardita , Sira Soola ,Bhrama
Tikta
Kashaya
Conclusion
After a critical analysis of the adverse effects of various drugsmentioned in Sushruta Samhita, it is found that a vivid idea ofpharmacovigilance was present even in the Sushruta period. Theseaspects do not rest only with medicines but also foodstuffs that areconsumed daily. The knowledge about potable water suggests thatthere was public health awareness too.
The present review reports contraindications, possible adverse effectson Dosha, Dhatu, Mala, on organ due to due to improper administrationeffect of certain drugs.
This review article will be beneficial for consideration ofPathyaapathya (dietary and behavioral regimen) that must beadopted in daily routine.
THANKS