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© 2014 BAKER HUGHES INCORPORATED. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. TERMS AND CONDITIONS OF USE: BY ACCEPTING THIS DOCUMENT, THE RECIPIENT AGREES THAT THE DOCUMENT TOGETHER WITH ALL INFORMATION INCLUDED THEREIN IS THE

CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY PROPERTY OF BAKER HUGHES INCORPORATED AND INCLUDES VALUABLE TRADE SECRETS AND/OR PROPRIETARY INF ORMATION OF BAKER HUGHES (COLLECTIVELY " INFORMATION"). BAKER HUGHES RETAINS ALL RIGHTS

UNDER COPYRIGHT LAWS AND TRADE SECRET LAWS OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA AND OTHER COUNTRIES. THE RECIPIENT FURTHER AGREES TH AT THE DOCUMENT MAY NOT BE DISTRIBUTED, TRANSMITTED, COPIED OR REPRODUCED IN WHOLE OR

IN PART BY ANY MEANS, ELECTRONIC, MECHANICAL, OR OTHERWISE, WITHOUT THE EXPRESS PRIOR WRITTEN CONSENT OF BAKER HUGHES, AND MA Y NOT BE USED DIRECTLY OR INDIRECTLY IN ANY WAY DETRIMENTAL TO BAKER HUGHES’ INTEREST.

Analyzing the Correlations in Generalization of

the Reservoir Information in a Well Completion

Design Optimization using ICD’s along the

Horizontal section of a Wellbore

2014 DEVEX Conferences, Aberdeen, May 6th 2014

Morteza Akbari

6th and 7th May

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Introduction

EQUALIZERTM – Operating Envelope

EQUALIZERTM – Technology Portfolio

EQUALIZERTM – Design & Diagnostics Overview

EQUALIZERTM – Flow Performance Characteristics

EQUALIZERTM – Applications

￭ Key technical factors that are affecting the horizontal well completions

￭ Determining the potential actions to be taken in order to improve the influx and therefore

maximize the benefits of horizontal wells.

￭ Analyzing horizontal wells applications using a reservoir simulator in order to understand the well

completion effects on the reservoir behavior.

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Why do we need Flow Control Devices?

Optimum Deliverability

Barrier

UNEVEN PRODUCTION

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Challenges facing production from long horizontal wells

• Uneven pressure drawdown along the wellbore due to long horizontal section (heel to toe effect)

• Permeability heterogeneity along open hole section

• Different mobility ratios of oil, gas and water

• Reservoir pressure difference along open hole section

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Baker Hughes as an Industry Leader in ICD Installations

EQUALIZER Technology – Enhanced hydrocarbon recovery

by delaying the onset of water or gas breakthrough by equalizing inflow along the length of a long horizontal lateral section.

– Field Proven

– Over 3 million feet installed in sand control and non-sand control applications ￭ + 60,000 ICD Joints Downhole ￭ + 600 miles

– + 1000 wells world wide: ￭ Norway, Canada, Saudi Arabia,

Mexico, China, Russia, Indonesia, India, UAE, etc.

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© 2014 BAKER HUGHES INCORPORATED. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. TERMS AND CONDITIONS OF USE: BY ACCEPTING THIS DOCUMENT, THE RECIPIENT AGREES THAT THE DOCUMENT TOGETHER WITH ALL INFORMATION INCLUDED THEREIN IS THE

CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY PROPERTY OF BAKER HUGHES INCORPORATED AND INCLUDES VALUABLE TRADE SECRETS AND/OR PROPRIETARY INF ORMATION OF BAKER HUGHES (COLLECTIVELY " INFORMATION"). BAKER HUGHES RETAINS ALL RIGHTS

UNDER COPYRIGHT LAWS AND TRADE SECRET LAWS OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA AND OTHER COUNTRIES. THE RECIPIENT FURTHER AGREES TH AT THE DOCUMENT MAY NOT BE DISTRIBUTED, TRANSMITTED, COPIED OR REPRODUCED IN WHOLE OR

IN PART BY ANY MEANS, ELECTRONIC, MECHANICAL, OR OTHERWISE, WITHOUT THE EXPRESS PRIOR WRITTEN CONSENT OF BAKER HUGHES, AND MA Y NOT BE USED DIRECTLY OR INDIRECTLY IN ANY WAY DETRIMENTAL TO BAKER HUGHES’ INTEREST.

EQUALIZERTM Operating Envelope

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Uneven Production from a Horizontal Lateral

Sections of the lateral are favored for production due to the influence of: • Frictional pressure drop in the completion string • Variations in Kv and Kh along the wellbore • Variations in fluid composition and mobility • Non-uniform reservoir pressure along the lateral length

ΔP1 ΔP2

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Physical phenomena in Horizontal Well

The Challenge: Water / Gas / Steam Breakthrough

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© 2014 BAKER HUGHES INCORPORATED. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. TERMS AND CONDITIONS OF USE: BY ACCEPTING THIS DOCUMENT, THE RECIPIENT AGREES THAT THE DOCUMENT TOGETHER WITH ALL INFORMATION INCLUDED THEREIN IS THE

CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY PROPERTY OF BAKER HUGHES INCORPORATED AND INCLUDES VALUABLE TRADE SECRETS AND/OR PROPRIETARY INF ORMATION OF BAKER HUGHES (COLLECTIVELY " INFORMATION"). BAKER HUGHES RETAINS ALL RIGHTS

UNDER COPYRIGHT LAWS AND TRADE SECRET LAWS OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA AND OTHER COUNTRIES. THE RECIPIENT FURTHER AGREES TH AT THE DOCUMENT MAY NOT BE DISTRIBUTED, TRANSMITTED, COPIED OR REPRODUCED IN WHOLE OR

IN PART BY ANY MEANS, ELECTRONIC, MECHANICAL, OR OTHERWISE, WITHOUT THE EXPRESS PRIOR WRITTEN CONSENT OF BAKER HUGHES, AND MA Y NOT BE USED DIRECTLY OR INDIRECTLY IN ANY WAY DETRIMENTAL TO BAKER HUGHES’ INTEREST.

EQUALIZERTM Technology Portfolio

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EQUALIZER Technology Portfolio

ICD

(Inflow Control Device)

EQAULIZER Select

EQUALIZER HELIX

Non-Sand Control

(Consolidated Formation)

EQUALIZER-CF

Sand Control Screen Type

BakerWrap

Wrap-on-Pipe ScreenExcluder2000

Premium Mesh Screen

BakerWeld

Jacketed Sand Screen

Accessories

MTV

(Multi Tasking Valve)

MPas PackerRE Packer

(Reactive Element) Sliding Sleeve

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Types of Flow Control Devices

Frictional Geometry

Restriction Geometry

Autonomous Geometry

∆𝑃 =𝜌

2

𝑄

𝐴

2 ∝ 𝜌𝑄2

∆𝑃 =128𝜇𝐿𝑄

𝜋𝑑4 ∝ 𝜇𝑄

∆𝑃 ∝ 𝑎2𝑅𝑒𝑏2 +𝑎1𝑅𝑒𝑏1 + 𝑎2𝑅𝑒𝑏2

1 +𝑅𝑒𝑡

𝑐 𝑑

Big flow area, low velocity, viscosity sensitive

Small flow area, high velocity, partially viscosity insensitive

Varies; big flow area, low velocity, viscosity insensitive

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PICD Geometry Types

￭ EQUALIZER SELECT: Field-adjustable version of the

hybrid ICD. The desired flow restriction setting is controlled

by selection of the quadrant which is open for flow.

￭ EQUALIZER HELIX: Helical-channel PICD

design creates the desired flowing pressure loss

via friction as fluid passes through the channel(s).

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Visualizing the Flow Path

– Equalizer HELIX

– Equalizer SELECT

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What Do We Design For?

No plugging over the life of the well

Minimal or no erosion

Sufficient pressure drop to

equalize flow over well life

Greater economic efficiency

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Decision Making Process

Determine the need for Sand

Control

Establish Minimum Number of

Flow Control Devices using

Critical Velocity

Determine Screen/Barrier

Length

Establish Maximum Number of

Devices using Performance

Curves

Determine Packer

Number and Placement

Model Performance over the Life of the Well

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The Need for Modeling

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ICD completion design requires careful modeling of several

parameters including:

• Fluid saturations • Variations in fluid properties • Reservoir pressure • Production drawdown • Flow rates at the sand face and into the completion • Variances in permeability along length of the wellbore • Maximum flow rate per joint to not exceed the erosion velocity • Minimum flow rate per joint to promote flow control • Minimum pressure drop through the completion to control the reservoir fluids • Effect of compartmentalization of the pay zone

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Compartmentalization in ICD completions

Heterogeneity and ICD completion design

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© 2014 BAKER HUGHES INCORPORATED. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. TERMS AND CONDITIONS OF USE: BY ACCEPTING THIS DOCUMENT, THE RECIPIENT AGREES THAT THE DOCUMENT TOGETHER WITH ALL INFORMATION INCLUDED THEREIN IS THE

CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY PROPERTY OF BAKER HUGHES INCORPORATED AND INCLUDES VALUABLE TRADE SECRETS AND/OR PROPRIETARY INF ORMATION OF BAKER HUGHES (COLLECTIVELY " INFORMATION"). BAKER HUGHES RETAINS ALL RIGHTS

UNDER COPYRIGHT LAWS AND TRADE SECRET LAWS OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA AND OTHER COUNTRIES. THE RECIPIENT FURTHER AGREES TH AT THE DOCUMENT MAY NOT BE DISTRIBUTED, TRANSMITTED, COPIED OR REPRODUCED IN WHOLE OR

IN PART BY ANY MEANS, ELECTRONIC, MECHANICAL, OR OTHERWISE, WITHOUT THE EXPRESS PRIOR WRITTEN CONSENT OF BAKER HUGHES, AND MA Y NOT BE USED DIRECTLY OR INDIRECTLY IN ANY WAY DETRIMENTAL TO BAKER HUGHES’ INTEREST.

EQUALIZERTM Flow Performance Characteristics

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Appropriate ICD type selection based on anticipated flow characteristics

The reservoir fluid type would determine which flow performance characteristic must be

used

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Adjustable Hybrid Design Flow Performance Characteristic

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Low flow velocity design and high flow area to avoid erosion & plugging issues

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The Flow Resistance Rating impact on the flow performance

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© 2014 BAKER HUGHES INCORPORATED. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. TERMS AND CONDITIONS OF USE: BY ACCEPTING THIS DOCUMENT, THE RECIPIENT AGREES THAT THE DOCUMENT TOGETHER WITH ALL INFORMATION INCLUDED THEREIN IS THE

CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY PROPERTY OF BAKER HUGHES INCORPORATED AND INCLUDES VALUABLE TRADE SECRETS AND/OR PROPRIETARY INF ORMATION OF BAKER HUGHES (COLLECTIVELY " INFORMATION"). BAKER HUGHES RETAINS ALL RIGHTS

UNDER COPYRIGHT LAWS AND TRADE SECRET LAWS OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA AND OTHER COUNTRIES. THE RECIPIENT FURTHER AGREES TH AT THE DOCUMENT MAY NOT BE DISTRIBUTED, TRANSMITTED, COPIED OR REPRODUCED IN WHOLE OR

IN PART BY ANY MEANS, ELECTRONIC, MECHANICAL, OR OTHERWISE, WITHOUT THE EXPRESS PRIOR WRITTEN CONSENT OF BAKER HUGHES, AND MA Y NOT BE USED DIRECTLY OR INDIRECTLY IN ANY WAY DETRIMENTAL TO BAKER HUGHES’ INTEREST.

EQUALIZERTM Applications

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A Variety of Applications

￭ Reservoir type: sandstone &

carbonate

￭Well Type: producer & injector &

storage wells

￭ Fluid Type: oil & gas

￭ Completion type: Standalone or

Gravel pack

￭ Single or Multi lateral

￭Well Deviation: horizontal or vertical

(long interval – thickness and high

permeability contrast)

￭ SAGD

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Single lateral Sandstone – Water Control ICD Controlling water in Oil producer in a sandstone formation

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Single lateral Sandstone – Water/Gas Control ICD controlling water and gas in Oil producer

1600’ horizontal

3200’ horizontal

6400’ horizontal Standard

Screen PICD

Standard Screen

PICD

Standard Screen

PICD

Standard Screen

PICD

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Questions ???