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Push the mouse’s left button to advance
Eric ChubbJason Otto
27 Questions. Approximately 35 minutes to complete.
Alright. You must have left clicked your mouse.When you left click the mouse you advance through the show. Push it now.When you’re prepared to go on, left click the mouse. When you see a button or multiple choice question, then you will use the mouse to left click your answer.Here, try it.A. Left-click meB. Bla bla bla
Left-click your
answer
Left-click your
answer
Left-click your
answer
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answer
Click me if you already
know how to control the workshow
Here, try it.A. CoolB. Bla bla bla
When you get the right answer, you will continue by clicking the mouse again. Do this now.
We will be examining:
stimulus discrimination,stimulus generalization gradients,and everything elserelating to
Stimulus Generalization
Stimulus discrimination review
Responding occurs more frequently in the presence of one stimulus andless frequently in the presence of another stimulus.
Stimulus Discrimination:
So organisms respond to different stimuli in different
ways.
Young Rod loves animal crackers, especiallythe elephants. He sorts through the animal crackers his mother gives him and picks out
all of the elephants to eat.
Does his picking only the elephants demonstrate stimulus discrimination?A.YesB.No
Left-click your
answer
Left-click your
answer
Left-click your
answer
Young Rod loves animal crackers, especiallythe elephants. He sorts through the animal crackers his mother gives him and picks out
all of the elephants to eat.
Does his picking only the elephants demonstrate stimulus discrimination?A.YesB.No
When he picks just the elephants, his picking behavior is under the stimulus control of the shape
of cookie.
Left-click your
answer
Left-click your
answer
Left-click your
answer
Young Rod loves animal crackers, especiallythe elephants. He sorts through the animal crackers his mother gives him and picks out
all of the elephants to eat.
Does his picking only the elephants demonstrate stimulus discrimination?A.YesB.No
Excellent!Rod is discriminating between the various
shapes of the crackers.
When Rod’s mother picks him up from his after-school day care, she notices that he never has a problem picking his shoes out from the giant pile of children’s shoes.
Does Rod’s ability to pick out his shoes demonstrate stimulus discrimination?A.YesB.No
Left-click your
answer
Left-click your
answer
Left-click your
answer
Does Rod’s ability to pick out his shoes demonstrate stimulus discrimination?A.YesB.No
Left-click your
answer
Left-click your
answerLeft-click your
answer
When Rod’s mother picks him up from his after-school day care, she notices that he never has a problem picking his shoes out from the giant pile of children’s shoes.Sorry,
but if you reread the text you’ll see that
Rod is discriminating.
Try again
When Rod’s mother picks him up from his after-school day care, she notices that he never has a problem picking his shoes out from the giant pile of children’s shoes.
Does Rod’s ability to pick out his shoes demonstrate stimulus discrimination?A.YesB.No
Correct,Rod is
discriminating between his shoes and the other kids
shoes.
Dawn took away Rod’s favorite toy because he was making messes. Rod got upset and for the rest of the day he would make mean faces at Dawn and any other woman he saw.
Do Rod’s facial gestures at all of the women and Dawn demonstrate stimulus discrimination?A.YesB.No
Left-click your
answer
Left-click your
answerLeft-click
your answer
DawnDawn
Dawn took away Rod’s favorite toy because he was making messes. Rod got upset and for the rest of the day he would make mean faces at Dawn and any other woman he saw.
Do Rod’s facial gestures at all of the women and Dawn demonstrate stimulus discrimination?A.YesB.No
Left-click your
answer
Left-click your
answer
Left-click your
answer
DawnDawn
We wish he were discriminating, but he isn’t. Otherwise
he would only make those mean faces at his mother and not the rest of us.
Try again.
Dawn took away Rod’s favorite toy because he was making messes. Rod got upset and for the rest of the day he would make mean faces at Dawn and any other woman he saw.
Do Rod’s facial gestures at all of the women and Dawn demonstrate stimulus discrimination?A.YesB.No
DawnDawn
Good job,Rod wasn’t
discriminating and now we’ll take a look at what he
was doing. Please arrow forward.
Stimulus generalization review
The behavioral contingencies in the presence of one stimulus affects the frequency of the response in the presence of another stimulus.
Stimulus Generalization:
Soan organism
is responding to different stimuli in the same
way.
So when a stimulus generalizes, there is a failure to discriminate between two or more different stimuli. And an organism responds to physically similar stimuli in the same way.This is what Rod was doing when
he made faces at all of the other women and not just Dawn, even though they were all different.
Which answer best represents Rod’s reactionsto the other women and his mother?A.Much stimulus generalizationB.Much stimulus discrimination
In Rod’s case, the concept of Dawn (a female) generalized to all other women. He was not discriminating Dawn from any other woman he saw, so he made faces at all of them.
Left-click your answer
Left-click your
answer
Left-click your
answer
Which answer best represents Rod’s reactionsto the other women and his mother?A.Much stimulus generalizationB.Much stimulus discrimination
Left-click your
answer
Left-click your
answer
In Rod’s case, the concept of Dawn (a female) generalized to all other women. He was not discriminating Dawn from any other woman he saw, so he made faces at all of them. Sorry,
but if you reread the text you’ll see that Rod is
not discriminating.
Try again
Left-click your
answer
In Rod’s case, the concept of Dawn (a female) generalized to all other women. He was not discriminating Dawn from any other woman he saw, so he made faces at all of them.
Which answer best represents Rod’s reactionsto the other women and his mother?A.Much stimulus generalizationB.Much stimulus discrimination
GREAT JOB!!Always
remember that generalizing is the opposite of discriminating.
Young Rod has a dog named Chester.Whenever Rod sees another dog,he always says “Chester”.
Does Rod’s calling all dogs “Chester”demonstrate stimulus generalization?
Chester!!!
A. YesB. No
Left-click your
answer
Left-click your
answerLeft-click
your answer
Young Rod has a dog named Chester.Whenever Rod sees another dog,he always says “Chester”.
Does Rod’s calling all dogs “Chester”demonstrate stimulus generalization?
Chester!!!
A. YesB. No
Left-click your
answer
Left-click your
answer
Left-click your
answer
Sorry that’s wrong. The behavioral
contingencies in the presence of Chester
are affecting the frequency of Rod’s
responses when he is in the presence of
other dogs.
Young Rod has a dog named Chester.Whenever Rod sees another dog,he always says “Chester”.
Does Rod’s calling all dogs “Chester”demonstrate stimulus generalization?
Chester!!!
A. YesB. No
Excellent!!!This is clearly an
example of stimulus
generalization at work. Arrow forward to continue.
A. YesB. No
Whenever Rod goes to take his nap in his pre-school class, he sometimes grabs other students’ blankets and not his own blankie.
Does Rod’s accidental theft of the other kid’s blankets demonstrate stimulus generalization?
RO
D
Left-click your
answer
Left-click your
answer
Left-click your
answer
A. YesB. No
Whenever Rod goes to take his nap in his pre-school class, he sometimes grabs other students’ blankets and not his own blankie.
Does Rod’s accidental theft of the other kid’s blankets demonstrate stimulus generalization?
RO
D
Left-click your
answer
Left-click your
answer
Left-click your
answer
Sorry chief, but Rod would be
discriminating if he could pick out his
blankie, but he can’t.So is he generalizing?
A. YesB. No
Whenever Rod goes to take his nap in his pre-school class, he sometimes grabs other students’ blankets and not his own blankie.
Does Rod’s accidental theft of the other kid’s blankets demonstrate stimulus generalization?
RO
D
Right on!!!Did anyone ever tell you
that you might make a fine
Behavior Analyst?
A. YesB. No
ROD JUAN ANGELIQUE
When Rod is finally done with a tough day of pre-school, he goes to his cubbyhole and grabs his bear. He never has a problem picking out his cubbyhole from all of the others.
Does Rod’s mastery of finding his cubbyhole demonstrate stimulus generalization?
Left-click your
answer
Left-click your
answer
Left-click your
answer
A. YesB. No
ROD JUAN ANGELIQUE
When Rod is finally done with a tough day of pre-school, he goes to his cubbyhole and grabs his bear. He never has a problem picking out his cubbyhole from all of the others.
Does Rod’s mastery of finding his cubbyhole demonstrate stimulus generalization?
Left-click your
answer
Left-click your
answer
Nope, if Rod can pick his cubbyhole
and not pick others, then he is
making a discrimination, not a generalization.
Try again.
A. YesB. No
ROD JUAN ANGELIQUE
When Rod is finally done with a tough day of pre-school, he goes to his cubbyhole and grabs his bear. He never has a problem picking out his cubbyhole from all of the others.
Does Rod’s mastery of finding his cubbyhole demonstrate stimulus generalization?
Yes!! This is clearly an
example of a discrimination.
Let’s keep going.
Stimulus Generalization Experiment
Once upon a time,two psychologists named
Kalish and Guttmandecided to experiment and find out how generalization works.
Generalization
Hmm Guttman, maybe we should take this one to the Skinner box. Let’s get to work.
Discrimination
Training PhaseFirst, they intermittently reinforced the key pecks of a pigeon.
This means that they only occasionally followed the key peck with a reinforcer.
So we reinforce thekey peck, but not after each time the pigeon pecks the key. We used a variable-interval schedule.
A. ReinforcerB. No reinforcerC. It’s random, so I can’t predict
Okay, by looking at the chart showing a variable (random) schedule, what do you think would happen for key Peck #8?
Key peck #1 ReinforcerKey peck #2 No reinforcerKey peck #3 No reinforcerKey peck #4 No reinforcerKey peck #5 ReinforcerKey peck #6 No reinforcerKey peck #7 ReinforcerKey peck #8 ?
What would follow key peck #8?Left-click your
answerLeft-click
your answerLeft-click
your answer
A. ReinforcerB. No reinforcerC. It’s random, so I can’t predict
Nice try, but think about what the best
option is. Remember, that this
is a variable schedule we are
dealing with.
Key peck #1 ReinforcerKey peck #2 No reinforcerKey peck #3 No reinforcerKey peck #4 No reinforcerKey peck #5 ReinforcerKey peck #6 No reinforcerKey peck #7 ReinforcerKey peck #8 ?
What would follow key peck #8?Left-click your
answerLeft-click
your answerLeft-click
your answer
A. ReinforcerB. No reinforcerC. It’s random, so I can’t predict
Nope, look at the chart and see if it fits any schedule of reinforcement.Then try again.
Key peck #1 ReinforcerKey peck #2 No reinforcerKey peck #3 No reinforcerKey peck #4 No reinforcerKey peck #5 ReinforcerKey peck #6 No reinforcerKey peck #7 ReinforcerKey peck #8 ?
What would follow key peck #8?Left-click your
answerLeft-click
your answerLeft-click
your answer
A. ReinforcerB. No reinforcerC. It’s random, so I can’t predict
That’s great.Since it is an intermittent schedule,
either of the two conditions could
follow the key peck.
Key peck #1 ReinforcerKey peck #2 No reinforcerKey peck #3 No reinforcerKey peck #4 No reinforcerKey peck #5 ReinforcerKey peck #6 No reinforcerKey peck #7 ReinforcerKey peck #8 ?
What would follow key peck #8?
You’ll learn more about schedules like a variable interval
schedule later this semester, but for now
just know that the pigeon pecked the key many more times than it received reinforcers, and that the reinforcers
were delivered randomly.
The Training Stimulus During the training
phase, Kalish and Guttman intermittently reinforced the key pecks only in the presence of a training stimulus-
a yellow-green light projected in the Skinner box.
TRAININGSTIMULUS
When the yellow-green
light was off, key pecks were
never reinforced.
The Training Stimulus During the training
phase, Kalish and Guttman intermittently reinforced the key pecks only in the presence of a training stimulus-
a yellow-green light projected in the Skinner box.
TRAININGSTIMULUS
Did we reinforce every key peck when
the training stimulus was presented?
Yes or No
Left-click your
answer
Left-click your
answerLeft-click
your answer
The Training Stimulus During the training
phase, Kalish and Guttman intermittently reinforced the key pecks only in the presence of a training stimulus-
a yellow-green light projected in the Skinner box.
TRAININGSTIMULUS
Left-click your
answer
Left-click your
answer
Left-click your
answer
Did we reinforce every key peck when
the training stimulus was presented?
Yes or No
Since we this was an intermittent reinforcement
procedure, we did not reinforce every
key peck.
The Training Stimulus During the training
phase, Kalish and Guttman intermittently reinforced the key pecks only in the presence of a training stimulus-
a yellow-green light projected in the Skinner box.
TRAININGSTIMULUS
Wonderful!!You are
absolutelycorrect.
Now let’s examine this in
more detail.
The Training Stimulus Because they
only occasionally reinforced key pecks in the presence of the training stimulus,
TRAININGSTIMULUS
Note that this is not a standard
discrimination training procedure,
where we would reinforce most of the
responses in the presence of the
stimulus.
most of the total key pecks did notget reinforced.
You’ll see that in the next stage of the experiment key pecks won’t be reinforced.
The intermittent schedule also makes the key pecks more resistant to extinction (it will take more unreinforced key pecks to reduce key pecking). And the experimenters did not want the key peck response to be too sensitive to extinction.
Now suppose you are in the rat lab and, in the presence of the light, you only reinforce chain pulls with water sometimes (but not always).
A. YesB. No
Left-click your
answer
During extinction, would chain pulling be more resistant to extinction if you reinforced each and every chain pull?
Now suppose you are in the rat lab and, in the presence of the light, you only reinforce chain pulls with water sometimes (but not always).
A. YesB. No
During extinction, would chain pulling be more resistant to extinction if you reinforced each and every chain pull?
Sorry my friend, but reinforcing each and every chain pull in
training would allow the stimulus conditions in training and
extinction to be so different that the behavior would not be very
resistant to extinction.
During extinction, would chain pulling be more resistant to extinction if you reinforced each and every chain pull?A. YesB. No
Now suppose you are in the rat lab and, in the presence of the light, you only reinforce chain pulls with water sometimes (but not always).Good analysis, now
how about another one.
Now suppose you are in the rat lab and, in the presence of the light, you reinforce each and every chain pull with water.
A. MoreB. Less
Left-click your
answer
During extinction, would chain pulling be more or less resistant to extinction if you reinforced chain pulls only once in a while?
During extinction, would chain pulling be more or less resistant to extinction if you reinforced chain pulls only once in a while?A. MoreB. Less
Now suppose you are in the rat lab and, in the presence of the light, you reinforce each and every chain pull with water.
Sorry my friend, but reinforcing few of the chain pulls in training would allow the stimulus conditions in training and
extinction to be so similar that the behavior would be more resistant to
extinction.
Now suppose you are in the rat lab and, in the presence of the light, you reinforce each and every chain pull with water.
A. MoreB. Less
During extinction, would chain pulling be more or less resistant to extinction if you reinforced chain pulls only once in a while?
Good analysis, continuous reinforcement makes behavior less resistant to extinction than intermittent reinforcement. The more the training procedure is similar to extinction, the longer it takes to extinguish the response
Training Procedure
Behavior
The pigeonpecks the key.
After
The pigeonhas food.
TrainingStimulus
?
Before
The pigeonhas no food.
What was the training stimulus?
A. The presentation of any lightB. The intermittent presentation of the reinforcerC.
A light with the color dimension of yellow-green
Left-click your
answer
Left-click your
answer
Left-click your
answer
A. The presentation of any lightB. The intermittent presentation of the reinforcerC.
A light with the color dimension of yellow-green
Training Procedure
Behavior
The pigeonpecks the key.
After
The pigeonhas food.
TrainingStimulus
?
Before
The pigeonhas no food.
What was the training stimulus?
Left-click your
answer
Left-click your
answer
Left-click your
answer
The presentation of a light was
part of the training
stimulus, but we wanted to train a specific color as
an SD. Try again.
A. The presentation of any lightB. The intermittent presentation of the reinforcerC.
A light with the color dimension of yellow-green
Training Procedure
Behavior
The pigeonpecks the key.
After
The pigeonhas food.
TrainingStimulus
?
Before
The pigeonhas no food.
What was the training stimulus?
Left-click your
answer
Left-click your
answer
Left-click your
answer
The presentation of the reinforcer was how they established
stimulus control by the
training stimulus.
A. The presentation of any lightB. The intermittent presentation of the reinforcerC. A light with the color dimension of yellow-
green
Training Procedure
Behavior
The pigeonpecks the key.
After
The pigeonhas food.
TrainingStimulus
Yellow-Green Light
Before
The pigeonhas no food.
What was the training stimulus?
Good answer,the pigeons were
trained on the color dimension of the light. Keep going and we will show
you why we did this.
The Testing Procedure
Once they had thepigeon respondingreliably in the presenceof the yellow-green light, Kalish and Guttman tested for stimulus generalization.
Generalization Discrimination
What’s our next
step, Guttman?
Well old friend,it’s time to test
for stimulus generalization by
using an extinction procedure.
By testing for stimulus
generalization, we mean we’ll present other colors to see
how often the pigeon pecks the
key.
They used intermittent reinforcement in the training phase and extinction in the testing phase.
A. So responding would reduce quickly while they presented the other colorsB. So responding would still occur to some extent, even though they weren’t reinforced
Left-click your
answer
Left-click your
answer
Left-click your
answer
Why did they want the key pecks to be resistant to extinction for testing?
They used intermittent reinforcement in the training phase and extinction in the testing phase.
A. So responding would reduce quickly while they presented the other colorsB. So responding would still occur to some extent, even though they weren’t reinforced
Left-click your
answer
Left-click your
answer
Why did they want the key pecks to be resistant to extinction for testing?
Sorry, but they need to have some responding, some
resistance to extinction in order
to measure stimulus
generalization.
Left-click your
answer
They used intermittent reinforcement in the training phase and extinction in the testing phase.
A. So responding would reduce quickly while they presented the other colorsB. So responding would still occur to some extent, even though they weren’t reinforced
Why did they want the key pecks to be resistant to extinction for testing?
Right on, they need to have some responding, some
resistance to extinction in order
to measure stimulus
generalization.
The Testing StimuliThey used a range of colors from blueto red to test the pigeon. Blue and redare the two colors least similar to the training stimulus out of all the colors presented.
Trainingstimulus
The Testing StimuliThis was the stimulus in the presence of which key pecks were reinforced.
Trainingstimulus
The Testing StimuliThen, during testing, all of the colors were presented one by one, by themselves, and no pecks were reinforced.
Trainingstimulus
The pigeon had previously been exposed to only one of the colors of the testing stimuli, the training color (yellow-green).
They presented the testing stimuli (the colors from blue to red, including yellow-green), in a random sequence.
A. The pigeon had not seen any of the colorsB. The pigeon had seen only one of the colorsC. The pigeon had seen all of the colors
Left-click your
answer
Left-click your
answer
Left-click your
answer
Prior to testing, which of the following was true?
A. The pigeon had not seen any of the colorsB. The pigeon had seen only one of the colorsC. The pigeon had seen all of the colors
Left-click your
answer
Left-click your
answer
The pigeon had previously been exposed to only one of the colors of the testing stimuli, the training color (yellow-green).
They presented the testing stimuli (the colors from blue to red, including yellow-green), in a random sequence.Prior to testing, which of the following was true?
Sorry, but the pigeon had
been exposed to at least one of the colors,
as indicated by including the
training stimulus as part of the
testing stimulus.
A. The pigeon had not seen any of the colorsB. The pigeon had seen only one of the colorsC. The pigeon had seen all of the colors
Left-click your
answer
Left-click your
answer
The pigeon had previously been exposed to only one of the colors of the testing stimuli, the training color (yellow-green).
They presented the testing stimuli (the colors from blue to red, including yellow-green), in a random sequence.Prior to testing, which of the following was true?
You might want to try again, this time pay attention to
how we presented the
testing and training stimuli.
A. The pigeon had not seen any of the colorsB. The pigeon had seen only one of the colorsC. The pigeon had seen all of the colors
The pigeon had previously been exposed to only one of the colors of the testing stimuli, the training color (yellow-green).
They presented the testing stimuli (the colors from blue to red, including yellow-green), in a random sequence.
That’s great!!!Kalish and I love to work with brilliant
students. Let’s move on and make you a little more brilliant.
Prior to testing, which of the following was true?
Stimulus generalization: The behavioral contingencies in the
presence of one stimulus affects the frequency of the response in the presence of another stimulus.
If we examine our definition ofstimulus generalization again, we can understand why they designedthe study this way.
In this experiment, the definition would be written like this:
So reinforcing key pecks in the presence of the yellow-green light affected the frequency of key pecks in the presence of other colors. But the key pecks in the presence of those other test colors do NOT occur because they were reinforced in the presence of those test colors.
The behavioral contingencies (no food key peck food)in the presence of the yellow-green lightaffects the frequency of the key peckin the presence of any of the other testing colors.
They only reinforced key pecks in the presence of the training stimulus, because if theyhad reinforced key pecks in the presence of all of the colors, then they could not be certain if the responses to the test colorswere due to reinforcement in the presence of these colors OR due to stimulus generalization.A.
Because of the history of reinforcement in the presence of the yellow-green training stimulus, or
B. Because of the history of reinforcement in the presence of those other testing colors
In the study, did the presentation of the colors other than yellow-green evoke a response……
Left-click your
answer
A. Because of the history of reinforcement in the presence of the yellow-green training stimulus, or
B. Because of the history of reinforcement in the presence of those other testing colors
In the study, did the presentation of the colors other than yellow-green evoke a response……
They only reinforced key pecks in the presence of the training stimulus, because if theyhad reinforced key pecks in the presence of all of the colors, then they could not be certain if the responses to the test colorswere due to reinforcement in the presence of these colors OR due to stimulus generalization.
We only reinforced pecks in the presence of the training stimulus and
never reinforced pecks in the presence of the other test colors. If
we had reinforced pecks in the presence of the other colors, then we
would not be able to know if generalization was occurring. Left-click
your answerLeft-click
your answer
A. Because of the history of reinforcement in the presence of the yellow-green training stimulus, or
B. Because of the history of reinforcement in the presence of those other testing colors
In the study, did the presentation of the colors other than yellow-green evoke a response……
They only reinforced key pecks in the presence of the training stimulus, because if theyhad reinforced key pecks in the presence of all of the colors, then they could not be certain if the responses to the test colorswere due to reinforcement in the presence of these colors OR due to stimulus generalization.
Good answer!!Good answer!!We designed the study this We designed the study this way, so that we could be way, so that we could be
certain that we were certain that we were studying stimulus studying stimulus
generalization.generalization.Keep going.Keep going.
Now suppose that you were presentingthe yellow light to the pigeon,and it responded by pecking the key in the presence of the yellow light.
Is this an example of stimulus generalization?A. Yes or B. No
(after it had been trained with the yellow-green light)
Left-click your
answer
Left-click your
answer
Left-click your
answerTrainingstimulus
Reinforcedkey pecks
No Reinforcedkey pecks
Trainingstimulus
Reinforcedkey pecks
No Reinforcedkey pecks
Now suppose that you were presentingthe yellow light to the pigeon,and it responded by pecking the key in the presence of the yellow light.
Is this an example of stimulus generalization?A. Yes or B. No
Left-click your
answer
Left-click your
answer
Left-click your
answer
Pecking in the presence of the yellow light would represent a lack of discrimination, because
we had only reinforced key pecks in the presence of the
yellow-green light and none in the presence of the yellow light.
What is the opposite of discrimination?
Trainingstimulus
Reinforcedkey pecks
No Reinforcedkey pecks
Now suppose that you were presentingthe yellow light to the pigeon,and it responded by pecking the key in the presence of the yellow light.
Is this an example of stimulus generalization?A. Yes or B. No
That’s right.The stimulus generalized from the training color to the testing color, so the pigeon responded to the
yellow testing light.Now let’s move on, this giant pigeon is scaring
me.
Now suppose that you were presentingthe yellow light to the pigeon,and it responded by pecking the key in the presence of the yellow light.
A. Yes or B. No
Left-click your
answer
Left-click your
answer
Left-click your
answerWait a minute Kalish, there is a little more to
it than that.
What about responding to the light
onset? Doesn’t that mean a discrimination
was being made between responding in the presence of light and responding when no light was present?
Now suppose that you were presentingthe yellow light to the pigeon,and it responded by pecking the key in the presence of the yellow light.
A. Yes or B. No
Left-click your
answer
Left-click your
answer
Left-click your
answer
The pigeon is only making the response when light is
presented and doesn’t respond when it is absent.
So key pecking is under discriminative stimulus
control of light on and light off. But the pigeon pecks the key in the presence of
colors that were never presented, so that shows stimulus generalization,
right?
You may want to consider Guttman’s question like this.
Although the pigeon is generalizing between the colors of light, it is also discriminating between
when any light is present and when there is no
light.
A. Yes or B. No
Good job!!!! The pigeon discriminated between the light being on versus the light being off. This is the stimulus discrimination
component of the response. The stimulus
generalization component dealt with the color
dimension of the light we presented.
When dealing with stimulus generalization, the organism
discriminates between concepts (sets of stimuli
similar along physical dimensions- like the color of
the light) and generalizes within the concept
(responding to untrained colors as well as the training
color).
So what you two geniuses are talking about is the fact that there is typically at
least some discrimination and
generalization occurring in these
situations?
That’s right giant
pigeon!!!!Kalish, I think
it’s time to move on.
They used an extinction procedure during the test phase.
This means that no
key pecks were reinforced in the presence of any of the colors.
COLOR Key Peck Reinforced?
Orange 1 NO
Yellow-green
2 NO
Blue 3 NO
Red 4 ?
Is the key peck for the red stimulus reinforced?A. YesB. No
Left-click your
answerLeft-click
your answer
Left-click your
answer
A. YesB. No
Is the key peck for the red stimulus reinforced?
COLOR Key Peck Reinforced?
Orange 1 NO
Yellow-green
2 NO
Blue 3 NO
Red 4 ?
They used an extinction procedure during the test phase.
This means that no
key pecks were reinforced in the presence of any of the colors.
Left-click your
answerLeft-click
your answer
Left-click your
answer
Sorry, but the key peck would not be reinforced,
because this is an extinction procedure.
A. YesB. No
They used an extinction procedure during the test phase.
This means that no
key pecks were reinforced in the presence of any of the colors.
Is the key peck for the red stimulus reinforced?
COLOR Key Peck Reinforced?
Orange 1 NO
Yellow-green
2 NO
Blue 3 NO
Red 4 ?Good job!!!The key peck is not reinforced, because the
testing was done under extinction.
Testing Procedure
Behavior
The pigeonpecks the key.
After
The pigeon has no food.
TestingStimulus
?
Before
The pigeonhas no food.
What were the testing stimuli?A. The yellow-green lightB.
Any one of the light colors besides yellow-greenC. Any one of the light colors
Left-click your
answer
Left-click your
answer
Left-click your
answer
A. The yellow-green lightB.
Any one of the light colors besides yellow-greenC. Any one of the light colors
Testing Procedure
Behavior
The pigeonpecks the key.
After
The pigeonhas no food.
TestingStimulus
?
Before
The pigeonhas no food.
What were the testing stimuli?
Left-click your
answer
Left-click your
answer
Left-click your
answer
Sorry, but that is not the only
testing stimulus, please try
again.
A. The yellow-green lightB. Any one of the light colors besides yellow-
greenC. Any one of the light colors
Testing Procedure
Behavior
The pigeonpecks the key.
After
The pigeonhas no food.
TestingStimulus
?
Before
The pigeonhas no food.
What were the testing stimuli?
Left-click your
answer
Left-click your
answer
Left-click your
answer
Sorry, but the those weren’t all of the colors that the testing stimuli was composed of.
A. The yellow-green lightB.
Any one of the light colors besides yellow-greenC. Any one of the light colors
Testing Procedure
Behavior
The pigeonpecks the key.
After
The pigeonHas no food.
TestingStimulus
?
Before
The pigeonhas no food.
What were the testing stimuli?
Excellent choice!!! We tested all of the colors to see how they would
generalize.
Testing Procedure
Behavior
The pigeonpecks the key.
After
TestingStimulus
Any one of the light colors
Before
The pigeonhas no food.
What was the testing procedure?A. Intermittent reinforcementB. Extinction
Left-click your
answer
Left-click your
answer
Left-click your
answer
Testing Procedure
Behavior
The pigeonpecks the key.
After
The pigeonhas no food.
TestingStimulus
?
Before
The pigeonhas no food.
Left-click your
answer
Left-click your
answer
Left-click your
answer
Sorry, but that only occurs in
TRAINING. Please try
again.
What was the testing procedure?A. Intermittent reinforcementB. Extinction
Testing Procedure
Behavior
The pigeonpecks the key.
After
The pigeonhas no food.
TestingStimulus
?
Before
The pigeonhas no food.
Left-click your
answer
Left-click your
answer
Left-click your
answer
Yep, there’s no reinforcers delivered
AT ALL during testing; they delivered
reinforcers in the prior TRAINING condition.
What was the testing procedure?A. Intermittent reinforcementB. Extinction
ResultsThe pigeons made fewer and
fewer responses as the colors we presented got increasingly
different from the yellow-green
light we trained them on.
The pigeons respondedthe most in the presence of the yellow-green light, less with the yellow light, even less with the orange light
andthe least with the red light.
Can you tell us in the presence of what color the
pigeon responded the most?
Yellow-GreenRed
Left-click your
answer
Left-click your
answer
Results If you recall, my friend was just talking about how responding
occurs more often with the yellow-green and less with the red
colored light.
Almost, but remember the
distribution of colors that we looked at
earlier.Left-click
your answerLeft-click
your answerLeft-click
your answer
Yellow-GreenRed
ResultsNow let’s take a look at a graph, so you can see what
we are talking about.
To the data, Kalish!!!
That’s good, we are just testing you to make sure that you are still with
us.
Yellow-GreenRed
050
100150200250300
Number of Key Pecks
Test Colors
Stimulus Generalization
050
100150200250300
Number of Key Pecks
Test Colors
Stimulus Generalization
050
100150200250300
Number of Key Pecks
Test Colors
Stimulus Generalization
050
100150200250300
Number of Key Pecks
Test Colors
Stimulus Generalization
050
100150200250300
Number of Key Pecks
Test Colors
Stimulus Generalization
050
100150200250300
Number of Key Pecks
Test Colors
Stimulus Generalization
050
100150200250300
Number of Key Pecks
Test Colors
Stimulus Generalization
050
100150200250300
Number of Key Pecks
Test Colors
Stimulus Generalization
050
100150200250300
Number of Key Pecks
Test Colors
Stimulus Generalization
050
100150200250300
Number of Key Pecks
Test Colors
Stimulus Generalization
050
100150200250300
Number of Key Pecks
Test Colors
Stimulus Generalization
This responding is what you
usually get with a
stimulus generalization
experiment. Yes, you can see that as the stimulus
changes in color, the responding rates
change also.
So the more the stimuli differ from
the training stimulus, the less
the amount of generalization and
the greater the discrimination.
This is called a stimulus
generalization gradient. It
shows us how responding is affected by
changes in a property of the stimulus, like
color.
Which colors were the
pigeons able to discriminate the most from
the training color?
Blue and RedGreen and Red
Yellow-Green and Blue
Left-click your
answer
Left-click your
answer
050
100150200250300
Number of Key Pecks
Test Colors
Stimulus Generalization
Once again, the more different the two
stimuli are, the lessthe generalization and the greater the
discrimination.
The yellow-green color was
the training stimulus, we want to know
which colors are the most easily discriminated
from it.
Left-click your
answer
Left-click your
answerBlue and RedGreen and Red
Yellow-Green and Blue
050
100150200250300
Number of Key Pecks
Test Colors
Stimulus Generalization
Still, the more different the two
stimuli are, the lessthe generalization and the greater the
discrimination.
Sorry, take a closer look at the graph and
think about what Guttman keeps saying.
Left-click your
answer
Left-click your
answerBlue and RedGreen and Red
Yellow-Green and Blue
050
100150200250300
Number of Key Pecks
Test Colors
Stimulus Generalization
Very impressive!
If you look at the arrows, you can see
how the response rates
are lower.
That’s right
Guttman. The responses are less
frequent as the colors got
increasingly different from yellow-green.
Blue and RedGreen and Red
Yellow-Green and Blue
05
10152025
Number of Responses
Blue
Gre
en
Yello
w
Ora
nge
Red
Color/Stimulus
BlueGreenYellowOrangeRed
A. Much generalization and little discriminationB. Little generalization and much discriminationC. None of the above
Left-click your
answer
Left-click your
answer
Assuming we reinforced key pecks only in the presence of the color yellow, what does this distribution best represent?
05
10152025
Number of Responses
Blue
Gre
en
Yello
w
Ora
nge
Red
Color/Stimulus
BlueGreenYellowOrangeRed
Sorry, but it is one of the two options.
Left-click your
answer
Left-click your
answer
A. Much generalization and little discriminationB. Little generalization and much discriminationC. None of the above
Assuming we reinforced key pecks only in the presence of the color yellow, what does this distribution best represent?
05
10152025
Number of Responses
Blue
Gre
en
Yello
w
Ora
nge
Red
Color/Stimulus
BlueGreenYellowOrangeRed
If there were more stimulus
generalization, then the response rates for
the other colors would be closer to the
rates for the color yellow.
Left-click your
answerLeft-click
your answer
A. Much generalization and little discriminationB. Little generalization and much discriminationC. None of the above
Assuming we reinforced key pecks only in the presence of the color yellow, what does this distribution best represent?
05
10152025
Number of Responses
Blue
Gre
en
Yello
w
Ora
nge
Red
Color/Stimulus
BlueGreenYellowOrangeRed
Excellent!!! By looking at the differences in
response rates, it is clear that this is much
stimulus discrimination
A. Much generalization and little discriminationB. Little generalization and much discriminationC. None of the above
Assuming we reinforced key pecks only in the presence of the color yellow, what does this distribution best represent?
A. Little generalization and much discrimination B. Much generalization and little discriminationC. None of the above
0
5
10
15
20
25
Number of Responses
Color/Stimulus
What does this distribution best represent, if responses had been reinforced only in the presence of yellow?
Left-click your
answer
0
5
10
15
20
25
Number of Responses
Color/Stimulus
We aren’t letting you
off that easy! It’s definitely one of the
two.Left-click your
answer
Left-click your
answer
A. Little generalization and much discrimination B. Much generalization and little discriminationC. None of the above
What does this distribution best represent, if responses had been reinforced only in the presence of yellow?
0
5
10
15
20
25
Number of Responses
Color/Stimulus
Are response rates similar or quite
different? If they are similar then
responding occurs the same way in the presence of different stimuli.Left-click
your answerLeft-click
your answer
A. Little generalization and much discrimination B. Much generalization and little discriminationC. None of the above
What does this distribution best represent, if responses had been reinforced only in the presence of yellow?
0
5
10
15
20
25
Number of Responses
Color/Stimulus
A wonderful choice. This is clearly an
example of the color yellow generalizing to
the colors that are similar to it.
A. Little generalization and much discrimination B. Much generalization and little discriminationC. None of the above
What does this distribution best represent, if responses had been reinforced only in the presence of yellow?
Which graph shows the most stimulus discrimination? (after being trained on
the color yellow only)
05
10152025
Number of
Responses
Blue
Gre
en
Yello
w
Ora
nge
Red
Color/Stimulus
BlueGreenYellowOrangeRed
05
10152025
Number of
Responses
Blue
Gre
en
Yello
w
Ora
nge
Red
Color/Stimulus
BlueGreenYellowOrangeRed
05
10152025
Number of
Responses
Blue
Gre
en
Yello
w
Ora
nge
Red
Color/Stimulus
BlueGreenYellowOrangeRed
02468
101214161820
Number of
Responses
Blue
Gre
en
Yello
w
Ora
nge
Red
Color/Stimulus
BlueGreenYellowOrangeRed
Left-click your
answer
Left-click your
answer
Left-click your answer
05
10152025
Number of
Responses
Blue
Gre
en
Yello
w
Ora
nge
Red
Color/Stimulus
BlueGreenYellowOrangeRed
05
10152025
Number of
Responses
Blue
Gre
en
Yello
w
Ora
nge
Red
Color/Stimulus
BlueGreenYellowOrangeRed
05
10152025
Number of
Responses
Blue
Gre
en
Yello
w
Ora
nge
Red
Color/Stimulus
BlueGreenYellowOrangeRed
02468
101214161820
Number of
Responses
Blue
Gre
en
Yello
w
Ora
nge
Red
Color/Stimulus
BlueGreenYellowOrangeRed
Sorry chief, that is the opposite of complete stimulus
discrimination. Give it another
shot.
Left-click your
answer
Left-click your
answer
Left-click your
answer
Which graph shows the most stimulus discrimination? (after being trained on
the color yellow only)
05
10152025
Number of
Responses
Blue
Gre
en
Yello
w
Ora
nge
Red
Color/Stimulus
BlueGreenYellowOrangeRed
05
10152025
Number of
Responses
Blue
Gre
en
Yello
w
Ora
nge
Red
Color/Stimulus
BlueGreenYellowOrangeRed
05
10152025
Number of
Responses
Blue
Gre
en
Yello
w
Ora
nge
Red
Color/Stimulus
BlueGreenYellowOrangeRed
02468
101214161820
Number of
Responses
Blue
Gre
en
Yello
w
Ora
nge
Red
Color/Stimulus
BlueGreenYellowOrangeRed
Left-click your
answer
Left-click your
answerLeft-click your
answer
Which graph shows the most stimulus discrimination? (after being trained on
the color yellow only)This is a high amount of stimulus
discrimination, but it is not
complete discrimination
. Try again.
05
10152025
Number of
Responses
Blue
Gre
en
Yello
w
Ora
nge
Red
Color/Stimulus
BlueGreenYellowOrangeRed
05
10152025
Number of
Responses
Blue
Gre
en
Yello
w
Ora
nge
Red
Color/Stimulus
BlueGreenYellowOrangeRed
05
10152025
Number of
Responses
Blue
Gre
en
Yello
w
Ora
nge
Red
Color/Stimulus
BlueGreenYellowOrangeRed
02468
101214161820
Number of
Responses
Blue
Gre
en
Yello
w
Ora
nge
Red
Color/Stimulus
BlueGreenYellowOrangeRed
Left-click your
answer
Left-click your
answer
Left-click your
answer
Which graph shows the most stimulus discrimination? (after being trained on
the color yellow only)Nope, this is stimulus
generalization. Notice how
the response rates are
similar across the colors.
05
10152025
Number of
Responses
Blue
Gre
en
Yello
w
Ora
nge
Red
Color/Stimulus
BlueGreenYellowOrangeRed
05
10152025
Number of
Responses
Blue
Gre
en
Yello
w
Ora
nge
Red
Color/Stimulus
BlueGreenYellowOrangeRed
05
10152025
Number of
Responses
Blue
Gre
en
Yello
w
Ora
nge
Red
Color/Stimulus
BlueGreenYellowOrangeRed
02468
101214161820
Number of
Responses
Blue
Gre
en
Yello
w
Ora
nge
Red
Color/Stimulus
BlueGreenYellowOrangeRed
Alright!!This is definitely
complete stimulus discrimination. Now
let’s try some more.
Which graph shows the most stimulus discrimination? (after being trained on
the color yellow only)
Which graph shows the most stimulus generalization? (after being trained on
the color yellow)
05
10152025
Number of
Responses
Blue
Gre
en
Yello
w
Ora
nge
Red
Color/Stimulus
BlueGreenYellowOrangeRed
05
10152025
Number of
Responses
Blue
Gre
en
Yello
w
Ora
nge
Red
Color/Stimulus
BlueGreenYellowOrangeRed
05
10152025
Number of
Responses
Blue
Gre
en
Yello
w
Ora
nge
Red
Color/Stimulus
BlueGreenYellowOrangeRed
02468
101214161820
Number of
Responses
Blue
Gre
en
Yello
w
Ora
nge
Red
Color/Stimulus
BlueGreenYellowOrangeRed
Left-click your
answer
05
10152025
Number of
Responses
Blue
Gre
en
Yello
w
Ora
nge
Red
Color/Stimulus
BlueGreenYellowOrangeRed
05
10152025
Number of
Responses
Blue
Gre
en
Yello
w
Ora
nge
Red
Color/Stimulus
BlueGreenYellowOrangeRed
05
10152025
Number of
Responses
Blue
Gre
en
Yello
w
Ora
nge
Red
Color/Stimulus
BlueGreenYellowOrangeRed
02468
101214161820
Number of
Responses
Blue
Gre
en
Yello
w
Ora
nge
Red
Color/Stimulus
BlueGreenYellowOrangeRed
This is stimulus
discrimination, which is the opposite of
generalization. so which one
is complete generalization
?
Left-click your
answer
Left-click your
answerLeft-click your
answer
Which graph shows the most stimulus generalization? (after being trained on
the color yellow)
05
10152025
Number of
Responses
Blue
Gre
en
Yello
w
Ora
nge
Red
Color/Stimulus
BlueGreenYellowOrangeRed
05
10152025
Number of
Responses
Blue
Gre
en
Yello
w
Ora
nge
Red
Color/Stimulus
BlueGreenYellowOrangeRed
05
10152025
Number of
Responses
Blue
Gre
en
Yello
w
Ora
nge
Red
Color/Stimulus
BlueGreenYellowOrangeRed
02468
101214161820
Number of
Responses
Blue
Gre
en
Yello
w
Ora
nge
Red
Color/Stimulus
BlueGreenYellowOrangeRed
Left-click your
answer
Left-click your
answer
Left-click your
answer
Which graph shows the most stimulus generalization? (after being trained on
the color yellow)This is a high
amount of stimulus
generalization, but it is not
complete stimulus
generalization. Give it
another shot.
05
10152025
Number of
Responses
Blue
Gre
en
Yello
w
Ora
nge
Red
Color/Stimulus
BlueGreenYellowOrangeRed
05
10152025
Number of
Responses
Blue
Gre
en
Yello
w
Ora
nge
Red
Color/Stimulus
BlueGreenYellowOrangeRed
05
10152025
Number of
Responses
Blue
Gre
en
Yello
w
Ora
nge
Red
Color/Stimulus
BlueGreenYellowOrangeRed
02468
101214161820
Number of
Responses
Blue
Gre
en
Yello
w
Ora
nge
Red
Color/Stimulus
BlueGreenYellowOrangeRed
Left-click your
answer
Left-click your
answerLeft-click
your answer
Which graph shows the most stimulus generalization? (after being trained on
the color yellow)Sorry, but that graph is complete
stimulus discrimination. What is
the opposite?
05
10152025
Number of
Responses
Blue
Gre
en
Yello
w
Ora
nge
Red
Color/Stimulus
BlueGreenYellowOrangeRed
05
10152025
Number of
Responses
Blue
Gre
en
Yello
w
Ora
nge
Red
Color/Stimulus
BlueGreenYellowOrangeRed
05
10152025
Number of
Responses
Blue
Gre
en
Yello
w
Ora
nge
Red
Color/Stimulus
BlueGreenYellowOrangeRed
02468
101214161820
Number of
Responses
Blue
Gre
en
Yello
w
Ora
nge
Red
Color/Stimulus
BlueGreenYellowOrangeRed
Which graph shows the most stimulus generalization? (after being trained on
the color yellow)Good job!!This is complete stimulus generalization. The color dimension of the stimuli
have completely generalized, so the
response rates are all the same.
Now let’s revisit our little buddy Rod.Remember how Rod called every dog that he saw by his dog Chester’s name?This represented stimulus generalization, as saying “Chester” was reinforced in the presence of Chester and not in the presence of any of the other dogs.
Chester!
Chester was Rod’s training stimulus and how often he says “Chester” in the presence of other dogs is a good way to examine stimulus generalization.
Stimulus Generalization Gradient
Dog 1Dog 2
Dog 3
Assuming that saying “Chester” generalized based on the size dimension of Chester, which dog below would most likely be Dog 3?
These bars represent the numberof times that Rod said “Chester”when in the presence of each dog.
Left-click your
answer
Left-click your
answer
Stimulus Generalization Gradient
Dog 1Dog 2
Dog 3
Sorry, this dog might be Dog 3 if we were looking at the drooling dimension, but think about the sizes of the
dogs and try again.
Assuming that saying “Chester” generalized based on the size dimension of Chester, which dog below would most likely be Dog 3? Left-
click your
answer
Stimulus Generalization Gradient
Dog 1Dog 2
Dog 3
Assuming that saying “Chester” generalized based on the size dimension of Chester, which dog below would most likely be Dog 3?
Close, but you’re still not right. Think about
the size dimension and try again.
Left-click your
answer
Stimulus Generalization Gradient
Assuming that saying “Chester” generalized based on the size dimension of Chester, which dog below would most likely be Dog 3?
Good job!!!
The bulldog was the closest in size and it evoked the response
of “Chester” much more frequently than the other two
dogs.
The EndThanks for
your participatio
n
We hope we’ve helped you
understand the wonderful world
of stimulus generalization!
And don’t forget….
To save the world
withBehavior Analysis!!
A
product of
The Behavior AnalysisTraining System
at
Western Michigan University
![From Photons to Faces: An Overview of the Primate Visual ...€¦ · Fields (first step in stimulus generalization) ... [Talbot & Marshall; Hubel and Wiesel] •By the 70’s a multiplicity](https://img.pdfslide.us/doc/110x75/605adb020f78ea61344a73d4/from-photons-to-faces-an-overview-of-the-primate-visual-fields-first-step.jpg)
