Ana Colaço IMAR da Universidade dos Açores And the …eu-midas.net/sites/default/files/Workshops/MIDAS2016/...WP4- Connectivity OVERVIEW MIDAS final meeting, 3-7 October 2016 1 Ana

WP4- ConnectivityOVERVIEW

1MIDAS final meeting, 3-7 October 2016

Ana ColaçoIMAR da Universidade dos Açores

And the WP4 team

http://www.senckenberg.de/root/index.php?page_id=71

What is connectivity ?

• Connectivity, or the exchange of individuals among marine populations,

• Population connectivity: the exchange of individuals among geographically separated subpopulations that comprise a metapopulation;

• Reproductive connectivity: dispersal of individuals among subpopulations that survive to reproduce

• Genetic connectivity : degree which gene flowaffects evolutionary processes withinsubpopulations

MIDAS final meeting, 3-7 October 2016

Shank et al Oceanography 2010


WP4 study areas

Abyssal Nodules

Methane hydrates

Massive sulphidedeposits


© Missão Seahma, 2002 (FCT, Portugal PDCTM 1999MAR15281)

Specific objectives were:

• 1. Assess the distribution patterns of species in key taxonomic groups (meio-, macro and megafaunal organisms) using both molecular and morphological species concepts and appropriate monitoring technologies (with WP10).

• 2.Assess patterns and levels of population connectivity in a subset of species, representative of different habitats, using state-of-the-art molecular approaches

• 3. Study larval and reproduction ecology of key species to understand how mining activities may affect the connectivity between populations.

• 4. Together with WP2 model the dispersal of eggs and larvae, taking into account source and sink populations.

• 5. Suggest management practices and standards and propose mitigation activities to enhance or preserve species with WP8 and WP9.


• Task 4.1: Assess biogeographic patterns and population connectivity at scales from local to province. (Addressesobjective 1 and contributes to objective 2, 3 and 4).

• D4.2 Gap analyses of existing data to determine what future sampling is required and to provide support for ecological modellingfrom the selected study regions (CCZ, MAR; Arctic/Black Sea margin) (Month 12) Lead partner: NHM.

• D4.4 Report of the scales of population connectivity based on the genetic analyses (Month 28)Lead partner: SGN.

• D4.5 Meta-analyses of biogeographic patterns based on existing and new data from planned cruises to produce a synthesis ofpatterns of biogeography and connectivity at scales from local to province of key functional species including description ofmonitoring technologies (link to WP10). (Month 30) Lead partner: NHM.

Partners involved in all the deliverables: IMAR, IFREMER, NHM, UGent, AWI, SGN.

• Task 4.2: Larval and reproduction ecology of key functional species. (Addresses objective 2and contributes to objective 3 and 4).

• D4.1 Database on reproduction and larval ecology from selected study regions (CCZ, MAR; Artic gas hydrates) (Month 12) Leadpartner: IFREMER.

• D4.3 Synthesis of reproduction and larval ecology key functional species from the selected study regions (CCZ, MAR) (Month 28).Lead partner: IFREMER.

Partners involved in all the deliverables: IMAR, IFREMER, NHM.

• Task 4.3: Sink and source populations: dispersal of the species and the populations atdifferent spatial scales (to address objective 3, with input from 1 and 2)

• D4.6 Analyses and modeling of key species dispersal and population connectivity at different spatial scales and under differentdisturbance scenarios at the fragmented habitats at MAR (Month 30). Lead partner: IMAR.

Partners involved in all the deliverables: IMAR,

• Task 4.4: Management practices and standards and mitigation activities to enhance orpreserve species

• D 4.7 Delivery of appropriate data and associated metadata to WP6 and WP8 as well as assessing information on monitoringtechnologies with WP10 (Month 32). Lead partner: IMAR.

• D.4.8 Report summarizing all information from WP4 relevant to the production of a document with recommendations formanagement practices and mitigation activities to enhance or preserve species (Month 36). Lead partner: IMAR.

Partners involved in all the deliverables: IMAR, IFREMER, NHM, UGent, AWI, SGN.


D4.2 Gap analyses of existing data to determine what future sampling is required and to provide support for ecological modelling from the selected study regions (CCZ,

MAR; Arctic/Black Sea margin) (Month 12) Lead partner: NHM.


Paterson et al, 2015



• MIDAS final meeting, 3-7 October 2016

Glover et al, MIDAS D4.5


Glover et al, D4.5



Glover et al, D4.5



Glover et al, D4.5


Benthic communities and disturbance effects in nodule areasMicro- and megafauna communities in nodule ecosystems at DISCOL and effects of ‘simulated mining’ (contribution task 4.1, D4.7)

AWI contributions to WP4

Thiel & Schriever (1990) Ambio 19

Plough harrow disturber (1989)

Disturbance track (26 years)

AUV Abyss, GEOMAR

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7% shared MOTUs70% singletons

Image: T Riehl

Genetics


Densities within APEI-6 sites

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69.2± 48.8 indiv. m-2

61.6± 40.8 indiv. m-2

88.7± 42.8 indiv. m-2

52.6± 24.9 indiv. m-2

0-10 cm


Glover et al, D4.5 Tab

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Benthic communities and disturbance effects in nodule areasExample results DISCOL experimental area• Bacterial communities (Illumina MiSeq tag 16S sequencing) reflect

disturbance effects but also show strong spatial differences within the DEA(Presentation T. Vonnahme et al.)

• Megafauna communities (towed camera surveys) clearly differ depending on disturbance level but also depend on natural habitat characteristics (nodule density) (Presentation Y.Marcon et al.)


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D4.5 Meta-analyses of biogeographic patterns based on existing and new data from planned cruises to produce a synthesis of patterns of biogeography and connectivity at scales from local to province

CCFZ workshop- organized Adrian Glover and Gordon Paterson at NHM


Glover et al, D4.5

Conclusions

- Promising model species for molecular connectivity purposes (enough material to start first approach): from local to regional scales

- Developing microsatellites might be used in analyzing future samples

- Possible implementation of Habitat Suitability models to predict their occurrence


Glover et al, D4.5

• Taboada et al: Molecular connectivity within theClarion Clipperton Zone: a case study using a newnodule -encrusting sponge .

• Bonifacio et al : Diversity and distribution patternsof abyssal polynoids (Polychaeta: Polynoidae) across the Clarion Clipperton Fracture Zone (NE Pacific)

• Glover et al : Evidence -based management of theClarion-Clipperton Zone mining frontier requires a new, open-access biodiversity library based on DNA taxonomy


Biogeographic patterns of deep sea benthic communitiesFram Strait case study on spatial patterns of mega- and microfauna communities (contribution task 4.1)


Photo: Manfred SchulzMap

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Biogeographic patterns of deep sea benthic communitiesExample results Fram Strait• Bacterial communities (454, ARISA) show high spatial turnover along a

depth gradient. Communities along a 120 km transect at 2.5 km depth also differed strongly but differences were not significantly related to distance.

• Megafauna communities (benthic imaging surveys) change significantly at the regional (> 60 km) and sometimes even at the local scale (< 4 km)


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Biogeographic patterns of deep sea benthic communitiesExample results Fram Strait• Bacterial communities (454, ARISA) show high spatial turnover along a

depth gradient. Communities along a 120 km transect at 2.5 km depth also differed strongly but differences were not significantly related to distance.

• Megafauna communities (benthic imaging surveys) change significantly at the regional (> 60 km) and sometimes even at the local scale (< 4 km).

Summary / Conclusion• Strong spatial patterns exist even in undisturbed deep sea areas• Impact assessment and mining operation planning needs to consider

community changes down to regional or even local scales



D 4.4 Report on scales of population connectivity based on genetic analyses

MIDAS final meeting, 3-7 October 2016© Missão Seahma, 2002 (FCT, Portugal PDCTM 1999MAR15281)

Population connectivity of Bathymodiolus azoricus

Hydrothermal vents in the

Azores EEZ and extended platform

Targeted for SMS mining

Scenario 1

No connectivity

Scenario 2

Limited connectivity

Scenario 3

High connectivity

Quick

recolonization

Slow

recolonization

No

recolonization

Ribeiro et al:Population connectivity patterns of Bathymodiolus azoricus

suggest significant vulnerability to environmental disturbance in NE Atlantichydrothermal vents


MIDAS final meeting, 3-7 October 2016 Stuckas et al

Stuckas et al

Stuckas et al: Analyses of genetic connectivity between populations of deep- sea invertebrate species


Stuckas et al

D4.1 and D4.3 Reproduction and larval biologyIfremer : Florence Pradillon, Ivan Hernandez-AvilaIMAR : Ana Colaço, Maria Rakka, Marina Carreiro e Silva

Reproductive traits: - sexuality : gonochoric /hermaphrotitism- Sex-ratio- Reproductive rhythms : periodic

(seasonal)/continuous- Gametogenesis mode- Fertilization- Spawning- Fecundity- Oocyte size- Sperm characteristics

Larval traits: - Larval development mode- Larval size- Planktonic larval duration (PLD)- Larval physiology- Larval behavior- Larval mortality

Recruitment:- Recruitment period- Settlement cues

Genetic connectivity

General species information- Distribution (geographic & depth range)- Habitat- Abundance- Trophic ecology

Metadata (data quality assessment)- Study site- Study period- Methods


D4.1 Database on reproduction and larval biology

Pradillon, Colaço, Carreiro e Silva, Rakka, D4.1

Pradillon, Colaço, Carreiro e Silva, Rakka, MIDAS D4.1

Task 4.2. Larval and reproduction ecology of key functional species.

© Ifremer/BICOSE 2014

The Mid-Atlantic Ridge vent endemic shrimp Rimicaris exoculata(I. Hernandez, M-A. Cambon-Bonavita, F. Pradillon)The Mid-Atlantic Ridge corals (Rakka et al)ATJ mussels (Rodrigo and Colaço)



MIDAS deliverable 4.3 Synthesis of reproduction and larval ecology key functional species

Reproductive biology of key habitat-forming cold-water corals in the Azores Archipelago

Study Species: Callogorgia verticillata, Paracalyptrophora josephinae, Dentomuricea meteor,Viminella flagellum

Results• Gonochoric broadcast

spawners

• Continuous gametogenesis & Overlapping reproductive cycles

• Batch spawning (max 6 mature oocytes/polyp)

• Spawning more than once per year

• Synchronized individuals

• High f/m sex ratio

Potential Impacts/Conclusions• No potential for self-fertilization in stress

conditions, exposed oocytes after spawning

• Continuous energy investment to reproduction: Disturbance might seriously compromise energy trade-off and reproduction; impacts might be masked and only appear in t+1

• Low polyp fecundity: low reproductive output; low possibility of sperm-oocyte encounter

• Monitoring periods should exceed 1 year

• High probability of synchronized spawning in defined periods; failure if disturbance coincides with such periods

• High sperm limitation

Conclusions

Survival of a population highly depends on reproductive processes:-Conservation of a population requires knowledge of reproductive biology

-The reproductive features of the study species make them extremely vulnerable to mining disturbance

Rakka M. , Sampaio I. , Colaço A. , Carreiro-Silva M.

Rakka et al: Reproductive ecology of cold water gorgonian species in the Azores Archipelago: insights and potential impacts upon disturbanceMIDAS final meeting, 3-7 October 2016

Colaço et al:Key species dispersal and population connectivity at differentspatial scales and under different disturbance scenarios at fragmentedhabitats of the MARMIDAS final meeting, 3-7 October 2016

Main conclusions

• 1- Biogeographic knowledge is very scarse• Local heterogeneity

• High spatial and species turnover

• High diversity



Main conclusions

• 2- Population genetics• Very low number of individuals is a problem• How to improve the sampling strategy• useful before the impact, to predict recolonization scenarios.• useful after the disturbance, during the recovery process

• Which outcome have policy relevance?• Predictions on recolonization solely based on the

current state of knowledge on genetic connectivity is impossible! Genetic analyses can only be used as part of an integrative approach. This applies to CCZ and hydrothermal vent areas!



Main conclusions

• 3- Life history and Reproduction patterns are veryimportant to understand and mitigate potentialimpacts

• Fecundity• Sex ratio • Time of reproduction• Reproduction rhythms (yearly? Every 5 years?)• Reproduction triggers

• 4- Models of oceanographic circulation at regional scale and local (mine site) scale and at all depths are essential for understanding connectivity



Set aside areas, and at the same time, areas to be protected, capturing the local heterogeneity.

With the knowledge we have a precautionary approach and adaptative management are crucial.


Thanks


Documents

Ana Colaço IMAR da Universidade dos Açores And the …eu-midas.net/sites/default/files/Workshops/MIDAS2016/...WP4- Connectivity OVERVIEW MIDAS final meeting, 3-7 October 2016 1 Ana