AN OVERVIEW OF ENERGY SECTOR IN RURAL TANZANIA

8TH TO 9TH APRIL 2010

By: N.C.X. Mwihava

Workshop on Innovations in Off-grid lighting products and Energy Services

for Rural Tanzania

OUTLINE IMPORTANCE OF ENERGY ENERGY RESOURCES IN TANZANIA ENERGY CONSUMPTION PATTERN IN TZ ENERGY CONSUMPTION IN RURAL TZ ENERGY POLICY POLICY ON RURAL ENERGY OPERATIONALISATION NEP, 2003 BARRIERS TO MODERN ENERGY SERVICES IN

TZ OPTIONS FOR MODERN ENERGY SERVICES

TO RURAL TZ CONCLUSION

IMPORTANCE OF ENERGY

ENERGY IS A BASIC NEED FOR HUMAN DEVELOPMENT

IT IS A MAJOR INPUT FOR SUCCESSFUL FAMILY AND FOR IMPLEMENTATION OF MKUKUTA, MKUZA, SECTOR POLICIES AND PROGRAMMES

ROLE OF ENERGY IN ACHIEVING THE MDGS

Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger (G1 agro products processing, handling, storage,

preservation, mechanized agriculture, cooking, transport, employment in energy sector, etc. 

Achieve universal primary education (G2) Lighting, powering educational equipment, food

preparation, retention of qualified techers & education personnel appropriately etc

Promote gender equality and empowerment of women (G3)

Reducing women’s time for search of energy & food preparation.

Role of Energy in MDGs ctd.

Improve maternal health (G5) Food preparation, reducing women drudgery,

transport, powering health facilities e.g. lighting labour wards, vaccine preservation, retention of qualified staff.

Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases (G6)

Powering awareness campaign equipment, production and preservation of drugs and preventive gadgets, powering health equipment, lighting and heating at health facilities

ENERGY RESOURCES IN TANZANIA

These encompass: Biomass, hydropower, natural gas, coal, geothermal, wind, solar, nuclear and ocean based energy.

Biomass based energy Sustainable biomass yield per annum is estimated at

24.3 million m3. Annual demand is around 40 million m3 (for

household) Annual deficit is 15.7m3 that is harvested by causing

deforestation (over 392,000 ha cleared) At 40m3/haCurrently total population relying on biomass fuels

for cooking are: Firewood 26,108,767 (79%) -Charcoal 4,486,235 (14%). In addition 2 million people are currently relying

on firewood for lighting.

Biomass ctd.

Biomass is also used for processing agricultural crops, for rural industry and social services.

. Biomass meet 90% of energy needs 40% cooking need in peri-urban areas 96% cooking needs of rural population

ENERGY RESOURCES IN TANZANIA IN GENERAL

RESOURCE POTENTIAL DEGREE OF EXPLOITATION AS OF JAN 2010

HYDRO 4,700 MW > 234 MW shp

561 MW 4.7 MW

BIOMASS

Biomass Residues

sustained yield 24.3 mil. m3 p.a.

15 m. tons p.a of crop residues, animal droppings from 17.5 million cattle, 12.5 m. goats & 3.5 m sheep (1998 Census), 200,000 tons of VS of sisal waste & 1.1 m. tons p.a. of forest residues

Use ~ 40 m. m3 91,276 ha.p.a deforestation

>2,000 biogas digesters 32.30MW at Sugar plants 3.525MW from forest residues.{co-generatrion}

SOLAR Average - 187Wm-2 1.5MWelectricity

+ water heaters, dryers,

WIND Speed: 0.9 - 4.8 m/s Initial special sites have up to 8 m/s

~129 windmills+ >10kWe

ENERGY RESOURCES IN TANZANIA ctd

RESOURCE POTENTIAL DEGREE OF EXPLOITATION AS OF JAN 2010

COAL 304x106 tons1.2 x 109 MT probable

<150,000Tp.a3MW, Thermal appl. e.g. M. Cement

NATURAL GAS

45 billion m3

[Songo]2 – 30 bcm

MnaziBay –15 bcm + 2 new discoveries – on due diligence

Song Gas Project 327MW + Kioo Ltd, Twiga, TBL, ALAF Group, Nidatex, Kaributex, Bora,LakHanitex, TCC, Bora, Mukwano, UrafikiTex, Tanzania Cigarette Company (TCC)etc. (thermal appl.) .

ENERGY RESOURCES IN TANZANIA ctd

RESOURCE POTENTIAL DEGREE OF EXPLOITATION AS OF JAN 2010

GEOTHERMAL Limited assessment est. > 650MW

Not exploited

NUCLEAR Uranium occurrence reported.

Not exploited

OCEAN ENERGY Not assessed Not exploited

ENERGY CONSUMPTION PATTERN IN TZ

Traditional biomass dominate

Low level of electrification 85kWh/cap/yr

Insignificant use of non woody renewable energy.0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

Biomass

Petr&NGElectricityCoal &RE

ENERGY CONSUMPTION IN RURAL TANZANIA

Cooking - >90% wood fuel energy (per capita is 1 m3 p.a.), biogas, kerosene, gelfuel (motopoa), etc.

Lighting - > 2% kerosene, electricity, dry cell batteries, solar PV, biogas, firewood, candles (insignificant) etc.

Agro processing – woodfuel, solar, electricity (grid and captive generators)

Energy Consumption in rural Tanzania ctd.

Space heating – mainly woodfuel Water heating – wood fuel & limited

solar thermal The poor spend about 35% of income

on energy

ENERGY POLICY

• The Energy Policy objective is to provide an input in the development process by establishing an efficient energy production, procurement, transportation, distribution, and end-user systems in an environmentally sound manner and with due regard to gender issues.

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POLICY ON RURAL ENERGY AS PER NEP, 2003

§43. Support research and development;

§44. Promote application of alternative energy sources other than fuelwood and charcoal, in order to reduce deforestation, indoor health hazards and time spent by rural women in search of fuelwood;

§45. Promote entrepreneurship and private initiative in the production and marketing of products and services for rural and renewable energy;

Rural Energy Policy as per NEP 2003 ctd

§46. Ensure continued electrification of rural economic centres and make electricity accessible and affordable to low income customers;

§47. Facilitate increased availability of energy services, including grid and off-grid electrification to rural areas;

§48. Establish norms, codes of practice, standards and guidelines for cost effective rural energy supplies.

NEP ON RENEWABLE ENERGY

Promote efficient biomass conversion and end-use technologies in order to save resources; reduce rate of deforestation and land degradation; and minimising climate change threats.

Introduce and support appropriate fiscal and financial incentives for renewable energy development to complement a “Rural Energy Fund”, whose support would include renewable energy programmes and projects.

Establish norms, codes of practice, guidelines and standards for renewable energy technologies, to facilitate the creation of an enabling environment for sustainable development of renewable energy resources.

ENERGY POLICY CTD.

Facilitate increased availability of energy services, including grid and off- grid electrification to rural areas.

Establish norms, codes of practice, standards and guidelines for cost effective rural energy supplies.

ENERGY POLICY CTD.

Ensure inclusion of environmental considerations in all renewable energy planning and implementation, and enhance co-operation with other relevant stakeholders

Support research and development in renewable energy technologies

Promote entrepreneurship and private initiatives in the production and marketing of products and services for rural and renewable energy.

POLICY SPECIFIC TO RURAL ENERGY

Given the importance and weight attached by the Government to rural energy, a specific policy on rural energy is in the making

The policy will take into consideration the NEP, experiences, reforms & challenges since the launching of NEP, 2003

OPERATIONALISATION OF ENERGY POLICY OF 2003

• Establishment of Rural Energy Agency/Fund to promote among others, renewable energy technologies– key elements would be efficiency, cost effectiveness, social and environmental acceptability.

• The Rural Energy Act was passed in 2005, REA/REF are operational.

• Electricity Act, 2008 has opened gates for private sector participation, to generate electricity from any source of energy as long as it is least cost

• Introduction of SSPPA/tariff• Implementation of rural energy projects e.g.

REA Flagship projects, MEM/UNDP-GEF PV, MZ, MEM/Sida PV, TEDAP/SSMP, TZ Domestic Biogas Program, etc.

BARRIERS TO MODERN RURAL ENERGY SERVICES IN TANZANIA

• Inadequate awareness on rural energy issues & related technologies;

• Affordability of the people• Sparsely distributed population;• Insufficient research, development &

dissemination efforts;

BARRIERS TO MODERN RE ctd.• Inadequacy of comprehensive data on

Rural Energy Resources & players;• Reluctance of the private sector to invest in

rural energy (high risk/low returns);• Inadequate quality control of rural energy

technologies leading to poor reputation of some technologies;

OPTIONS FOR MODERN ENERGY SERVICES TO RURAL TANZANIA

Electrification – c/o Rural electrification study recommendations– Grid extension,– Off grid - mini grids using NG, shp, biomass co-gen, solar

PV/thermal, wind, geothermal– Stand alone systems - SHS, SSMP, wind, small scale gen sets

Thermal applications – modern bioenergy (biogas, co-generation, other solid & liquid biofuels, etc), solar thermal, coal briquettes, efficient wood-energy appliances & technologies/techniques, LPG, NG,

Mechanical power – modern bioenergy esp biofuels + ECE, wind, petroleum products (GO, IK, MSP, LPG, NG (LNG, CNG)

CONCLUSIONSOME OF THE RURAL LIGHTING OPTIONS

[interior & exterior (security lights & street lighting]

Grid power Mini grid power SHS (PV) especially combined with LED Solar lanterns Solar thermal - electricity Kerosene lamps Biogas lamps Liquid biofuels lamps Dry cell batteries for torches

THANKS!