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6/12/2018 1 An ocean of oil… Rapid sedimentation and accumulation at the seafloor in the aftermath of the Macondo Blowout Samantha Joye Department of Marine Sciences University of Georgia Contributors: Patricia Medeiros, Kimberley Hunter (U Georgia); Uta Passow (UCSB); Arne Diercks (U Mississippi); Vernon Asper (U Southern Mississippi); Joe Montoya (GA Tech); Andreas Teske, Tingting Yang (U North Carolina); Claudia BenitezNelson and Willard S. Moore (U South Carolina) Emulsified oil on the surface Hydrocarbon jet from BOP stack PreMacondo view of the fate of oil derived from a deepwater blowout Peterson, Joye et al. 2012 BioScience

An ocean and accumulation at the in the aftermath of the Macondo Blowout · 2018-06-12 · Pre‐Macondo view of the fate of oil derived from a deepwater blowout Peterson, Joye et

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Page 1: An ocean and accumulation at the in the aftermath of the Macondo Blowout · 2018-06-12 · Pre‐Macondo view of the fate of oil derived from a deepwater blowout Peterson, Joye et

6/12/2018

1

An ocean of oil…Rapid sedimentation and accumulation at the seafloor in the aftermath of the Macondo

Blowout

Samantha Joye

Department of Marine Sciences

University of Georgia

Contributors: 

Patricia Medeiros, Kimberley Hunter (U Georgia); Uta Passow (UCSB); Arne Diercks (U Mississippi); Vernon Asper (U Southern Mississippi); Joe Montoya (GA Tech); Andreas Teske, Tingting Yang (U North 

Carolina); Claudia Benitez‐Nelson and Willard S. Moore (U South Carolina)

Emulsified oil on the surface

Hydrocarbon jet from BOPstack

Pre‐Macondo view of the fate of oil derived from a deepwater blowout

Peterson, Joye et al. 2012 BioScience

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Emulsified oil on the surface

Hydrocarbon jet from BOPstack

Post Macondo view – seafloor accumulation is significant

Peterson, Joye et al. 2012 BioScience

The day it started: Sept. 6, 2010

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• Biological emulsification and sinking of oil‐snow• Dispersant‐mediated coagulation and sinking

•Ash fall‐out and sinking**also drilling mud!

Multiple mechanisms: Vertical Sedimentation (Oil‐Snow Blizzard)

Atlas and Hazen 2010 ES&T

A view from beneath the surface

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Multiple mechanisms: Lateral Intersection (Toxic Bathtub Ring)

Figure from Atlas and Hazen 2010 ES&T

• Multiple “plume” layersthat eventually intersect  with the continental slopeand contaminate sediments with plume‐derived oil, etc.

Aug 2010 example

• Discussion topic: to what extent is vertically sinking material laterally entrained along (plume)  isopycnals and deposited subsequently at slope intersection points?

Evidence of Accumulation, July‐Dec 2010 Study Area          

In 2010: 50 box cores (100 cores); 25 MUCs (145 cores); 3 ALVIN dives (70 cores)

May 2010

May 2010

streamers

dispersed?

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Is this recent sedimentation? What are the mechanism(s)?

streamers

Dispersed oil

Widespread in every direction – thickness of layer varied

Picture courtesy A. Teske

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Microbial production of “oil snow”After one day after roller table incubation After 21 days, massive streamers 

of oily marine snow

See: Passow et al. 2012;  Zeirvogel et al. 2012

Oil Sheen

At the seafloor….

K. Ziervogel

K. Ziervogel

Sedimentation rates in September 2010

Source: Joye et al.  in prep; data from Uta Passow

Floating sediment traps (Uta Passow, Vernon Asper, and Arne Diercks)

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Sedimentation rates in September 2010

0.E+00

4.E+06

8.E+06

1.E+07

St 2 St 3 St 6 St 14 St 16 St 17 St 25 St 27

ag

g. #

m-2

d-1

0.0

0.4

0.8

1.2

1.6

DW

in g

m-2

d-1

0.06 mm

0.12 mm

0.24 mm

DW g/m 2̂ /d

Southern (control)transect

wellheadvicinity

Clear increase in organic sedimentation around the wellhead

Source: Joye et al.  in prep; data from Uta Passow

Oil Snow at depth (NE of wellhead, Sept. 2010)

Large  snow particle

Small snow streamers

300 m

450 m

800 m

Dense beam attenuation layer

streamers

Vernon Asper “Snow Cam”

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40 dpm cm‐2Sept. 2010

Excess Thorium 234(dpm cm‐2)

Data: Benitez‐Nelson & Moore

MC252

28

26

1718

30

20

Rapid Sedimentation: 234Th(typical excess 234Th ≈ 6 dpm cm‐2)

n.d.

24

22

b.d.l.

Source:  Joye et al.  in prep

TPH100 µg/g

Sept. 2010

TPH(Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons)

PAH (Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons)

MC252

28

26

1718

22

20

27

16

PAH2 µg/g

TPH and PAH deposition:

Background: 0.2 µg/gSeeps: 103‐104 of µg/g

Source: Joye et al.  in prep

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MC252

2000 ppmSep 2010

Barium is a drilling mud tracer

Solid Phase Barium(background 500 ppm)

Source: Joye et al.  in prep

MC252

0.5 µg/gMay 2010Sep 2010Nov 2010

(Terpanes + Hopanes + Steranes)

Top sediments

Source: Joye et al.  in prep; data from Pat Medeiros

Petroleum Biomarkers 

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MC252

0.5 µg/gMay 2010Sep 2010Nov 2010

Source: Joye et al.  in prep; data from Pat Medeiros

(Terpanes + Hopanes + Steranes)

Sub‐surface sediments

Petroleum Biomarkers 

MC252

1.5 µg/gMay 2010Sep 2010Nov 2010

n‐AlkanesTop sediments

2.8

2.0

2.0

2.8

1.3

1.2

Carbon Preference IndexCPI: C23‐37(odd)/C24‐38(even)

CPI ~ 1‐3  oilCPI > 3  biogenic

Source: Joye et al.  in prep; data from Pat Medeiros

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Burning – an unexpected pathway to the bottom

0.8

September 2010

Pyrogenic Index (PAHs, top sediments)Wang et al. (1999) ES&T

MC252

28

26

1718

22

20

Source: Joye et al.  in prep

15 µg/L

Elemental Carbon (Thermal‐optical method)MUC core overlying water

Pyrogenic Signatures

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MC252

5 nmol/cc/d

Microbial Activity(average SR rate in interval)

vs

28

26

1718

22

20

*natural seep ~ 100+

Source: Joye et al.  in prep

Impacts: reduced microbial activity

Impacts: reduced diversity/abundance of benthic fauna

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Summary• Multiple mechanisms (biological, pyrogenic, dispersant) and seafloor “expressions” of weathered oil deposition

• The relative importance of burn residue vs. biological deposition vs. dispersant‐mediated deposition remains to be determined

• concentrations of TPH, PAH, petroleum biomarkers, and UCM were elevated above background, esp. within 40 miles; not natural seeps!!

• microbial activity reduced in these layers (reduced biomass, inhibition, toxicity…)

• filter feeding fauna at the seafloor was suffocated by thisunprecedented sedimentation event – how long it will takethese communities to recover is unknown.