An idea for classifying EVs and HEVs

Kazuyuki Narusawa

HEV

NOVC

Electrified Vehicle (EV)electric motors as energy converters

PFCVFuel cells as energy

source

PEVSecondary cells

(or REESS) as energy source

FC-HVSecondary cells(or

REESS) and Fuel cells as energy sources

Internal Combustion Engine Vehicle (ICE)

Internal Combustion Engines as energy converters

OthersOther machines as energy converters

Mono enregy source vehiclesOnly one energy

source is used

Gasoline VGasoline as

energy source

Diesel VDiesel oil as

energy source

Energy converter Hybrid VehiclesAt least two energy converter are used

Multi energy source(Energy source Hybrid)

VehiclesAt least two energy sources are used for

one energy converter

Natural Gas V

Natural gas as energy source

Others

Bi-fuel VGasoline +

CNG

Dual-fuel V

Diesel oil + CNG

Others

G-HEVICE + Motor

D-HEVICE + Motor

Others

OVC

Plug-in G-HEVICE+Motor/

Gasoline+REESS+feed-in electricity

Energy converter Hybrid and Multi energy source(Energy source Hybrid) Vehicles

Flex-fuel V

Batteries (Electrochemical cells) (1)

Primary batteries (2)

(primary cells) disposable batteries

Secondary batteries (3)

(secondary cells) rechargeable by applying electric

current, which reverses the chemical reactions

Other battery cell types (4)

(Fuel Cells)a device that converts the chemical energy from a fuel into electricity

through a chemical reaction

(1) Electrochemical cell: any device in which chemical energy is converted to electrical energy, or vice versa.

(2) The chemical reaction that powers a primary battery is one way. Once the chemicals are exhausted, the battery is effectively dead; the electrode materials are irreversibly changed during discharge. Thus, primary batteries are used once and discarded.

(3) In contrast, the chemical reaction in a secondary battery is reversible. When the reaction runs in its spontaneous direction, the battery produces a potential difference below OCV. When a potential difference above OCV is applied to the battery from an external source, the chemical reaction runs in reverse, thus recharging the battery.

(4) Fuel cell requires a continuous source of reagents (fuel and oxygen/air) to sustain the chemical reaction, whereas in a battery the chemicals present in the battery react with each other to generate an electricity. Fuel cells can produce electricity continuously for as long as these inputs are supplied.