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L'électronique de puissance du coeur du stockage de demainNicolas Cherix, Simon Delalay
HEVS Afterwork Energy ‑ Nov. 10 2016
BUILD YOUR OWN CONVERTERSCut down your development time by using our power modules. Ideally com-bined with the BoomBox, our modules are built with best-in-class and freely select-able LF/MF 600/1200 V IGBTs and contain all the necessary on-board subsystems.
HIGHLIGHTS» » kHz control frequency» Software-independent protections» Power electronics control libraries» Modular and scalable design
THE ULTIMATE TOOL FOR FAST POWER ELECTRONIC DEVELOPMENTS
BOOMBOX
BUILD YOUR OWN CONVERTERS
Simplify your implementation efforts by using our power mod‑ules to build your own converters. The PowerTrench modules are available in both air‑cooled and water‑cooled versions and are rated 5‑15 kW per phase‑leg.
ASK FOR A CUSTOM-MADE CONVERTER
For those who prefer ready‑made systems, our power mod‑ules are available in pre‑assembled enclosures, with active fan control and LCD display. Up to 8 phase‑legs can be assembled together, corresponding to about 30‑80 kW in a 4U chassis.
DISCOVER OUR TURNKEY SOLUTIONS
Imperix is able to provide complete solutions made of con‑verter assemblies, control hardware and optionally custom soft‑ware developments, system integration and commissioning in the 25‑250kW range.
LOW-VOLTAGE POWER ELECTRONICS
Electrical energy storage systems
Mechanical
Pumped hydro - PHS
Compressed air - CAES
Flywheel - FES
Secondary batteriesLead acid / NiCd / NiMh / Li / NaS
Double-layerCapacitor - DLC
Superconductingmagnetic coil - SMES
Flow batteriesRedox �ow / Hybrid �ow
HydrogenElectrolyser / Fuel cell / SNG
Sensible heat storageMolten salt / A-CAES
Electrochemical
Chemical
Electrical
Thermal
THERE IS NO CONVERSION-LESS SOLUTION » Some physical conversion always exists » Electrical technologies are DC
ENERGY STORAGE TECHNOLOGIES
EXISTING SOLUTIONS
Name Energy density
Power density
Cycle life (high DoD)
Lifetime Lifetime-based cycle length
Bulk cost
[Wh/kg] [W/kg] [cycles] [years] [ ∙ ] [$/kWh]
Supercapacitors (EDLC) 3 ‑ 10 1k ‑ 8k 10k ‑ 1M 30 15 min ‑ 2.5 h 15k ‑ 80k
Mid‑ & high‑speed Flywheels 5 ‑ 30 < 300 10k ‑ 100k 15 1 ‑ 15 h 1k ‑ 2k
Lead‑Acid 30 ‑ 50 200 200 ‑ 500 5 ‑ 15 30 ‑ 650 h 150 ‑ 350
Nickel‑Metal Hydride (NiMH) 40 ‑ 100 250 ‑ 1k 600 ‑ 1.5k ? ? 250 ‑ 500
Lithium‑Ion 60 ‑ 200 1k ‑ 2.5k 300 ‑ 8k < 10 10 ‑ 300 h 400 ‑ 2k
Sodium‑Sulfur (NaS) 100 ‑ 250 150 2.5k ‑ 5k 15 50 ‑ 100 h 150 ‑ 250
Pumped‑hydro (PHS) NA NA > 10k 40 ‑ 70 20 ‑ 50 h 10 ‑ 15Sources: Schoenung et. al. (US DOE), Akhil et. al. (EPRI), J. Burke.
EXISTING SOLUTIONSTe
chni
cal a
dequ
acy
Frequency1/2h45 1/16’ 1/1’40’’ 1/10’’ 1Hz
Flywheels
Elec
troly
tic ca
ps
NaS
VRLA
Ni/Cd
Lithium Ion
SMES
NiMH
Flow batteries
Super
caps (
EDLC
)
Long-term storage Short-term storage!THERE IS NO GOOD “NATURAL” SOLUTION IN-BETWEEN
» Oversizing in energy / power leads to size / weight / cost issues » Careful management is essential
INTEGRATION CHALLENGES
ELEMENTARY DEVICES ARE “SMALL” » Few volts » Few watts
APPLICATIONS ARE VERY DIVERSE » Households or E‑mobility to utility‑scale
INTEGRATION CHALLENGES
ELEMENTARY DEVICES ARE “SMALL” » Few volts » Few watts
APPLICATIONS ARE VERY DIVERSE » Households or E‑mobility to utility‑scale
NEEDSScalability
Modularity
» kW to GW » kWh to GWh
» Energy‑to‑Power ratio » Cost optimization
» Balancing » Redundancy » Power flow control, SoC management, etc.
AUXILIARY NEEDS
+
CONVENTIONAL SOLUTIONS
AC
DC
AC
DC
AC
DC
AC
DC
AC
DC
AC
DC
AC
DC
AC
DC
AC
DC
AC
DC
AC
DC
AC
DC
AC
DC
AC
DC
AC
DC
AC
DC
AC
DC
AC
DC
abc
energystorage
d
e
module
DC
ACBMS
abc
» The converter is independent from the energy storage
» Limited scalability of the converter » Additional Battery Management System (BMS) is needed » Additional challenges with overall paralleling
SPLIT STORAGE SYSTEMS
AC
DC
AC
DC
AC
DC
AC
DC
AC
DC
AC
DC
AC
DC
AC
DC
AC
DC
AC
DC
AC
DC
AC
DC
AC
DC
AC
DC
AC
DC
AC
DC
AC
DC
AC
DC
abc
energystorage
d
e
module
DC
ACBMS
abc
» The energy storage facilitates the converter balancing and operation (slower dynamics)
» The converter intrinsically provides BMS functions (balancing and power flow control)
C.+Bat.
C.+Bat.
LB
I B,tot
E B,
m 21
2m ∆,de m Σ,de
21
2-AC
LL,tot
1 1
I L,α E L,α
I L,αVac
I B,α
E B,α
2 2 2 2 1
2 22 2 1
E
I
1
I
I B,de E ∆L,de
E ΣB,dem 21
LB
I B,tot
E B,
m 21
2m ∆,abc m Σ,abc
21
L
3-AC
I L,αβ
Vac
LL,totE L,αβ
I L,αβ 2 2
I B,αβ
E B,αβ
33 331
3 3 332
E
I
1
E ∆L,abc
I
I B,abc
Em 2
1
Sup.
Leq
m sc∆,de
CarmV∆,deΣ
I sc∆,deΣV∆,de
Σ
I ∆,deΣ
2 2 2
I sc∆,de
E sc∆,de I sc∆,de
Vsc∆,de
Sup.
Leq
m
CarmVΣ
IΣVΣ
IΣ
2 2 2
I
E I
V
2
2
V∆,abcΣI ∆,abc
Σ
VΣ IΣ
3
3
2-AC 3-AC
DISTRIBUTED » Power conversion & storage » Intelligence
CENTRALIZED » Supervision » Coordination
MODULAR POWER ELECTRONICS
It is all about enabling : » High scalability (>1000 nodes) » Modularity (series, parallel, modules in modules)
» Fast global control loops » Evolutivity over time and space
DISTRIBUTED » Power conversion & storage » Intelligence
CENTRALIZED » Supervision » Coordination
MODULAR POWER ELECTRONICS
It is all about enabling : » High scalability (>1000 nodes) » Modularity (series, parallel, modules in modules)
» Fast global control loops » Evolutivity over time and space
MODULAR CONTROL INFRASTRUCTURE
Synchronization accuracy of < 20‑50ns
Low latencyHigh data bandwidth
Simple wiringGalvanic isolation
RedundancyGPS‑independent
Operation of parallel and series power modules and / or switches
Control bandwidth
High scalability
Reliability
Bandwidth Reliability
Synchronization Latency
WhiteRabbit-like1
Modi�ed GbE
Dispatching
Redundancy
1http://www.ohwr.org/projects/white-rabbit/wikiBandwidth Reliability
Synchronization Latency
WhiteRabbit-like1
Modi�ed GbE
Dispatching
Redundancy
1http://www.ohwr.org/projects/white-rabbit/wiki
Bandwidth Reliability
Synchronization Latency
WhiteRabbit-like1
Modi�ed GbE
Dispatching
Redundancy
1http://www.ohwr.org/projects/white-rabbit/wiki
Bandwidth Reliability
Synchronization Latency
WhiteRabbit-like1
Modi�ed GbE
Dispatching
Redundancy
1http://www.ohwr.org/projects/white-rabbit/wiki
APPLICATION EXAMPLES
ALTERNATIVE APPLICATIONS » Advanced scada » Differential protection » GPS substitution
ANCILLARY SERVICES » Renewables integration » UPS
TRULY SMART GRIDS » Interleaved operation » Fast control loops (DC or non‑inertial systems)
THE SOLUTION
1) Patent pending WO2016IB54226
RealSync is aTime distributionLow latency communication
technology
» Multi‑gigabit Ethernet and UDP » Clock dissemination over Ethernet1)
» Modified data switching » Reduced latency
» Pyramid‑shaped redundant network tree » Complete compatibility with IP
USB
ControlMaster• • • • • • • • • • •
CORE
SYNC
RUNIN
HIB.
FAULT
MAST
.SL
AVEER
R.
CONFIG. & STATUSREALSYNC 0
Dispatcher• • • • • • • • • • •
CORE
SYNC
RUNIN
HIB.
FAULT
MAST
.SL
AVEER
R.
NETWORK A
REALSYNC 0
REALSYNC 2
REALSYNC 1
REALSYNC 3
NETWORK B
I/OUnit• • • • • • • • • • •
CORE
SYNC
RUNIN
HIB.
FAULT
MAST
.SL
AVEER
R.
NETWORK A NETWORK B
A4 A5 A6 A70/8 1/9 2/10 3/11 4/12 5/13 6/14 7/15
MODULINK™ INPUTS
A0 A1 A2 A3
DIGITAL IO 0 DIGITAL IO 1
I/OUnit• • • • • • • • • • •
CORE
SYNC
RUNIN
HIB.
FAULT
MAST
.SL
AVEER
R.
NETWORK A NETWORK B
A4 A5 A6 A70/8 1/9 2/10 3/11 4/12 5/13 6/14 7/15
MODULINK™ INPUTS
A0 A1 A2 A3
D0 D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 D6 D7
H
L
H
L
H
L
H
L
H
L
H
L
H
L
H
L
D8 D9 D10 D11
H
L
H
L
H
L
H
L
USB
ControlMaster• • • • • • • • • • •
CORE
SYNC
RUNIN
HIB.
FAULT
MAST
.SL
AVEER
R.
CONFIG. & STATUSREALSYNC 0
Dispatcher• • • • • • • • • • •
CORE
SYNC
RUNIN
HIB.
FAULT
MAST
.SL
AVEER
R.
NETWORK A
REALSYNC 0
REALSYNC 2
REALSYNC 1
REALSYNC 3
NETWORK B
I/OUnit• • • • • • • • • • •
CORE
SYNC
RUNIN
HIB.
FAULT
MAST
.SL
AVEER
R.NETWORK A NETWORK B
A4 A5 A6 A70/8 1/9 2/10 3/11 4/12 5/13 6/14 7/15
MODULINK™ INPUTS
A0 A1 A2 A3
DIGITAL IO 0 DIGITAL IO 1
I/OUnit• • • • • • • • • • •
CORE
SYNC
RUNIN
HIB.
FAULT
MAST
.SL
AVEER
R.
NETWORK A NETWORK B
A4 A5 A6 A70/8 1/9 2/10 3/11 4/12 5/13 6/14 7/15
MODULINK™ INPUTS
A0 A1 A2 A3
D0 D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 D6 D7
H
L
H
L
H
L
H
L
H
L
H
L
H
L
H
L
D8 D9 D10 D11
H
L
H
L
H
L
H
L
USB
ControlMaster• • • • • • • • • • •
CORE
SYNC
RUNIN
HIB.
FAULT
MAST
.SL
AVEER
R.
CONFIG. & STATUSREALSYNC 0
Dispatcher• • • • • • • • • • •
CORE
SYNC
RUNIN
HIB.
FAULT
MAST
.SL
AVEER
R.
NETWORK A
REALSYNC 0
REALSYNC 2
REALSYNC 1
REALSYNC 3
NETWORK B
I/OUnit• • • • • • • • • • •
CORE
SYNC
RUNIN
HIB.
FAULT
MAST
.SL
AVEER
R.
NETWORK A NETWORK B
A4 A5 A6 A70/8 1/9 2/10 3/11 4/12 5/13 6/14 7/15
MODULINK™ INPUTS
A0 A1 A2 A3
DIGITAL IO 0 DIGITAL IO 1
I/OUnit• • • • • • • • • • •
CORE
SYNC
RUNIN
HIB.
FAULT
MAST
.SL
AVEER
R.
NETWORK A NETWORK B
A4 A5 A6 A70/8 1/9 2/10 3/11 4/12 5/13 6/14 7/15
MODULINK™ INPUTS
A0 A1 A2 A3
D0 D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 D6 D7
H
L
H
L
H
L
H
L
H
L
H
L
H
L
H
L
D8 D9 D10 D11
H
L
H
L
H
L
H
L
USB
ControlMaster• • • • • • • • • • •
CORE
SYNC
RUNIN
HIB.
FAULT
MAST
.SL
AVEER
R.
CONFIG. & STATUSREALSYNC 0
Dispatcher• • • • • • • • • • •
CORE
SYNC
RUNIN
HIB.
FAULT
MAST
.SL
AVEER
R.
NETWORK A
REALSYNC 0
REALSYNC 2
REALSYNC 1
REALSYNC 3
NETWORK B
I/OUnit• • • • • • • • • • •
CORE
SYNC
RUNIN
HIB.
FAULT
MAST
.SL
AVEER
R.
NETWORK A NETWORK B
A4 A5 A6 A70/8 1/9 2/10 3/11 4/12 5/13 6/14 7/15
MODULINK™ INPUTS
A0 A1 A2 A3
DIGITAL IO 0 DIGITAL IO 1
I/OUnit• • • • • • • • • • •
CORE
SYNC
RUNIN
HIB.
FAULT
MAST
.SL
AVEER
R.
NETWORK A NETWORK B
A4 A5 A6 A70/8 1/9 2/10 3/11 4/12 5/13 6/14 7/15
MODULINK™ INPUTS
A0 A1 A2 A3
D0 D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 D6 D7
H
L
H
L
H
L
H
L
H
L
H
L
H
L
H
L
D8 D9 D10 D11
H
L
H
L
H
L
H
L
USB
ControlMaster• • • • • • • • • • •
CORE
SYNC
RUNIN
HIB.
FAULT
MAST
.SL
AVEER
R.
CONFIG. & STATUSREALSYNC 0
Dispatcher• • • • • • • • • • •
CORE
SYNC
RUNIN
HIB.
FAULT
MAST
.SL
AVEER
R.
NETWORK A
REALSYNC 0
REALSYNC 2
REALSYNC 1
REALSYNC 3
NETWORK B
I/OUnit• • • • • • • • • • •
CORE
SYNC
RUNIN
HIB.
FAULT
MAST
.SL
AVEER
R.
NETWORK A NETWORK B
A4 A5 A6 A70/8 1/9 2/10 3/11 4/12 5/13 6/14 7/15
MODULINK™ INPUTS
A0 A1 A2 A3
DIGITAL IO 0 DIGITAL IO 1
I/OUnit• • • • • • • • • • •
CORE
SYNC
RUNIN
HIB.
FAULT
MAST
.SL
AVEER
R.
NETWORK A NETWORK B
A4 A5 A6 A70/8 1/9 2/10 3/11 4/12 5/13 6/14 7/15
MODULINK™ INPUTS
A0 A1 A2 A3
D0 D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 D6 D7
H
L
H
L
H
L
H
L
H
L
H
L
H
L
H
L
D8 D9 D10 D11
H
L
H
L
H
L
H
L
ControlMastere.g. BoomBox
DispatchersNetwork switches
Real-worldinterfaces
THIRD GENERATION HARDWARE
APPLICATION EXAMPLE
APPLICATION EXAMPLE
CTRLnode CTRLnode
CTRLnode
CTRLnode
CTRLnode
CTRLnode
CTRLnode
CTRLnode
CTRLnode
ControlMaster
USB
ControlMaster• • • • • • • • • • •
CORE
SYNC
RUNIN
HIB.
FAULT
MAST
.SL
AVEER
R.
CONFIG. & STATUSREALSYNC 0
Dispatcher• • • • • • • • • • •
CORE
SYNC
RUNIN
HIB.
FAULT
MAST
.SL
AVEER
R.
NETWORK A
REALSYNC 0
REALSYNC 2
REALSYNC 1
REALSYNC 3
NETWORK B
I/OUnit• • • • • • • • • • •
CORE
SYNC
RUNIN
HIB.
FAULT
MAST
.SL
AVEER
R.
NETWORK A NETWORK B
A4 A5 A6 A70/8 1/9 2/10 3/11 4/12 5/13 6/14 7/15
MODULINK™ INPUTS
A0 A1 A2 A3
DIGITAL IO 0 DIGITAL IO 1
I/OUnit• • • • • • • • • • •
CORE
SYNC
RUNIN
HIB.
FAULT
MAST
.SL
AVEER
R.
NETWORK A NETWORK B
A4 A5 A6 A70/8 1/9 2/10 3/11 4/12 5/13 6/14 7/15
MODULINK™ INPUTS
A0 A1 A2 A3
D0 D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 D6 D7
H
L
H
L
H
L
H
L
H
L
H
L
H
L
H
L
D8 D9 D10 D11
H
L
H
L
H
L
H
L
TYPICAL PERFORMANCE RESULTS
switch
ENDNode » Artix 7 FPGA » 12x 1Msps 12bits ADCs » 2x GbE on SFP » Hardware PTP » 200MHz MCU » 50pin I/O extension
» Error below ±30 ns » No data traffic » Patented
» 0.9 μs direct link » 3.9 μs / level standard switch » Trade secret (yet...)