An Assessment of the Value of the term "Cultural Industries" in Reference to Comedic Practice at the Edinburgh Festival Fringe

7/31/2019 An Assessment of the Value of the term "Cultural Industries" in Reference to Comedic Practice at the Edinburgh Festival Fringe

1/23

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40094>9

Hgfqka PAIJ 930:

Igovahpgtctz Jyyqay jo vma Iqkvqtck Jofqyvtjay

Vma vath iqkvqtck jofqyvtjay jy qyaf jo c |jfa tcola gn igova}vy vg fayitjda

igovahpgtctz itacvj~a ptcivjia/ Cyyayy vma ~ckqa gn vma vath dz tanataoia vg goa ctac gn

itacvj~a ptcivjia |jvm |mjim zgq cta nchjkjct/

Ckjia GLtcfz

Yimggk gn Patngthcoia cof Iqkvqtck Jofqyvtjay

Vma Qoj~atyjvz gn Kaafy

3:'01'4033

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2/23

40094>9

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igovahpgtctz itacvj~a ptcivjia/ Cyyayy vma ~ckqa gn vma vath dz tanataoia vg goa ctac gn

itacvj~a ptcivjia |jvm |mjim zgq cta nchjkjct/

\jvm 4+619 ymg|y joikqfaf jo Cqlqyv 4030y vmtaa(|aae a~aov+ vma Afjodqtlm Nayvj~ck

Ntjola jy ctlqcdkz vma hgyv jhpgtvcov cooqck a~aov go Dtjvcjoy iqkvqtck ickaofct+ pqtpgtvafkz

laoatcvjol dav|aao


3/23

40094>9

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vath mcy daao taptayaovcvj~a gn vma ighhgfjvjycvjgo gn iqkvqta+ lg~atohaovck kaljvjhjycvjgo

gn vma ctvy+ cof gqt aigoghji takjcoia go itacvj~jvz/ \mcv hceay cockzyjy gn vma iqkvqtck

jofqyvtjay yqim c ighpka} ctac jy vma nciv vmcv iqkvqtck jofqyvtjay jy c vath fanjoaf dz jvy

qycla+ cof jvy qycla mcy daao a}vtahakz dtgcf cof ~ctjaf/

Mayhgofmcklm -400


4/23

40094>9

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~ckqa jomataov jo vma ptgfqivy gn vma iqkvqtck jofqyvtjay -400=2 36=*/

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ckkg| dgvm vma pqt~azgty gn itacvj~a ctvy vma gppgtvqojvz vg ciiayy vma njocoijck pgvaovjck gn

vmajt |gte ngt vma ptgkjnatcvjgo gn vmcv |gte+ cof ighhatijck gtlcojycvjgoy vma gppgtvqojvz vg

vqto iqkvqtck icpjvck jovg njocoijck icpjvck/ Vmjy a}imcola dav|aao vmaya v|g aovjvjay jy og

davvat fjypkczaf vmco |jvmjo vma gtlcojycvjgock ctimjvaivqta gn vma Afjodqtlm Nayvj~ck Ntjola+

cof hgyv yjlojnjicovkz |jvmjo vma ighafz yaivjgo gn vma ptgltchha/ Jv jy jo vmjy yaoya gn vma

vath iqkvqtck jofqyvtjay vmcv J ch lgjol vg a}pkgta jvy ~ckqa/

Cy Hafmqtyv yvcvay+ ighafz pkczy co cdygkqvakz pj~gvck tgka jo vma igoyvtqivjgo gn gqt

iqkvqtck jfaovjvz -400


5/23

40094>9

( 6 (

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joypjtay vma vmacvta ighhqojvz dazgof Yigvkcof -Dcvimakfat+ 400>2 1*+ vmao jv yjolka(

mcofafkz ftj~ay vma Dtjvjym ighafz ighhqojvz ngt|ctf/

Ighafz ngthy 91! gn vma Ntjola ptgltchha -Fc~jy+ 400:5 Mckk+ 4030*+ cof zav vma =00%

ighafz ymg|y yaa nct kayy vmco 91! gn vma cof ncijkjvcvay vma yvcljol gn -hgyvkz ighafz* patngthcoia |gte |jvm

og ~aoqa g~atmacfy ngt vma patngthaty+ cof og vjieav igyvy ngt vma cqfjaoia/ Dz kggejol cv

Ntjola ighafz cy c qojsqa+ dqv joitafjdkz jhpgtvcov+ ctac gn itacvj~a ptcivjia+ J |jkk pgyjvjgo

co ctlqhaov vg|ctfy c vmagtavjick cof ptcivjick cpptgcim vg vma iqkvqtck jofqyvtjay+ jo |mjim

vmaya jofqyvtjay cta fanjoaf cof igkkaivaf ogv dz vma ocvqta gn vma |gte vmaz ptgfqia+ dqv jo

vma ighhatijck hcooat jo |mjim vmaz ptgfqia jv/


6/23

40094>9

( 1 (

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igoyjfat Mayhgofcmklmy ~ja| vmcv vmacvta yjvy go vma patjpmatjay gn vma iqkvqtck jofqyvtjay+

fqa vg vma nciv vmcv jv fgay ogv qvjkjya jofqyvtjck ptgfqivjgo havmgfy qdjsqjvgqykz -400 Ntjola+ Yqofcz

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gn vma Ntjolay kctlayv ighafz ~aoqay -cof Yva|ctv Kaay ~aoqa jo 400>*+ cy c v|g hjkkjgo

pgqof yqdvattcoaco iqkvqta ncivgtz -400>*/ Vma igoogvcvjgoy cyygijcvaf |jvm Hci|mjtvaty

ighhaov+ gn co cqvghcvaf+ paiqojctz+ jofqyvtjckjyaf Ntjola icoogv da ayicpaf/ Nqtvmathgta+

Hci|mjtvaty ighhaov pkczy jovg vma mcofy gn vma jovaoya itjvjijyh vmcv daao ka~akkaf cv vma

Ntjola ~aoqa ighpcojay g~at vma kcyv 30 zacty+ ngt |mcv ico gokz da fayitjdaf cy vtacvjol vma

Ntjola cy c iqkvqtck jofqyvtz/

Jv jy jhpgtvcov vg yvcva+ cv vmjy pgjov+ vmcv vma kctlayv ptgltchhjol ~aoqay cv vma Afjodqtlm

Nayvj~ck Ntjola cta ighhatijck gtlcojycvjgoy5 vg c iatvcjo a}vaov+ a~ao tafanjojol |mcv jy

hacoy vg ickk yghavmjol c ~aoqa/ Vma Cyyahdkz+ Ljkfaf Dckkggo+ Pkacycoia+ cof

Qofatdakkz -vma Djl Ngqt ~aoqa ighpcojay* gpatcva citgyy hqkvjpka ptahjyay -|jvm vma

a}iapvjgo gn vma Dckkggo*+ cof tqo dav|aao : cof 43 vmacvta ypciay acim/ Faypjva vma qojsqa+


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40094>9

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ighpcojay cta vqtojol g~at patngthcoia |gte go co jofqyvtjck yicka |jvm hjkjvctz(ptaijyjgo+

gnnatjol jonka}jdkz vjlmv vqtog~at vjha dav|aao ymg|y+ yg cy vg itch cy hcoz itacvj~a hgoaz(

hceaty jovg vma fcz cy pgyyjdka/ Vmaya ighpcojay yakk vma kctlayv oqhdat gn vjieavy+ cof

ptg~jfa vma ltacvayv ka~ak gn pqdkji a}pgyqta ngt vmajt yvclaf patngthcoiay/ Vma Ntjola

nayvj~ck hgfak+ |mjim |cy fa~jyaf jo Afjodqtlm jo 3:62 310*/ Hgyv ntjola nayvj~cky gpv ngt iaovtckjyaf

~aoqa hcoclahaov+ mg|a~at jv jy yjlojnjicov vg ogva vmcv vma |gtkfy vmtaa kctlayv ntjola

nayvj~cky mc~a fa~akgpaf qofat Afjodqtlmy ~aoqa hgfak -Dcvimakfat+ 400>2 313*/

Vmata jy og fgqdv vmcv vmjy ntaa hcteav ckkg|y ngt vma gtlcoji ighhatijck ltg|vm gn vma

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jo vmjy igova}v+ jv jy jhpgtvcov vg igoyjfat vma a}vaov vg |mjim ma qyay vma |gtf ncivgtz ogv jo

c ighhatijck yaoya+ dqv c laoatcvjgock yaoya/ Yjoia vma djtvm gn iqkvqtck yvqfjay jo vma 3:>0y+

vathy vmcv ntcha iqkvqtck civj~jvjay cof ctvancivy cy ighhgfjvjay mc~a taiaj~af ighhgo qycla/

Jy jv pgyyjdka vg igoyjfat vma vathy iqkvqtck icpjvck+ iqkvqtck cyyavy+ cof iqkvqtck ptgfqivjgo

|jvmgqv vma jonkqaoia gn aigoghjiy7

Vma coy|at vg vmjy sqayvjgo kjay jo vma yqdbaivj~jvz gn vmaya vathy qyay/ Mg|a~at+ vmjy

sqayvjgo tcjyay vma ptayaov fcolat jo qyjol kcolqcla vmcv ico da acyjkz cpptgptjcvaf vg njv

|jvmjo vma jofj~jfqck cjhy gn c pctvjiqkct dgfz/ A~ao igoyjfatjol vma vath ~ckqa+ jo vma

igova}v gn vma vjvka gn vmjy pcpat+ ngtiay qy vg igoyjfat dgvm co aigoghji fanjojvjgo gn ~ckqa

vmcv cvvtjdqvay njocoijck |gtvm+ cof c vmagtavjick fanjojvjgo vmcv yjlojnjay iqkvqtck jhpgtvcoia/


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40094>9

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ctvy+ cof vma iqkvqtck jhpciv gn vmgya ctvy go gqt ygijavz+ |jvmgqv nckkjol jovg co aigoghji

hgqkf/

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ptaiafay jv+ kgicvay mjy ighhaov ~atz hqim jo vma ao~jtgoy gn aigoghji fjltayyjgo/ Mg|a~at+

jo gtfat vg cyyayy vma ~ckqa gn vma iqkvqtck jofqyvtjay jo tanataoia vg Ntjola ighafz+ jv jy

jhpgtvcov vg a}pkgta vma aigoghjiy gn vmjy cttcolahaov dav|aao itacvj~a ptcivjvjgoat cof

vmajt ~aoqa ighpcojay/

Jv jy c |jfakz ciiapvaf pctv gn vma Afjodqtlm Ntjola a}patjaoia vmcv ighafjcoy -cof Ntjola

patngthaty laoatckkz* cta kjeakz vg kgya yjlojnjicov chgqovy gn hgoaz cy pctv gn yvcljol vmajt

|gte -Ctvmqt+ 400=5 Icttakk+ 400:2 365 Ig}+ 400=5 Natlqygo+ 400:5 Kglco+ 400=2 4>5

Tc~aomjkk+ 400=2 4=*/ Dtjco Maoojlco+ vma Dtjvjym hcoclat gn Chatjico ighji Fgql

Yvcomgpa+ ikcjhy vmcv vma c~atcla chgqov vmcv ighafjcoy kgya cv vma Ntjola acim zact jy bqyv

g~at */ Vjha Gqvitjvji Vjh Ctvmqt cltaay+ yvcvjol vmcv hgyv

ighafjcoy go vma ntjola kgya dav|aao 6+000 cof =+000 -400=*/ Jo Cqlqyv 400=+ Vma

Yigvyhco tapgtvaf go yeavim ighafjco Dcttz Nactoy2 vma njtyv patygo eog|o vg mc~a lgoa

dcoetqpv cy c tayqkv gn patngthjol cv vma Afjodqtlm Ntjola+ cnvat pkgqlmjol 40+000 jovg vma

yvcljol cof hcteavjol gn mjy ymg| Vmjy Yeavim Ymg| Dakgoly vg Kjgoak Tjvimja -Ig}+ 400=*/

Vma qofatyvcofjol chgolyv ighafjcoy jy vmcv vma kgyy yqyvcjoaf cv vma Ntjola jy c ictaat

jo~ayvhaov+ cy vma nayvj~ck ptg~jfay ~ckqcdka gppgtvqojvjay ngt pqdkji a}pgyqta cof

oav|gtejol |jvmjo vma ighafz ighhqojvz vmcv fg ogv a}jyv ngt 33 hgovmy gn vma zact/

Patngth c itjvjick mjv cv vma Ntjola+ cof jv igqkf da aogqlm vg ngtia vma yvap(qp ntgh chcvaqt

vg ptgnayyjgock ighji/


9/23

40094>9

( = (

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zact jy c |tjvvao pctv gn vma ighafz jofqyvtz/ Jv jy c fzochji vmcv jy kchaovaf+ cof ciiapvaf jo

asqck hacyqta/ Daicqya ptgnayyjgock ighjiy cta jofj~jfqcky |mg mc~a yqiiaafaf qofat vma

iqttaov yzyvah+ vmjy njocoijck yvtqllka jy yaao cy c tjva gn pcyycla ngt oa| ighafz

ptcivjvjgoaty/ Mg|a~at+ fgay jv mc~a vg da vmjy |cz7 Vma ighafz jofqyvtz jy co ctac gn

itacvj~a ptcivjia vmcv fgay ogv qya vma vath iqkvqtck jofqyvtjay vg ptgnayy vma iqkvqtck |gtvm

gn vma |gte vmcv jv itacvay vg ygijavz cv kctla/ ^aoqa ighpcojay go vma gvmat mcof+ fqa vg vmajt

takcvjgoymjp |jvm Afjodqtlm Igqoijk3+ cta nct hgta jo vqoa |jvm vma lg~atohaovck

cfhjojyvtcvj~a yvtcvaljay vmcv kgge vg vcp jovg vg vma aigoghji pgvaovjck gn vma Ntjola cy c

iqkvqtck jofqyvtz -Dgrvcy2 400=*/

Jv jy jhpgtvcov vg qofatyvcof vmcv c yjlojnjicov ptgpgtvjgo gn vma igyvy joiqttaf dz ighjiy cv

vma Ntjola cta cvvtjdqvaf vg ~aoqa mjta naay/ Vma yzyvah jo pkcia |gtey |jvm acim ptgfqivjgo

ayyaovjckkz mc~jol vg dqz vmajt cqfjaoiay vjieavy ntgh vmajt ~aoqa jo cf~coia gn vma nayvj~ck+

jo vma mgpa vmcv vmaz lcjo aogqlm cqfjaoia hahdaty fqtjol vmajt tqo vg tavqto vmcv

jo~ayvhaov/ Hcoz ymg|y fg ogv cimja~a vmjy+ cof vmjy jy dangta hcteavjol cof kj~jol igyvy cta

ncivgtaf jovg vma asqcvjgo2 ymg|y ico yakk gqv cv vmjy nayvj~ck cof vma pagpka |mg cta fgjol

vmah ico yvjkk kgya vmajt hgoaz -Dqvkat jo Dcvimakfat+ 400>2 316*/ Ntaakcoia ptgfqiat Yvq

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a~atzgoa gnn -Vqtoaz+ 4030*+ c ~ja| pgpqkct chgolyv vma Ntjolay ighjiy cof ymctaf dz

Fgql Yvcomgpa+ |mg ctlqay vmcv ~aoqay vcea qp |cz vgg kctla c imqoe gn vma hgoaz

-Kglco+ 400=2 4>*/ Jo 4000+ Vma Gdyat~aty ctv igttaypgofaov coayyc Vmgtpa a}ptayyaf

igoiatoy vmcv c |akk(eog|o ntjola nayvj~ck ~aoqa |jkk vcea qp vg 60 pat iaov gn vma dg}(gnnjia

3 C takcvjgoymjp ayvcdkjymaf vmtgqlm vma ~aoqay cooqck pqtimcya gn vahpgtctz aovatvcjohaov kjiaoiay -Vqtoaz+

4030*/


10/23

40094>9

( : (

hgoaz ngt co civ -40002 =*/ Jo 4033+ vmjy 60! jy vma dcta hjojhqh+ |jvm hgyv ighpcojay

joiqttjol mjlmat naay/ Go vma yqtncia jy yaahy cy vmgqlm vma iqkvqtck jofqyvtjay+ cy co qoqyaf

qvjkjvz+ mgkfy og ~ckqa |mcvyga~at vg vma itacvj~a ptcivjvjgoaty gn Ntjola ighafz+ oajvmat jo

vathy gn vma iqkvqtck jhpgtvcoia gnnataf vg vmjy |gte -kj~a ighafz jy yvjkk |mgkkz igoyjfataf c

laota gn aovatvcjohaov cy gppgyaf vg co ctv(ngth -Ntjafhco+ 40332 96=**+ ogt jo vma njocoiay

vmcv yaah vg da yjpmgoaf c|cz ntgh ighafjcoy pgieavy cof jovg vma dcoe ciigqovy gn vma

~aoqa ighpcojay/

Mg|a~at+ qoyqtptjyjolkz+ jv jy ogv vmcv yjhpka/ Dcvimakfat yvtgolkz ctlqay jo nc~gqt gn vma

~aoqay aovtaptaoaqtjck ptcivjiay+ go vma dcyjy vmcv vmaz cta vma yvtqivqta hgyv taypgoyjdka ngt

vma Ntjolay cdjkjvz vg ltg| acim zact -400>2 314*+ cof mc~a daao qoncjtkz fahgojyaf dz

Ntjola patngthaty/ Mg|a~at+ J |gqkf ctlqa asqckkz yvtgolkz vmcv vma Ntjolay cdjkjvz vg ltg|

|gtey go c yjhpka dcyjy gn yqppkz cof fahcof dav|aao vma ~aoqa ighpcojay cof vma

patngthaty/ Vmata cta ogv aogqlm cqfjaoiay vg lg ctgqof+ vmata cta c yqtpkqy gn patngthcoia

ypciay4+ cof co joitacyjolkz kctla oqhdat gn patngthcoia ighpcojay ptapctaf vg pcz lggf

hgoaz vg patngth9/ \mcv Dcvimakfaty ctvjika fgay tcjya mg|a~at+ cta sqayvjgoy g~at vma

cyyqhaf njocoijck yaiqtjvz gn vma ~aoqa ighpcojay/

Dcvimakfat fjyhjyyay vma itjvjijyh gn ~aoqay dz patngthaty cy yjhpkjyvji faoqoijcvjgoy gn

~aoqa hcoclaty |mjka cfhjvvjol vmcv vmaz eog| ~jtvqckkz ogvmjol gn vma aigoghjiy jo~gk~af

-400>2 3>9*/ Yma mcy c pgjov/ Imctkja \ggfy+ vma ig(fjtaivgt gn vma Qofatdakkz yvcvay vmcv vma

joigha vmcv |a dtjol jo fgayo,v a}iaaf gqt igyvy cof hcjovcjoy vmcv vma tayv gn vma Djl Ngqt

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ygkf gqv tgghy -vma c~atcla cqfjaoia yjra cv vma Ntjola jy pqtpgtvafkz ojoa -Ljt~co+ 4030**+ cof yaigofkz Vma

Nayvj~ck Ntjola Ygijavz yaofy gqv co a(hcjk vg|ctfy vma aof gn ptgltchhjol -hjf(Cptjk* a~atz zact+ |jvm

jongthcvjgo go ckk vma patngthcoiay ykgvy vmcv ~aoqa ighpcojay cta mc~jol fjnnjiqkvz vtzjol vg njkk/

9 Vma 4030 nayvj~ck nacvqtaf c 3


11/23

40094>9

( 30 (

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patygock kgyyay vmaz joiqt+ vma ~aoqa ighpcojay cta nct kayy yg/ Jn Imctkja \ggfy jy

fayitjdjol vma yjvqcvjgo |jvm c ygha|mcv kggya cpptgcim vg vma vtqvm+ ngt vma Qofatdakkz vg

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njlqtay mc~a ogv daao dcofjaf ctgqof/ Vma ~aoqay takz go vma igovjoqaf iggpatcvjgo gn vma

patngthaty/ Mg|a~at+ vg nqtvmat ighpgqof vmjy jyyqa+ Ectao Egtao+ vma ctvjyvji fjtaivgt gn vma

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mc~a vma djllayv hgtvlcla jo vma |gtkf/ \a mc~a vg yqt~j~a -Hc}|akk+ 400=*/ \mjima~at

|cz zgq kgge cv jv+ zgq icov pcz c hgtvlcla |mjkyv joiqttjol c patygock kgyy gn


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40094>9

( 33 (

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fack |gtvm hgta vmco >00+000 -Natlqygo+ 400:*/ Fghjoji Hc}|akk+ ngt Vma Vjhay+ ikcjhaf

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qofat~ckqjol jvyakn cy c dtcof -400=*5 c vayvjhgojck vg vma ~ckqa gn vma iqkvqtck jofqyvtjay/

Vmjy hcz |akk da vma icya/ Mg|a~at+ yjoia 400=+ |mg mcy daoanjvvaf ntgh vmjy jofqyvtjck

hgfak7

Njtyvkz+ patngthcoia ighpcojay jo~gk~af jo vma AIN -ighpqkygtz jn patngthjol jo goa gn vma

Djl Ngqt* cta tasqjtaf vg pcz >00+ jo cffjvjgo vg vma iaovtck Ntjola taljyvtcvjgo naa gn

4:1/40+ vg da joikqfaf jo vma AINy g|o ptgltchha/ Jo cffjvjgo vg vmjy cffaf igyv+ ~aoqa

mjta naay mc~a daao yvacfjkz tcjyaf ckgolyjfa co g~atckk tjya jo vjieav ptjia/ Tcvmat vmco

ckkg|jol Ntjola ighafz co gppgtvqojvz vg tacp vma ta|ctfy gn jvy g|o dtcofjol+ vma AIN

cppacty vg mc~a kjoaf vma pgieavy gn vma Djl Ngqt+ yjoia jvy joiapvjgo jo 400=/ Jofaaf+ vma

~aoqa fjtaivgty mc~a ogv ptgnayyaf vma njocoijck ~qkoatcdjkjvz vmcv vmaz |ata ikcjhjol jo actkz

400= -faypjva mc~jol ncjkaf vg cimja~a c igtpgtcva icym jobaivjgo*/ Vma yaahjol yqiiayy vmcv

vma AIN mcy cimja~af mcy daao ka~akkaf vmtgqlm ayvcdkjymjol c hgogpgkz g~at vma gvmat + vma Yigvvjym Ctvy Igqoijk -jo

pctvoatymjp |jvm Nayvj~cky Afjodqtlm+ vma Ijvz gn Afjodqtlm Igqoijk+ vma Yigvvjym A}aiqvj~a+

A~aovYigvkcof+ cof Yigvvjym Aovatptjya Afjodqtlm cof Kgvmjco* pqdkjymaf Vmqofatjol

Mgg~ay+ c tapgtv ighhjyyjgoaf vg jfaovjnz yimahay vmcv |gqkf igoygkjfcva Afjodqtlmy


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( 34 (

nayvj~cky |jvm c lkgdck ighpavjvj~a afla/ \mjkyv cieog|kafljol vmcv cv vma Ntjola vma

patngthaty vcea vma njocoijck tjye -Yigvvjym Ctvy Igqoijk/ av ck+ 400>2 91*+ vma tapgtv kggey vg

aoigqtcla cof taighhaof co joitacya jo vma ka~ak gn cf~atvjyahaov gn vma Ntjola vg co

jovatocvjgock hcteavpkcia -400>2 30*/

Jv jy ptaijyakz qofat vmaya cqypjiay vmcv vma Djl Ngqt vtjaf vg bqyvjnz vma ayvcdkjymhaov gn vma

AIN -Hc}|akk+ 400=*/ Jo Vmqofatjol Mgg~ay+ jv jy ctlqaf vmcv vmjy pgkjiz oaaf ogv+ cy c

haimcojyh+ imckkaola vma ctvjyvji cqvgoghz gn vma Nayvj~ck -Yigvvjym Ctvy Igqoijk/ av ck+

400>2 61*/ Mg|a~at+ mg| ico jv ogv7 Vma iqttaov ~aoqa yvtqivqta igovtcfjivy vma ~atz

pmjkgygpmz gn vma Ntjola/ Jo 3:+ vmao Ntjola fjtaivgt+ Ckjyvcjt Hgnncv fayitjdaf vmjy

pmjkgygpmz+ yvcvjol vmcv2 coz ngth gn sqckjvz igovtgk jy ajvmat dz vma ctvjyvy vmahyak~ay+ gt

vmajt pqdkji+ jo c fjtaiv+ jhhafjcva goa(vg(goa takcvjgoymjp+ |jvm og hjffkahao -Hgnncv+

3:+ Njocoijck Vjhay Covmgoz Vmgtoitgnv ctlqaf vmcv vma jo~gk~ahaov

gn Djl Dqyjoayy mcy qoyavvkaf vma lkgtjgqy coctimz gn vma Ntjola dqv mcy ogv g~at|makhaf jv

zav -Vmgtoitgnv jo Dcvimakfat+ 400>2 3>4*/ \jvm vma pgyv(AIN Ntjola vmcv jy og| jo pkcia+

igoyjfat jv g~at|makhaf/


14/23

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( 39 (

Vg |mcv a}vaov vmao+ |gqkf Ntjola ighafjcoy daoanjv ntgh vcejol vmjy yaoya gn iqkvqtck

jofqyvtz jovg vmajt g|o mcofy7 Jo 400=+ Fgql Yvcomgpa kgflaf mjy ptgvayv clcjoyv vma

ayvcdkjymhaov gn vma AIN vma ciha gn g~atighhatijckjyh -Hc}|akk ijvjol Yvcomgpa+

400=* dz coogqoijol pkcoy ngt c ymg| kcyvjol 3=(mgqty/ VjvkafC Fcz |jvm Fgql+ vma ymg|

mcf bqyv goa vjieav+ igyvjol */ Tcvmat vmco dajol c ~jcdka gppgtvqojvz vg taikcjh pgvaovjck kgyyay+C Fcz

|jvm Fgql |cy co ctvjyvji yvcvahaov+ fayjloaf vg ftc| cvvaovjgo vg vma pkjlmv gn itacvj~a

ptcivjvjgoaty cv vma Ntjola/ Jo vathy gn Yvcomgpay hgta igo~aovjgock patngthcoiay fqtjol

Afjodqtlm 400=+ ma patygockkz ptgltchhaf c yatjay gn lqatjkkc ljly vcejol pkcia |jvmgqv

gnnjijck Ntjola iatvjnjicvjgo -Hc}|akk+ 400=*+ go vma ntjola gn vma Ntjola jvyakn/ Vmjy jy c

hgfak ma mcy ahpkgzaf citgyy vma |gtkf/

Jn J |cov vg pkcz Tgiengtf+ Jkkjogjy ( cof J,~a oa~at pkczaf vmata dangta ( J,kk njkk gqv c

dqkkavjo go Uvma ygijck oav|gtejol |adyjvaX HzYpcia lgjol+ Maz+ |mg eog|y c ~aoqa

jo Tgiengtf+ Jkkjogjy7 Dz vma aof gn vma fcz J,kk mc~a jv dggeaf/ Ojoa gqv gn 30 vjhay/

J,~a fgoa jv tapacvafkz/ -Yvcomgpa jo Kglco+ 400=2 4>*

Jo mjy ctvjikaDcie Vg \gte2 Iqkvqtck Kcdgt jo Ckvataf Vjhay+ Ltcmch Hqtfgie ctlqay vmcv

goa gn vma eaz ptcivjiay jo iqkvqtck ptgfqivjgo jy vma ptgiayy gn jo~ayvjol cy mac~jkz jo

hcteavjol ptgfqivy cy jo ptgfqijol vmah -40092 4=*/ Jn |a ~ja| ighafjcoy Ntjola kgyyay cy

c ngth gn hcteavjol+ jo vma |jfat igova}v gn c ighafjcoy dgfz gn |gte+ vmao vma Ntjola

fahgoyvtcvay c yjlojnjicov ka~ak gn djcy jo nc~gqt gn hcteavjol igyvy/ Jo vathy gn Yvcomgpay

ptcivjia mg|a~at+ jv jy vma gvmat |cz tgqof+ nc~gqtjol igyv(ntaa |ad(dcyaf ptghgvjgo+ cof

vtcfjvjgock |gtf(gn(hgqvm -G,Igoogt ijvjol Yvcomgpa+ 400=*/ Vmjy |gqkf vmao+ nckk gqvyjfa gn

Hqtfgiey jfac gn vma ptgfqivjgo gn iqkvqta/ Mg|a~at+ jv jy jhpgtvcov vg taiglojya vmcv vmata


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( 36 (

jy yghavmjol jhptayyj~akz jofqyvtjgqy cdgqv Yvcomgpay ahcoijpcvgtz havmgf2 cy yggo cy

vmata,y c fgkkct vg da hcfa coz|mata vmatay lgooc da c yac gn ymctey |mg cta lgjol vg njlqta

gqv mg| vg lav dav|aao yqppkz cof fahcof vg lav c patiaovcla/// J mc~a akjhjocvaf ckhgyv

a~atzdgfz J ico vmcv fgayo,v cff yghavmjol vg vma asqcvjgo/ -Yvcomgpa jo GIgoogt+ 400=*/

Yva|ctv Kaa ymctay vmjy cpptgcim/ Ngkkg|jol vma coogqoiahaov gn vma AIN+ Kaa mcy ~g|af

oa~at clcjo vg patngth cv coz gn vma djl ngqt ~aoqay -Kglco+ 400=2 4>*+ joyvacf imggyjol

vg patngth cv Vma Yvcof ighafz ikqd+ goa gn vma gokz Ntjola ~aoqay vmcv gpatcvay jo

Afjodqtlm ngt 34 hgovmy gn vma zact/ Vma Yvcofy fjtaivgt+ Vghhz Ymappctf+ ptghjyay vma

civy |mg faijfa vg patngth vmata vmcv+ ymgqkf vmajt vjieav ta~aoqa ncjk vg ig~at vmajt ~aoqa

taovck naa+ ma |jkk hcea qp vma fjnnataoia -Ig}+ 400=*/ Dz njkkjol yhckk tgghy+ takzjol go

vtcfjvjgock |gtf(gn(hgqvm hcteavjol+ vma cdyaoia gn vma igyv gn c vahpgtctz ~aoqa kjiaoia+

cof c kgzck kgick cqfjaoia+ Ymappctf ico kac~a vma Ntjola jo ptgnjv -Ig}+ 400=*/ Kaa mcy

ngkkg|af vmjy hgfak+ ctlqjol vmcv vcejol taypgoyjdjkjvz cy co ctvjyv ngt goay g|o aigoghji

yaiqtjvz tasqjtay vma imgppjol c|cz gn ckk a}vtcoagqy g~atmacfy cof pkczjol vg zgqt

yvtaolvmy gn |mcv vmaz Uvma cqfjaoiaX |cov+ tcvmat vmco vtzjol vg fj~atyjnz -Fa~ataq}Gojcoy+

4030*/ Kaa lgay go vg yvcva vmcv vmjy ptclhcvji yakn(talqkcvgtz cpptgcim+ pqvy vma ctvjyv jo

igovtgk gn vmajt g|o jofqyvtz2 |mao zgq kgge cv c vgqt pgyvat ngt Upgpqkct vaka~jyjgo yvcof(qpX

Tqyyakk Mg|ctf cof may fgjol ctaocy+ Jh ptgdcdkz yaajol Uc mjlmat patiaovclaX gn vma

hgoaz+ icqya UTqyyakk Mg|ctfyX lgv vaka~jyjgo cf~atvjyjol -Fa~ataq}Gojcoy+ 4030*/

Mgtemajhat cof Cfgtogy ogvjgo vmcv qoj~atyck pqdkjijvz jy og |cz oaiayyctz ngt pagpka vg

lav vg eog| vma ejofy gn lggfy |mgya yqppkz jy tayvtjivaf coz|cz -3::12 3>4* jy patnaivkz

hjttgtaf jo vma vaimojsqay qyaf dz Kaa cof Yvcomgpa/ J |gqkf ctlqa mg|a~at+ vmcv bqyv

daicqya vmaya ctvjyvy cta ogv imqtojol gqv vmajt iqkvqtck |ctay jo vma ngth gn c ncivgtjck

ptgfqivjgo kjoa+ jv fgay ogv haco vmaz cta ogv a}atijyjol igovtgk g~at vmajt g|o iqkvqtck


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40094>9

( 31 (

jofqyvtz/ Jn vma vath iqkvqtck jofqyvtjay ico aoigqtcla itacvj~a ptcivjvjgoaty vg vcea

taypgoyjdjkjvz ngt vma ~ckqa -njocoijck gt yzhdgkji* gn vmajt itacvj~a gqvpqv+ vmao yqtakz vmcv

ico gokz da c lggf vmjol/ Yeavim ighafjco Dcttz Nactoy -vma dcoetqpv Ntjola patngthat |mg

kgyv 40+000* cpptgcimaf vma jyyqa gn pkzjol mjy |ctay cv vma Ntjola joyaoyjdkz5 vma fahcof

|cy ikactkz ogv vmata vg gnnyav mjy ka~ak gn njocoijck jo~ayvhaov/

Vma nciv gn vma hcvvat jy vmcv patngthaty cta qofat og gdkjlcvjgo vg pcz vmgqycofy gn pgqofy

jo ~aoqa taovck naay vg Afjodqtlmy ~aoqa ighpcojay/ Vma ~aoqay gpatcva jo vma |cz vmcv vmaz

fg daicqya vmata jy c yvacfz nkg| gn vckaovaf itacvj~a ptcivjvjgoaty |mg cta qofat~ckqjol vma

jhhafjcva ighhatijck pgvaovjck gn vmajt |gte+ cof cta |jkkjol vg kgya */ Vmjy ogvjgo jy a~ao

hgta taka~cov |mao cppkjaf ypaijnjickkz vg ighafjcoy/ Yvcof(qp ighafz fa~akgpaf ntgh vma

civy ngqof jo vma kcva 3:vm

Iaovqtz hqyji mckky+ c laota gn patngthcoia vmcv |cy cppaofaf

|jvm c yaoya gn tayjlocvjgo cof ncvckjyh -Hafmqtyv+ 4006* vmcv mcy imctcivatjyaf 40vm

Iaovqtz ~ja|y gn yvcof(qp ighafz/ Yvcof(qp mcy ogv fa~akgpaf |jvm vma ycha yaoya gn yakn(

taypaiv vmcv pqdkjickkz(yqdyjfjyaf vmacvta ctvy fahcof/ Mg|a~at+ vma Afjodqtlm Ntjola jy goa

gn vma na| hghaovy gn vma zact |mao ighafz jy lj~ao ctvjyvji dtacvmjol ypcia cy c kaljvjhcva

patngthcoia hafjqh jo jvy g|o tjlmv/ Jn vmata jy a~at c vjha ngt ighafjcoy vg ahcoijpcva

vmahyak~ay+ cof vcea igovtgk gn vmajt g|o patygock iqkvqta ncivgtz+ jv jy jo Cqlqyv/

Vg c iatvcjo a}vaov+ Pavat Dqiekaz Mjkk jy kacfjol vmjy ta~gkqvjgo+ |mjkyv ckyg taptayaovjol c

yaoya gn itacvj~a a}ptayyjgo g~at njocoijck ta|ctf/ Mjy gtlcojycvjgo+ PDMy Ntaa Ntjola+


17/23

40094>9

( 3> (

makpy patngthaty yvcla |gte jo ~aoqay vmcv fgov tasqjta ~aoqa taovck naay+ qofat vma

igofjvjgo vmcv patngthaty fgov imctla vmajt cqfjaoia aovtz vg cvvaof vmajt ymg| -c dqieav jy

pcyyaf ctgqof vma ~aoqa cv vma aof gn vma ymg|+ cof cqfjaoia hahdaty ico fgocva hgoaz jn

vmaz yg imggya*/ Tcvmat vmco |tayvkjol |jvm vma pgkjvjiy gn ighhatijck aovatptjya+ kjea

Vghhz Ymappctf cv Vma Yvcof+ Dqiekaz Mjkk tahg~ay vmjy |mgka akahaov ntgh vma asqcvjgo/

Vma ptgdkah |jvm vmjy hgfak -gn ogv yakkjol vjieavy* mg|a~at+ jy vmcv jv fgay ogv aoigqtcla

civy vg cvvtjdqva njocoijck ~ckqa vg vmajt |gte+ cof fgay ogv patyqcfa cqfjaoiay vmcv vmjy |gte

mgkfy ygijck hacojol cof jy |gtvmz gn vmajt vjha/ Jv igqkf da ctlqaf vmcv+ chgolyv vma imcgy

gn vma Ntjola+ vmjy jy co qojhpgtvcov favcjk/ Mg|a~at+ civy vmcv gpatcva ptgnayyjgockkz gqvyjfa

vma Ntjola ymgqkf ogv mc~a vg kg|at vma ~ckqa gn vmajt ighafz ngt co Afjodqtlm cqfjaoia/

Vma nciv vmcv vma oqhdat gn ighafjcoy vcejol go oa| cof gtjljock yimahay gn ighhatijck

cvvtjdqvjgo+ yjhjkct vg vmcv gn Kaa cof Yvcomgpa+ jy yg yhckk+ fahgoyvtcvay co jofqyvtz(|jfa

kcie gn itacvj~jvz vmcv jy cv gffy |jvm vma ocvqta gn vma ctv ngth/

Vma ighafz jofqyvtz gpatcvay a}vtahakz |akk dgvm iqkvqtck cof njocoijckkz ngt 33 hgovmy gn

vma zact/ Mg|a~at+ |mao jv haavy vma haimcojyaf gnnjijckfgh gn vma Afjodqtlm Nayvj~ck

Ntjola jv itqhdkay qofat jvy g|o jonatjgtjvz ighpka}/

Jo vmjy igova}v+ jv jy yjlojnjicov vg igoyjfat vma pkqtckjyh gn vma vath iqkvqtck jofqyvtjay/ Vma

Dtjvjym ighafz jofqyvtz cof vma Afjodqtlm Ntjola jofqyvtz cta v|g cqvgoghgqy iqkvqtck

jofqyvtjay+ cof zav |mao vmaz igkkjfa c ncyijocvjol mjatctimjick fzochji ahatlay dav|aao

aigoghjickkz yc~~z ~aoqa ighpcojay+ cof jofqyvtjgqykz qoimckkaoljol itacvj~a ptcivjvjgoaty/

Jn |a igoyjfat PDMy Ntaa Ntjola cy cogvmat iqkvqtck jofqyvtz+ fqa vg jvy ptgfqivjgo gn ygijck

hacojol+ |jvmjo Afjodqtlmy jofqyvtjck kcofyicpa gn iqkvqta+ vmao |mcv jy ta~ackaf cta vmtaa

iqkvqtck jofqyvtjay |jvm vmtaa ~atz fjnnataov cjhy/


18/23

40094>9

( 3< (

Go taiaj~jol vma pcoak ptjra ngt Ypjtjv gn vma Ntjola cv 400:y Afjodqtlm Ighafz C|ctfy

-ngthatkz vma Pattjat C|ctf*+ Pavat Dqiekaz Mjkk pcjf vtjdqva vg c|ctfy fjtaivgt Ojic Dqtoy

yczjol J cfhjta vma |cz yma mcy fgoa vmjy |jvmgqv igtpgtcva ypgoygtymjp+ vma Ntjola mcy

daao vgg igtpgtcva ngt vgg kgol/ Ymay ymg|o vmcv |a ico fg jv dz gqtyak~ay -Dqiekaz Mjkk jo

ImgtvkaQE+ 400:*/ Mg|a~at+ Dqtoy kgyv ctgqof 300+000 tqoojol vma c|ctf jo 400: -DDI+

400:*+ dangta taiaj~jol c vjvka ypgoygtymjp pciecla ntgh Ngyvaty ngt vma c|ctfy jo 4030+

4033+ cof dazgof/ Dqiekaz Mjkk ikcjhy |a ico fg jv dz gqtyak~ay+ cof zav vmata jy og |cz

Dqtoy ico joiqt c kgyy gn 300+000 pat zact jo gtfat vg lj~a vmtaa ighafjcoy c vtgpmz/

Dqiekaz Mjkk mjhyakn mcy vg tcjya 36+000 jo cf~atvjyjol jo gtfat vg cnngtf 300+000 igpjay gn

vma PDMy Ntaa Ntjola nayvj~ck dtgimqta/ Yg+ vmata jy c yaoya gn aovatptjya cof jofqyvtz vmcv jy

jhdqaf |jvmjo Dqiekaz Mjkky gtlcojycvjgo/

Vma coy|at jo vmjy icya jy patmcpy vma yicka gn vma aovatptjya/ Mgtemajhat cof Cfgtog

gdbaivaf vg vma ighhgfjvjycvjgo gn iqkvqta fqa vg vma |cz jv |cy dajol ntj~gkgqykz imqtoaf

gqv cejo vg ncivgtjck ptgfqivjgo -3::12 343*/ Jo vathy gn vma ocvqta gn vma jofqyvtjay+ jv cppacty

cy vmgqlm vma aovtaptaoaqtjck ~aoqa hcoclahaov cv vma Ntjola mcy hgta jo ighhgo |jvm c

\ayv Aof vmacvta hgfak+ vmco |jvm vma Ntjola ctvjyvy |mg ltcia vmajt patngthcoia ypciay/

Ckvmgqlm+ pqdkjickkz jv jy qyanqk vg mc~a Mayhgofmcklm cof Ptcvv gnnatjol vmajt kjyv gn

icvalgtjay gn iqkvqtck jofqyvtz+ vma iqkvqtck jofqyvtjay jy ogv c pqdkji vath/ Jv |gqkf da nct

hgta cpptgptjcva vg ngkkg| Vmtgydzy hgfak cof ngth c igovjoqqh fanjoaf go vma dcyjy gn

mg| vmgya jofqyvtjay lg cdgqv vmajt havmgfy gn ptgfqivjgo+ tcvmat vmco |mcv vmaz ptgfqia/

Vma vath iqkvqtck jofqyvtjay jy+ jo jvy iqttaov lqjya+ fgjol Ntjola ighafz c fjyyat~jia/

Mg|a~at+ jn |a ico aongtia c dtgcfat fanjojvjgo gn vma vath vmao c |mgka laoatcvjgo gn


19/23

40094>9

( 3= (

ighafjcoy ico da ahpg|ataf vg vcea igovtgk gn vmajt g|o jofqyvtz cv vma Ntjola/ Jo vma :0y+

vma vath itacvj~a jofqyvtjay |cy igjoaf jo gtfat vg ygk~a igonqyjgo yqttgqofjol vma vath

iqkvqtck jofqyvtjay -Ajyaodatl+ Latkcim+ . Mcofea+ 400>2 2 3=*

Mg|a~at+ J |gqkf ctlqa vmcv iqkvqta ymgqkf da fahgitcvjyaf vmtgqlm vmgya |mg itacva cof

a}patjaoia jv+ ogv vmtgqlm ighhatia/ Jn vma itacvj~a ctvy daigha vgg yzogozhgqy |jvm

ighhatijck aovatptjya vmao vma fzochjyh gn vmaya ctvy |jkk da kgyv/ Jv jy ptaijyakz vmjy

takcvjgoymjp vmcv mcy kacf bgqtockjyvy cof ighhaovcvgty vg ptgpmaiz vma igkkcpya gn vma Ntjola

g~at vma kcyv 30 zacty cy joa~jvcdka/ Hz hgfak gn vma iqkvqtck jofqyvtjay mgkf vma v|g cv cthy

kaolvm+ cof zav ckkg|y ngt itacvj~a ptcivjvjgoaty gn Ntjola ighafz vg ogv |cjv ngt vmajt djl

dtace dqv vg vcea taypgoyjdjkjvz ngt vma fjyyahjocvjgo gn vmajt g|o ctv/

\gtf igqov2 >+1=1


20/23

40094>9

( 3: (

Djdkjgltcpmz

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UGokjoaX C~cjkcdka ntgh2 mvvp2''|||/vjhagqv/igh'njkh'nacvqtay'ymg|(nacvqta'1134'mg|(

mackvmz(jy(ighafz(cv(vma(afjodqtlm(ntjola(nayvj~ck/mvhk/ UCiiayyaf2 30'01'4033X

Dcda+ T/ -400:* Iqkvqtck Yvqfjay cof Pgkjvjick Aigoghz2 Vg|ctf c Oa| Jovaltcvjgo/ Kcomch+

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DDI/ -400:*C|ctfy dgyy vg nqof ighafz ptjra/ UGokjoaX C~cjkcdka ntgh2

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Dgrvcy+ Y/ -400=* Djl ^aoqay Ysqaarjol gqv vma Ypjtjv gn Afjodqtlm Ntjola/ Vma

Jofapaofaov/ UGokjoaX C~cjkcdka ntgh2 mvvp2''|||/jofapaofaov/ig/qe'ctvy(

aovatvcjohaov'ighafz'oa|y'djl(~aoqay(ysqaarjol(gqv(vma(ypjtjv(gn(afjodqtlm(ntjola(

==13::/mvhk/ UCiiayyaf2 30'01'4033X

Icttakk+ Y/ -400:* Afjodqtlm Nayvj~ck Ntjola Yckay Daoanjv ntgh Taiayyjgo Lkggh/ Vma

Lqctfjco/ p36/ U03'0:'400:X Hcoimayvat2 Lqctfjco Hafjc Ltgqp/

ImgtvkaQE/ -400:* Pavat Dqiekaz Mjkk |joy vma Afjodqtlm Ighafz C|ctfy pcoak ptjra/

^jfag ygqtia UGokjoaX C~cjkcdka ntgh2

mvvp2''|||/zgqvqda/igh'|cvim7~8tL^\hJ94:


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40094>9

( 40 (

Afntjola/igh/ -4033* Vma Nayvj~ck Ntjola Ygijavz/ UGokjoaX mvvp2''|||/afntjola/igh'cdgqv(

qy'ntjola(ygijavz/ UCiiayyaf2 30'01'4033X

Ajyaodatl+ I/ Latkcim+ T/ . Mcofea+ I/ -400>* Jovtgfqivjgo/ Iqkvqtck Jofqyvtjay2 Vma Dtjvjym

A}patjaoia jo Jovatocvjgock Patypaivj~a/ -Ajyaodatl+ I/ Latkcim+ T/ . Mcofea+ I/ afy* Datkjo2

Iaovta ngt Dtjvjym Yvqfjay+ Mqhdgkfv Qoj~atyjvz gn Datkjo/

Natlqygo+ D/ -400:* Djl ngqt ighafz ikqdy vg lg jv ckgoa clcjo/ Vma Yigvyhco/ UGokjoaX

C~cjkcdka ntgh2 mvvp2''oa|y/yigvyhco/igh'yigvkcof'Djl(ngqt(ighafz(ikqdy(vg/1016011/bp/

UCiiayyaf2 30'01'4033X

Ntjafhco+ Y/ -4033* Vma Iqkvqtck Iqttaoiz gn c Lggf Yaoya gn Mqhgqt2 Dtjvjym ighafz

cof oa| ngthy gn fjyvjoivjgo/ Vma Dtjvjym Bgqtock gn Ygijgkglz/ ^gk/ >45 Og/ 4/ Kgofgo2

Kgofgo Yimggk gn Aigoghjiy cof Pgkjvjick Yijaoia/

Ljt~co+ C/ -4030* Vgp Nj~a \czy vg Yc~a cv vma Afjodqtlm Ntjola/ \mcvygoyvcla/igh

UGokjoaX C~cjkcdka ntgh2mvvp2''|||/|mcvygoyvcla/igh'nacvqtay'vmacvta'kgofgo'A==934=316039:'Vgp%Nj~a%\czy%vg

%Yc~a%cv%vma%Afjodqtlm%Ntjola%/mvhk/ UCiiayyaf2 30'01'4033X

Mckk+ B/ -4030* Ckk vma nqo gn vma Ntjola2 Vma dayv gn Afjodqtlm vmjy yqhhat/ Vma

Jofapaofaov/ UGokjoaX C~cjkcdka ntgh2 mvvp2''|||/jofapaofaov/ig/qe'ctvy(

aovatvcjohaov'ighafz'nacvqtay'ckk(vma(nqo(gn(vma(ntjola(vma(dayv(gn(afjodqtlm(vmjy(yqhhat(

409=>=4/mvhk/ UCiiayyaf2 31'01'4033X

Mayhgofmcklm+ F/ -400/ U33'33'4030X Hcoimayvat2 Lqctfjco

Hafjc Ltgqp/

Kglco+ D/ -4030* Yvcofqp Ighjiy Mjv vma Dggh Vjha/ Vma Lqctfjco/ L4 p3:/ U01'0='4030X

Hcoimayvat2 Lqctfjco Hafjc Ltgqp/

Hci|mjtvat+ J/ -400>* Mg| vg yqt~j~a c fcz jo vma dakkz gn vma acyv/ Vma Yqofcz Matckf/

UGokjoaX C~cjkcdka ntgh2

mvvp2''njofctvjikay/igh'p'ctvjikay'hjWso631>'jyW400>0=4


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( 43 (

Hafmqtyv+ C/ -400'01'4033X

Yqimyhckkpgtvjgoy/igh/ -4033*Affja Jrrctf cof Tgyy Ogdka yav ngt Kcqlmy Jo Vma Pcte/

UGokjoaX C~cjkcdka ntgh2

mvvp2''|||/yqimyhckkpgtvjgoy/igh'pl'oa|y'yqimyhckkpgtvjgoy'tacf'93499'affja(jrrctf(cof(

tgyy(ogdka(yav(ngt(kcqlmy(jo(vma(pcte/ UCiiayyaf2 30'01'4033X

Vmgtpa+ ^/ -4000* Nayvj~ck Dgyy Cvvciey Dkcof Ntjola/ Vma Gdyat~at/ p=/ U0>'0='4000XHcoimayvat2 Lqctfjco Hafjc Ltgqp/


23/23

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44

Vmtgydz+ F/ -400=* Vma Igoiaovtji Ijtikay Hgfak gn vma Iqkvqtck Jofqyvtjay/ Iqkvqtck Vtaofy/

^gk/ 3

Documents

An Assessment of the Value of the term "Cultural Industries" in Reference to Comedic Practice at the Edinburgh Festival Fringe