AN ANALYSIS OF PHONETIC AND SEMANTIC CHANGES OF …repository.uinjkt.ac.id/dspace/bitstream/123456789... · iii ABSTRACT Vidi Tasya Nabila, 1111026000048, An Analysis Phonetic and

AN ANALYSIS OF PHONETIC AND SEMANTIC

CHANGES OF ENGLISH BORROWING WORDS

IN KOREAN LANGUAGE

A Thesis

Submitted to Faculty of Letters and Humanities

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for

The Degree of Strata One

Vidi Tasya Nabila

111026000048

ENGLISH LETTERS DEPARTMENT

FACULTY OF LETTER AND HUMANITIES

STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY

SYARIF HIDAYATULLAH

JAKARTA

2016

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ABSTRACT

Vidi Tasya Nabila, 1111026000048, An Analysis Phonetic and Semantic Changes

of English Borrowing Words in Korean Language. Thesis: English Letters

Department, Faculty of Letters and Humanity, State Islamic University Syarif

Hidayatullah Jakarta, 2016.

This research is focus on analyzing phonetic and semantic changes of

English borrowing words in Korean. The reason for choosing the data of English

borrowing words in Korean language, because of Korean has different way to

pronounce English, every English borrowing words must be transcribe to Korean

alphabet, hangeul. This research used descriptive qualitative method because the

resulting data are presented in the form of description. The writer employs herself

to collect the data, by watching Korean variety show: Running Man, The Return of

Superman, 2 Days 1 Night, Get it Beauty, Cookat TV Super Junior, Infinity

Challenge, Weekly Idol and Korean drama: Uncontrollably fond and The Tailor of

Wolgyesu. To analyzing the phonetic change the writer using David Oden theory,

the writer also guide by three dictionaries to conclude the semantic change of the

data. The result from this research, there are three main reason did happen in

English borrowing words in Korean language as Korean do not have /f/ and /v/

words, also most of [er] changed to be [eo] in Korean. The semantic change did

happen in this research. Some words also have zero semantic and different

meaning such as narrowing, widening, pejoration, and amelioration meaning.

Keyword: Phonetic change, Semantic change, English borrowing words, Korean

language

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DECLARATION

I hereby declare that this submission is my own work and that, to the best

my knowledge and belief. It contains no material previously published and written

by another person nor material which substantial extent has been accepted for

award or any other degree or diploma of the University or the institute higher

learning, except where due acknowledgement has been in the text.

Jakarta, November 2016

Vidi Tasya Nabila

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Alhamdulillahirobbil a’lamin all praises to Allah SWT, the most merciful

and gracious who always gives me strength, ideas, and hope until the writer able

to finish this thesis. Peace and salutation may be upon Muhammad SAW who

guide us to the right path until the end of the day.

The writer would like to give gratitude to beloved parents, Inne Vivianni

and (Alm.) Widya Sriwijaya, and to her sister Vidi Risya Emira, also Bude Elly

and Om Bas, whom supported the writer with endless love, pray, patience and told

to never give up, so the writer able to finish this thesis. In this opportunity the

writer also convey the gratitude to this following great people:

1. Prof. Dr. Sukron Kamil, M. Ag., the dean of Letter and Humanity Faculty,

UIN Jakarta

2. Drs. Saefuddin, M. Pd., as the head of English Letter Department, also the

advisor for guiding and suggesting her, therefore the writer able to finish

this thesis.

3. Mrs. Elve Oktafiyani, M. Hum., as the secretary of English Letter

Department.

4. All the lecturers of English Letter Department, especially Mr. Hilmi

Akmal. M. Hum.

5. The writer best friends: Mario, Nolo, Tirta, Sacha, Vanessa, Karin, and

Vani.

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6. The writer classmates: Irfa, Ratu, Rizka, Aini, Riska, Hanum, Septian,

Reza, Nora, and all ELD 2011. The friendship that will never forget.

7. Korean helpers: Yoo Hyunsang, Kim Minseon, and Seon Hyunwoo.

Without your help the writer won‟t able finish this thesis

8. The writer unrealized strength, Super Junior. whom always says “it ain’t

over till it’s over”

Finally, the writer realized that writing is hard task; therefore the writer

wish this thesis will be beneficial for people who interested in English Borrowing

Words in Korean Language.

Jakarta, November 2016

The writer

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TABLES OF CONTENT

ABSTRACT ............................................................................................. i

APPROVEMENT ................................................................................... ii

LEGLIZATION………………………………………………………... iii

DECLARATION ..................................................................................... iv

ACKNOWLEDGMENT ........................................................................ v

TABLES OF CONTENT ........................................................................ vii

THE LIST OF TABLES ......................................................................... ix

THE LIST OF ABBREVIATION ......................................................... x

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION ............................................................ 1

A. Background of Research .................................................... 1

B. Research Focus ................................................................... 4

C. Research Questions ............................................................ 4

D. Research Objectives ........................................................... 4

E. Research Significance ......................................................... 5

F. Research Methodology ....................................................... 5

1. Method of Research ...................................................... 5

2. Instrument Research ...................................................... 5

3. Unit of Analysis ............................................................ 5

4. The Technique of Data Analysis ................................... 6

CHAPTER II THEORITICAL FRAMEWORK ................................. 7

A. Previous Research .............................................................. 7

B. English Borrowing Words .................................................. 11

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C. Phonetic .............................................................................. 12

1. Definition of Phonetic ................................................... 12

2. Consonant ...................................................................... 12

2.1 Place of Articulation ............................................. 12

2.2 Manner of Articulation .......................................... 12

2.3 English Consonant System .................................... 14

2.4 Korean Consonant System .................................... 14

3. Vowel ............................................................................ 16

3.1 English Vowel System .......................................... 17

3.2 Korean Vowel System .......................................... 17

D. Semantic Change ................................................................ 18

CHAPTER III DATA ANALYSIS AND RESEARCH FINDING ..... 22

A. Data Description ................................................................. 22

B. Data Analysis ..................................................................... 24

CHAPTER IV CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION ........................ 43

A. Conclusion .......................................................................... 43

B. Suggestion .......................................................................... 44

BIBLIOGRAPHY ................................................................................... 45

APPENDICES ......................................................................................... 48

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THE LIST OF TABLES

Table 2.1 English Consonant System ....................................................... 12

Table 2.2 Korean Consonant System ........................................................ 13

Table 3.1 English Vowel System .............................................................. 14

Table 3.2 Korean Vowel System .............................................................. 15

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TABLES OF ABBREVIATION

Abbreviation Explanation

Konglish Korean-English

EFKD English Effeciency Korean Dictionary

SKD South Korea Dictionary

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CHAPTER I

INTRODUCING

A. Background of Research

Most human has ability to speak in this world. Speaking is action to give

an expression or explanation about something in thought. Human who able to talk

is called speaker. Speaker is speaking language, almost impossible speakers do

not speak with language, most speakers has encounter to understand the language

they talk with another speaker.

The spoken language usage has natural characteristic of language because

the specific organs which function is producing sound and so called as articulator

directly utter it, the progression of spoken language is the human‟s capabilities to

recreate these sound into written letters. As the result people are able to learn

writing and reading in the equal time.

Speaker is required to have ability to use correct pronunciation.

Pronunciation is attached from language accent and society. Every language has

different accents, we can identify language accent from where people lived, their

social status, educational background, and many more1

. Pronunciation is

important for studying new language to avoid mistake on spelling the word.

Unfortunately, speaker of English foreign language country is difficult for

them to learn pronunciation. One of them is Korean. From the beginning Korean

aware of English language. Shim Jinyoung points out that English has become not

only the most important foreign language, but also an essential tool for education,

1 Peter Roach. English Phonetic and Phonology. (Cambridge: University of Cambridge,1991) p. 2

2

power, and success in Korea,2 but not everyone able to speak English properly.

Most of Korean people have different ways to pronounce English, because they

read English by Korean alphabet, hangeul. Such a borrowing words must be

transcribed into hangeul which the word will be assimilated to the phonology of

Korean language. This is happened when they pronounce English borrowed words

in Korean, some of words are going through abbreviation if Koreans feel they are

too long to pronounce. For example 아파트 or apateu as refers as apartment,

Korean does not speak “a-part-ment” as required because word “apartment” is too

long to pronounce. Another example is word leader, Korean pronounce leader as

li-deo (리더), the trill consonant /r/ is disappeared and replace with mid-front

vowel /eo/. The different pronunciation also create the different phonetic from

source language to target language.

South Korean native speakers read any language through hangeul as

encounter of learning new language. Hangeul was founded by King Sejong the

Great in 1443 to re-create Chinese character for South Korea citizen at Joseon

dynasty3, in purpose for making people easier to read and understand Korean

language. As Korean culture contacted with the world, the borrowing words

happen not only in daily conversation but also Korean drama and Korean variety

show. The unique system of Korean variety show, they usually transcribe the

conversation on the screen.

2 Shim rosa jin young “Englishnized Korean: structure ,status, attitude: world English no 13 1004

p. 255. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10/1111/j.14676-971x.1994.tb00309.x/abstract 3 Jeyseon Lee. Beginner’s Korean. (New York: Hippocrene Books, 2010). p. 3

3

Another fact, most of English borrowing word in Korean also has different

meaning from English word. Ahn Junghyo points out there are more than 900

common mistakes Koreans make when they try to employ English word, without

realized they had change to context word itself.4

Here there are the example of differences in phonetic and meaning

between English word and English borrowing word in Korean variety show:

1. Kidalideon noyeh apateu “기다리던 너의 아파트” (Waiting in your

apartment)

Apartment is pronounced as apa-teu (아파트) in Korean, this word has

through abbreviation from a-part-ment to be apa-teu.

2. Lideo katasseoyo? 리더 같았어요?” (Do I look like leader?)

Leader (/ˈliːdə(r)/) is pronounced as li-deo (리더) in Korean. They

lose the alveolar consonant /r/ to replace with vowel [eo].

3. Hallseuitda hwaiting. 할수있다 화이팅 (We can do it, let‟s go)

Fighting (/ˈfʌɪtɪŋ/) is pronounced as hwaiting (화이팅). Korean does

not recognize fricative /f/ consonant, in this case of word the word

gradually change the first consonant to be glottal /h/ and pronounce as

/hwai:ting/. This word is not only have difference pronunciation, but also

changed meaning in Korean. Based on oxford fighting is “taking part in

violent struggle involving the exchange of physical blows or the use of

4 http://koreajoongangdaily.joins.com/news/article/article.aspx?aid=1904723. Accessed on 8

June 2016

http://koreajoongangdaily.joins.com/news/article/article.aspx?aid=1904723

4

weapon”5

. Meanwhile in Korean, according to Matthew Waterhouse

fighting is a cry of encouragement”6.

Based in the facts above, clearly there are differences between English

word and English borrowing words in Korean, not only in phonological process

but also in meaning. In this research, the writer will distinguish more for English

borrowing words which have the difference phonetic and meaning from English.

B. Research Focus

In this research, the writer will focus the phonological process of English

borrowing words in Korean, also the semantic change of English borrowing words

in Korean. The writer will pick nineteen English borrowing words from selected

Korean drama and Korean variety shows.

C. Research Questions

In this research, the writer will focus on two research questions:

1. How are the phonological processes of English borrowing words in

Korean?

2. How are the semantic changes of English borrowing words in Korean?

D. Research Objectives

5 Angus Stevenson. Oxford Dictionary of English Third Edition. (Oxford: Oxford University

Press, 2010) p. 606 6 Matthew Waterhouse. KONGLISH: The ultimate survive guide for teaching English in South

Korea. (Bloomington: iUniverse, 2012) p 278

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The object for this research is to identify the phonological changes

between English and English borrowed words in Korean. This research is also

determining the semantic changes between two languages in the same words.

E. Research Significance

This research dedicates as requirement to finish undergraduate study of

English Department of State Islamic University. The writer hopes this research as

practically will help people to understand the term of English borrowing words in

Korean language. Theoretically, the writer expects this research will provide

information for linguistic student study of phonological change and study of

semantic change.

F. Research Methodology

1. Research Method

In this research the writer uses descriptive qualitative method. Qualitative

method is a research method which relies on verbal data and no numerical, in the

same manner as the basic of analysis and creative problem solving of the

research7. The writer gives explanation about process transcribe the data of

English borrowing words in Korean drama and Korean variety show, and relation

semantic changes by meaning of the differences.

2. Research Instrument

The main instrument of this research will be the records documentation of

Korean variety show and Korean drama. The writer also analyzes each word

7 Muhammad Farkhan, Proposal Penelitian Bahasa dan Sastra (Jakarta, Cella, 2007) p. 8

6

based on three dictionaries to analyze the semantic change. The dictionaries as

follow:

a. Oxford Dictionary of English Third Edition. (Oxford: Oxford University

Press, 2010)

b. 능률한어사전 (English Efficiency Korean Dictionary). (Seoul : ET-House,

2010)

c. 동아 새국어 사전 제 5 군 (South Korean Dictionary fifth edition). (Seoul:

Dosidongi. 2003)

Also if require, the writer will provide the pronunciation of South Korean

native speaker, Yoo Hyunsang, to help this research.

3. Unit of Analysis

The unit analysis in this research is English borrowing words which

mentioned in Korean drama: Uncontrollably fond and The tailor of wolgyesu, also

Korean variety show: Running Man, The Return of Superman, Infinity Challenge,

2 Days 1 Night, Cookat TV Super Junior, Get it Beauty, and Weekly Idol.

4. The Technique of Data Collection and Data Analysis.

The data collected using tape analysis while listening to recording possibly

marking parts to obtain data8 by using documentation and recording sound and

Korean subtitle of the Korean drama and Korean variety show. With the steps are

follow:

8 Zoltán Dörnyei. Research Method in Applied Linguistic. (Oxford: Oxford Press University, 2007)

p. 248

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1. Identifying the data by watching Korean drama and Korean variety

show.

2. Justifying the English borrowing words which appear on Korean

drama and Korean variety show.

3. Reducing some English borrowing words into nineteen data to analyze.

And to analyze data, the writer using bibliography technique9

with

following steps:

1. Transcribing the phonological process by Hyunbok Lee theory,

2. Determining the narrative text of different phonological process using

Francis Katamba theory.

3. Interpreting the meaning of English borrowing words used three

dictionaries, there are:

a. Oxford Dictionary of English Third Edition. (Oxford: Oxford

University Press, 2010)

b. 능률한어사전 (English Efficiency Korean Dictionary) . (Seoul :

ET-House, 2010)

c. 동아 새국어 사전 제 5 군 (South Korean Dictionary fifth edition).

(Seoul: Dosidongi. 2003)

4. Determining the semantic changes by Breal theory and interpreting the

words.

9 Edi Subroto. Pengantar Metode Linguistik Struktural. (Surakarta: Sebelas Maret University

Press, 1992) p. 42

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CHAPTER II

LITERATURE REVIEW

A. Previous Research

To support this research, the writer found some previous research. Some

research has been done by students related of phonetic and semantic change of

English borrowing. These four qualitative researches below have similarity with

the writer research.

First study by Aida Fitria (2013)10

, the goal of her research is to discover

more about English loanwords in Bahasa Indonesia, Aida also wants to explore

phonetic change of healthy life magazine. She used qualitative method with unit

analysis, the words on medical field term. She made sort list of English words in

published on healthy life magazine in May 2013. There are 25 words of English

loanwords in Indonesia in this magazine, one of analysis example: cancer in

English words and kanker in Bahasa Indonesia, there are consonant change in this

word, as /c/ become /k/, the consonant /c/. The conclusion of this research is

about the phonetic change happened because the development of science and

technology, and culture contact today are using English as international language,

there also factor because Indonesia does not have inappropriate words as

representation new idea, belief system, and practice their culture. Loanwords are

change in the manner of articulation can be issued.

10

Aida Fitria. The phonetic change analysis of English Loanwords in Healthlife magazine

published on may 2013. 2013. UIN Jakarta

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Second study by Nur Izma Rachmiati (2011),11

made qualitative research

which focused on borrowing language in Kompas newspaper.. Nur is analyze the

phonetic and graphemic changes of those loanwords, she made sort of list of

English loanwords which exist in article, and separate which is include on

consonant change and vowel change, examples of her analysis are /di‟zain/ and

loan word as /desain/, also /lenz/ as /lensa// the consonant is change between z

become s, the phoneme /z/ has an allophone which is only are the first syllable.

The phoneme is in the second syllable so that it must be change to be /s/. Nur has

found there are the element that has long been absorbed into bahasa Indonesia is

no longer need change spelling, the absorbed which has not fully change and still

follow foreign ways, and the foreign element which are pronunciation and writing

rules adapted in Bahasa Indonesia.

Third study by Mugi Ardiansyah (2013)12

, made qualitative research about

English borrowed language in Indonesian medical term. Based on Francis

Katamba loanwords theory, Mugi analyzed English borrowing words in

Indonesian language from medical term. For example “kafein” is English

borrowing language from word “caffeine”, the consonant /c/ changed to be /k/,

adjusting bahasa Indonesia phonology, this word also categories as loan-blend.

As the result of this research, Mugi identify there are phonological change English

borrowing words occurred on Indonesian words from medical term. The purpose

of phonological change is to adjust Indonesian phonological rules which different

11

Nur Izma Rachmiati. A phonemic and graphemic change of English loanwords in teropong

articles of Kompas newspaper. 2011. UIN Jakarta 12

Mugi Ardiansyah. English language borrowing into Indonesian in medical terms. 2013. UIN

Jakarta

10

from English, although there are differential phonetic change but there are no

significant meaning change in his research.

Fourth study by Nabilah Alwi (2007)13

made research with descriptive

qualitative method to analyze the semantic change of entertainment terminology

words picked from three different monthly magazines: Cita Cinta, Spice! and

Intisari as her unit analysis. Nabilah used Albert C. Baugh semantic change

theory. For example, the word “kolaborasi” is English borrowing words from

word “collaboration”, based on oxford dictionary, “collaboration” is “the action

of collaboration”, meanwhile KBBI description is “kerjasama dengan musuh”, the

word has through widening the meaning because “kolaborasi” in Indonesian refer

to act for cooperation. As the result of her research, there are two type sematic

change which rules the words in entertainment terminology in Indonesian

language, there are boarding and narrowing meaning. Nabilah also suggest to

discover more about the English borrowing words in Indonesia, because there are

many of it.

The position of the research‟s writer with all the previous research above,

the writer is analyzing English borrowing words in Korean extensively from

Korean drama and Korean variety show. This research will find out the

phonological change in English borrowing words in Korean, as there is

phonological change, there might be semantic change in English borrowing words

in Korean.

13

Nabilah Alawi. English Borrowing in Indonesian entertainment terminology. 2007. UIN Jakarta

11

B. Borrowing words.

Many of language needs borrowing words in order to complete the

language, in language there are some words which borrowed from another

language. The main reason because two different cultures make contact each other,

thus assimilation did happen on source language to target language14

. Such as in

Korean, borrowing words must be transcribed into hangeul which the word will

be assimilated to the phonology of Korean language. The assimilation between

English and Korea occurred sound change between two phonologies, there are

defined several types of sound change15

:

1) Deletion

a. Syncope: loss of a vowel from interior word. Example: remote control

in English changed to be rimokhon.

b. Apocope: loss of sound and mostly changed with vowel in the end of

word. Example: butter changed to be botho.

2) Insertion

a. Paragogue is adding the sound in the end of word with mostly

consonant change to be vowel. Example bond become bondeu.

b. Methathesis is the transposition of the sound, it is change sound

position of the word and change with another. Example handle

changed become handeul.

14

Rochelle Lieber. Introducing Morphology. (New york: Cambridge University Press,2009) pp

158-159. 15

Lyle Campbell. An introduction of Historical Linguistic. (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University

Press, 2004) pp 33-39

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C. Phonetic

1. Definition of Phonetic

Every word which people pronounced occur movements from speech

organs to articulate and producing sound of word. In linguistic, knowledge of

sound human speech is called phonetic. According to Francis Katamba16

, there are

three study branches in phonetic: auditory, acoustic, and articulatory phonetic.

Articulatory phonetic is talked about speech production, deals with the

categorization and classification of the production features of speech sounds. For

example like word sharp, sharp consist of fricative and nasalization which

produced apart from constriction and allow air to pass through vocal tract.

2. Consonant

There are more than 100 consonant for all language in this world.

Consonant is part of speech sound that articulated with complete or partial closure

of the vocal tract17

. Consonant can be identified as alphabet which not mentioned

on vowel. Linguist divided consonant as speech sound into place articulation and

manner of articulation.

2.1 Place of Articulation

Place of articulation can be seen as consonant is the point of contact where

an obstruction occurs in the vocal tract between an articulatory gesture, an active

16

Francis Katamba. An Introduction to Phonology.( New york: Addison Longman Publishing,

1989) p. 3 17

Kushartanti, Untung Yuwono, and Multamia. Pesona Bahasa: langkah awal memahami

Linguistik. (Jakarta: PT Gramedia. 2005) pp. 39-40

13

articulator, typically some part of the tongue, and a passive location, typically

some part of the roof of the mouth. List of the place of articulation18

:

1) Bilabial: articulated by upper and lower lips. Example as /p/,/b/,and /m/.

2) Labiodental: articulated by active the lower lip and passive upper front

teeth, such as /f/ and /v/

3) Dental: The active articulator is the lower lip and the passive articulator is

the back or the edge of the upper front teeth. Such as /θ/ dan /ð/

4) Alveolar: the active articulator on the tip or the blade of the tongue and the

passive articulator is the alveolar bridge. Such as /t/, /d/, /n/, /l/, /s/, /z/, and /r/

5) Post alveolar: the tongue blade articulates with the alveolar ridges, while

the front tongue is raised towards the hard palatal. Such as /ʃ/ , /ʒ/, /ʧ/, and /ʣ/

6) Retroflex: the active articulator is the tongue tip and the passive articulator

is the hard palate. (ɳ)

7) Palatal: the active articulator is the front of the tongue and the passive

articulator is the hard palate. /j/ /ɲ/

2.2 Manner of articulation

Manner of articulation is distinguished between English consonants from

two points of view, that of voicing, and that of place. Manner of articulation also

refers the way which the airstream used for a speech sound is modified and

primary and secondary articulation19

. List of manner of articulation20

:

18

Michael Ashby and John Maidment. Introducing phonetic science. (New York: Cambridge

University Press. 2008) p 37 19

Ibid. p 52 20

David Oden. Op.cit. p. 30

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1) Stop: A consonant is formed constriction and completely block the

airflow. There are two types of stop, voice and voiceless, voice is the only sound

made because of blocking such as /b/ /d/ /g/ and voiceless is a stop completely

silence, such as /p/ /t/ /k/

2) Fricatives: A consonant can also be produced by forming a narrow

constriction which still allows air to pass through the vocal tract, resulting in noise

at the constriction, and such consonants, for example /s/ /v/ /f/ /θ/ /ð/ /ʃ/ /ʒ/

3) Affricate : In the production of an affricate, first the articulators come

together and completely cut off the flow of air, just as they do in a stop; then they

separate gradually. Example: /ʧ/ /ʣ/

4) Laterals: Consonants produced with the blade of the tongue may be

produced in such a way that air flows over the sides of the teeth. [1]

5) Nasalization: consonants are produced, apart from the location of the

constriction. Consonants such as [m,n,ñ,ŋ] are the archetypical nasals; however,

one can produce other nasal consonants by lowering the velum during the

production of the consonant. Such nasalized consonants are rare, due to the fact

that it is quite difficult to distinguish them from their oral counterparts, but

nasalized versions of fricatives and approximants such as [h], [v], [ʎ], [r], [l] do

exist in the world‟s languages.

2.3 English Consonant system.

English consonant system has twenty four consonants, there are six stops,

two affricative, nine fricative, three glides, three nasal and one lateral. These

consonant can be seen from the table below:

15

Table 1. English Phonetic Alphabet21

2.4 Korean Consonant System

Korean has nineteen consonant, consist of fourteen single consonant and

five double consonant. There are three distinctive voiceless sounds in the stop and

affricate categories. In Korean, the number of fricatives is very small compared to

that of stops. There are one glottal fricative /h/ and two alveolar fricatives, of

which one is a fortis /s*/ and the other, lenis /s/. There are no fricatives such as /f,

v, θ, ʃ, z,/. There are three nasals, /m, n, ɳ/ and one glide ㄹ '[riʊl]' in Korean,

which is complementarily distributed between /r/ and /l/. As can be seen in the

table below:

21

http://ic-migration.webhost.uits.arizona.edu/icfiles/ic/lsp/site/IPA.html. Accessed on October 15,

2015

http://ic-migration.webhost.uits.arizona.edu/icfiles/ic/lsp/site/IPA.html

16

Table 2. Korean Consonant System22

3. Vowel

Vowel is identified as speech sound produce from articulator. Vowel can

be defined as sonorant sounds and produced with a relativity open vocal tract, and

vowel is always voiced sound. Vowel can be split into monophthong and

dipthong23

:

a) Monophthong

Monophthong is as a voiced where the medical phases show a relativity

stable articulatory position of the tongue and the lips. Monophthong is

consisted of one vowel.

a) Diphthongs

Dipthongs is a voiced in which the medical phase explicitly consist of as

articulatory trajectory across the voiced space, giving an auditory

impression of a change of quality. Dipthoung consist of two vowels.

22

Kang Okmi. 한국어 음운론 Korean Phonology. (Seoul: Taekhaksa, 2011) p.37 23

John Laver. Principles of Phonetic (New York: Cambridge, 1995) p. 284

17

3.1 English vowel system

English has twelve vowel, and English vowel also consist of short vowel

(lax), long vowel (tense), reduced vowel, and also diphthounge. Short vowel is

pronounced as the tongue closely to the roof of mouth, phonemes which consist of

short vowel are /ɪ/, /ɛ/, /ʊ/, /ʌ/, /ᴐ/, /ᴈ/, and /æ/. Reduced vowel is common called

schwa, a mid back vowel whose has symbol upside-down /ə/, another reduced

vowel is high back vowel as refer to barred-i. Long vowel is refer to pronounce

longer than short vowel, the position tounge is high in the mouth. Phonemes

which consist of long vowel are /i:/ /e:/ /a:/ /u:/ /o:/

Table 3. English Vowel System24

3.2 Korean vowel system

Table 4. Korean Consonant Vowel System25

24

https://www.ling.upenn.edu/courses/Fall_2003/ling001/English.html. Accessed on October 15,

2015 25

Kang Okmi. Op. cit. p.40

https://www.ling.upenn.edu/courses/Fall_2003/ling001/English.html

18

Korean has twenty-one vowel, consist of twelve monophthong and nine

diphthongs. Korean also has two pairs of non-low back vowels, such as high and

mid rounded vowels, /u, o/, and high and mid unrounded vowels, /ɯ/,/ʌ/. The

unrounded back vowels are more forward than their corresponding rounded ones.

The distance between two non-high front vowels, /e/ and /ɛ/, is so close that many

Koreans may not distinguish them from each other. All Korean vowels are tense

vowels, so that there is no tense-lax distinction such as /i/ vs. /ɪ/ and /u/ vs. /ʊ/ as

in English.

D. Semantic Changes

Semantic is talked about meaning and semantic change deals with change

of meaning in language. Meaning change is everywhere, and no words are

immune from it. An importance characteristic of semantic changes is that it

crucially involve of polysemy. A word does not change from meaning X to

meaning Y in short time. There will be process and time to change. As Nick

Riemer states26

“Changes of meaning is need process from weak form to

intermediate form, it consists some influences like generation, circumstances,

26

Nick Riemer, Introducing Semantic (New York: Cambridge University, 2010) p. 371

19

geographical, and many more. The meaning doesn’t change in minutes.” There

are some factors that meaning can be changed27

:

a) Foreign influence

Intercultural and transitional influences were apparent in the translation

and application of intercultural and transitional vocabulary. Translation

related to cultural vocabulary, concepts, thoughts from one language to

another language of the recipients

b) Science and technology development

Science and technology in modern era are growing rapidly. New

innovation will continue invent and require new name. The new name can

be obtained from old fashioned language which has not been used

anymore, combine with the meaning and translating from another language,

absorb from other language.

c) The social culture development

Speakers do not learn the rules of spoken language by explicit instruction,

but rather by a combination of copying what they hear, and building

up mental generalization based on their experiences. For example sharp in

English borrowing in Korean has different meaning in English, sharp is

actually brand of mechanical pencil in 1930 in Korea, as the notice sharp

these days known as mechanical pencil. Without realize their context word

is changed and adapted to new language, and forgot the original language.

27

J.D Parera, teori semantik 2nd

edition. (Jakarta: Erlangga, 2004) pp. 111-117

20

Thefore, sometimes we heard same word has two different meaning in

different language.

According to Bréal on Nick Riemer book28

, there are four categories of

semantic changes:

a) Narrowing meaning

Narrowing meaning can be considered the word achieves a more restricted

meaning over the course of time. Narrowing meaning is a relativity

restricted meaning become less restricted, in this case narrowing meaning

a word which used to in many occasion become less occasion. For

example: “meeting” in English is defined as suitable or proper or happened

to come into the presence or company of someone, but in Korean, meeting

is refer as blind date.

b) Widening meaning

Widening meaning means the word of language is shifted to achieve

bigger general meaning. Widening meaning is change from subordinate

level to superordinate level. A relativity general meaning had become

more specific. For example: service in English can be concluded as the

action of helping or doing work for someone. Meanwhile in Korean,

service is not only action of helping for someone, but also asking someone

to give free sample of their product, in context of Korean business29

.

c) Pejoration

28

Nick Riemer.Op.cit p 371 29

Matthew Waterhouse. Op. Cit. p 276

21

A word takes on a derogatory meaning. Meaning become negative than

before, social aspect and perspective also euphuism might be the reason

pejoration did happen in language . Example in middle English “cunning”

is describe as person who have wide knowledge, but in Korean “cunning”

means cheating when you are taking exam.

d) Amelioration

It is a process by which the meaning of word improves or becomes

elevated, coming to represent something more favorable than it originally

referred to. For example “fighting” in English defined as fight or having

argument with someone, but in case understanding in Korean, “fighting”

means cheering someone. Or any means break a leg.

22

CHAPTER III

DATA ANALYSIS AND RESEARCH RESULTS

A. Data Description

In this description, the writer discussed about the phonetic and meaning

change in English borrowing word, as mentioned some words come from Korean

variety shows: Running Man, The Return of Superman, 2 Days 1 Night, Get it

Beauty, Cookat TV Super Junior, The World of Erina and Infinity Challange.

Korean drama: Uncontrollably fond, and Gentleman of tailor wolgyesu.

The writer collected 19 words of English borrowing words in Korean

using bibliography technique to transcribe from Korean section of Handbook of

the International Phonetic Association30

.

30

Hyunbook Lee. Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A Guide to the Use of IPA

By International Phonetic Assosiation: Korean. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007).

pp. 120-123.

NO English English borrowing in

Korean

1 Apartment Apateu (아파트)

2 Bond Bondeu (본드)

3 Butter Beotheo (버터)

4 Cider Saida (사이다)

5 Computer Khompyuteo (컴퓨터)

23

The writer also analyzed each word based on three dictionaries to conclude

the semantic change in each words. The dictionaries as follow:

d. Oxford Dictionary of English Third Edition. (Oxford: Oxford

University Press, 2010)

e. 능률한어사전 (English Efficiency Korean Dictionary). (Seoul :

ET-House, 2010)

6 Cunning Kheoning (커닝)

7 Health Helseu (헬스)

8 Event I’benteu (이벤트)

9 Fashion Paesyon (패션)

10 Fighting Hwaiting (화이팅)

11 Handle Haendeul (핸들)

12 Leader Lido ( 리더)

13 Lense Lenje (렌즈)

14 Meeting Miting (미팅)

15 Remote Control Rimokhon (리모컨)

16 Rinse Rinseu (린스)

17 Sharp Syapeu (샤프)

18 Skin Seukin (스킨)

19 Service Seobiseu (서비스)

24

f. 동아 새국어 사전 제 5 군 (South Korean Dictionary fifth edition).

(Seoul: Dosidongi. 2003)

B. Data Analysis

Data 1:

The English word “Apartment” and “아파트” in Korean.

Taken from Running Man episode 310, kidalideon noyeh apateu “기다리던 너의

아파트” (Waiting in your apartment)

English English borrowing in Korean

/əˈpɑːtmənt/ /ap‟atɯ/

This word has become abbreviation from /apartment/ to be /apateu/, the word

through omitted suffix /–ment/ completely, and changed to be vowel (eu). Vowel

(eu) is not diphthong in Korean phonology.

a. According on Oxford Dictionary of English, (n) a flat, typically one that is

well as appointed or used for holiday31

b. According English Efficiency Korean Dictionary (EFKD), (n) several

rooms in building and place to stay32

.

c. According to South Korean Dictionary (SKD), Apartment is several

building for people to live33

.

31

Angus Stevenson. Op.cit p. 71 32

Hong Sungmin and Park Eunseok. 능률한어사전 (English Efficiency Korean

Dictionary).(Seoul : ET-House, 2010).

https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.coremethod.nyneke Accessed on October 28th

2015.

https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.coremethod.nyneke

25

d. According to Matthew Waterhouse on his book34

, apateu in Korean also

has same meaning as apartment in English.

From four different meaning, the writer can classify there are no

significant meaning change in both words. Therefore, both words are zero

semantic.

Data 2:

The English word “bond” and „본드‟ in Korean.

Taken from Korean drama The Tailor of Wolgyesu episode 2 “eotteokhae

haneungoya? Gomu mitchang bondeu” 어떡해 하는 거야? 고무 밑창 본드.

(How do you fix it? With the glue used to stick rubber soles)


/bɒnd/ /bɒndɯ/

The word bond does not have any change on the first syllable, but continue

in next syllable, an affix (eu) is added as rule phonology of Korean, every word

should ended with vowel. Therefore pronounce bond also add dipthongue (ɯ) in

Korean, thus become bondeu.

a. A thing used to tie something to fasten thing together35

(Oxford)

b. Strong adhesive glue36

. (SKD)

c. Adhesive used for material37

(EFKD)

33

Lee Kimun, 동아 새국어 사전 제 5 군 (South Korean Dictionary fifth edition). (Seoul:

Dosidongi. 2003) p. 53

34

Matthew Waterhouse. Op. cit. p 278 35

Angus Steven. Op.cit p 193 36

Lee Kimun. Op.cit. p 1061

26

From three different meaning, “bond” has through change the meaning, as

in Korean, bond is understand as power glue. Therefore those two words have

different meaning which came from different culture.

Data 3:

The English word „butter’ and‟버터‟ Korean.

Taken from Korean variety show The Return of Superman episode 12 “beoteo

neosseo seoyo?” “버터넣었었요?” (Did you put butter?)


/ˈbʌtə/ /bʌtʌ/

In this word, the back close vowel [u] changed to be back-mid vowel [eo],

the next following vowel-consonant [er] also changed to be back-mid vowel [eo],

the alveolar /r/ is omitted completely in Korean. The pronunciation sound similar

yet contrast in the first syllable and following last syllable is different, as /r/ is not

read in Korean. Therefore it pronounce as /beotheo/ in Korean.

a. A pale yellow edible fatty substance made by churning cream and used as

a spread or in cooking38

. (Oxford Dictionary)

b. Nutritional food that has been separated and solidified from fat in milk39

(EFKD)

c. Solid dairy product by fermented milk40

. (SKD)

37

Hong Sumin and Park Eunseok. Loc.cit 38

Angus Steven. Op. cit. p 239 39

Lee Kimun. Op. cit. p. 997 40

Hong Sungmin and Park Eunseok. Loc. cit.

27

Based on three different meaning, the writer can classify these two words

does not through any change meaning, therefore both words is zero semantic.

Data 4:

The English word “Cider” and “사이다” in Korean.

Running Man episode 315 “Saida nebyeong juseyo” 사이다 4 병주세요 (Four

bottle of sprite, please)


/ˈsaɪdə(r)/ /saida/

The consonant is change from /c/ to /s/ but the word has similar

pronunciation as /siː/, the last consonant is change from alveolar /r/ to open-

central vowel [a]. Therefore, cider is pronounce as /sai˸da/ in Korean.

a. Alcoholic drink made from fermented the juice of apples41

(Oxford)

b. White drinking soda42

(EFKD)

c. Mixture of soda43

. (SKD)

According to two dictionaries, cider in Korean more recognizable as white

soda drink or sprite, those two words have through meaning change, the writer

classify the significance meaning change came from different culture.

Data 5:

The English word “Computer” and “컴퓨터” in Korean.

41

Angus Steven. Op.cit. p 333 42

Hong Sungmin and Park Eunseok. Loc. cit. 43

Lee Kimun. Op. cit. p 1197

28

Taken from Running Man episode 17 kkhojin kheompyuteoro weeseonge

yeonkyeolhaneun neungryok 꺼진 컴퓨터로 위성에 연결하는 능력 (using turn-

off computer to connect to the satellite.)


/kəmˈpjuːtə/ /kheom‟pjuːteo/

In this word, the velar consonant /k/ replaces with consonant /kh/ in the first

syllable, although its seems similar but consonant /k/ and /kh/ is contrast in

Korean pronunciation. The second syllable change as /pju/ to be /pyu/, this

syllable in Korean pronunciation is adjusted to English pronunciation. And third

syllable is change to be [ə] or [er] change become [eo] in Korean, so it pronounce

as /kompyuto/.

a. Electronic device is capable of receiving information data in particular

form and of performing a sequence of operation in accordance with a

predetermined but variable set of procedural instructions (program) to

produce a result in the form of information or signal44

. (Oxford)

b. Personal computer45

. (EFKD)

c. Electronic device for accepting information and data46

. (SKD)

Based explanation above, these two words does not through any change of

meaning, therefore the writer can identify both words are zero semantic.

Data 6:

44

Angus Steven. Op.cit. p. 359 45

Hong Sungmin and Park Eunseok. Loc. cit 46

Lee Kimun. Opc. cit. p. 2400

29

The English word “Cunning” and “컨닝” in Korean.

Taken from Running Man episode 312 “Hyeong, kheonning hajimaseyo’ 형

컨닝하지마세요. Bro, please don’t cheat.


/ˈkʌnɪŋ/ /khʌnniŋ/

The first syllable, alveolar consonant /c/ change to be velar consonant /kh/,

the consonant pronounce clearly the /kh/ and the following vowel [u] also changed

to be back-middle vowel [eo], this syllable pronounce similarly yet contrast in

Korean. Therefore it pronounce as /kheonning/.

a. Having or showing skill in achieving one‟s ends by deceit or evasion, as

noun skill in achieving one‟ ends by deceit47

. (Oxford)

b. Cheating when you taking exam48

. (EFKD)

c. Act dishonestly when taking exam49

. (SKD)

d. According to Matthew Waterhouse on his book defined cunning as

cheating when taking exam in Korean 50

.

Based on the explanation above, both words have different meaning, the

meaning are going through pejoration, because the meaning changed become

negative form from the original language.

Data 7:

47

Angus Steven. Op. cit. p. 426 48


Lee Kimun. Op.cit. p. 2397 50

Matthew Waterhouse. Op. cit. p 278

30

The English word „Health’ and 헬스 in Korean.

Taken from Running Man ep 3. “neohelseu kkenolgoeya? Anh kkeulgoya? 너

헬스 끊을거야? 안 끊을거야?” Did you go to gym or not?


/hɛlθ/ /helsɯ/

In the word health, vowel [a] through deletion in the middle, the process of

pronouncing for the first syllable is similar with English. As central open mid /ɛ/

keep mention on the both language, but fricative dental /θ/ is not pronounced in

Korean, instead changed to be suffix –seu, one consonant and dipthong. Therefore

it pronounce as /helseu/.

a. The state being free from illness and injury51

. (Oxford)

b. Place for various exercises to improve the strength and beauty52

. (SKD)

c. A place to maintain physical fitness and health53

. (EFKD)

From three dictionaries above, these two words have different meaning

because of different culture, but this word more likely widening the meaning in

Korean.

Data 8:

The English word “Event” and “이븐트” in Korean.

51


Lee Kimun. Op. cit. p 234 53


31

2 Days 1 Night ep 598 “imi ibenteu neun sijak duieottjana. 이미 이벤트는

시작되었자나” This event is starting.


/ɪˈvɛnt/ / ɪˈbɛntɯ/

In this word, consonant nasal /v/ change to be fricative consonant /b/, the

cause of change Korean hangeul does not have consonant /v/, therefore they

replace /v/ with consonant /b/. there are also addition dipthongue [eu] in the end as

Korean phonology not allowed consonant to stand itself. Therefore the word

pronounce as /iben-teu/.

a. A thing happen or takes place, especially one of importance54

In Korean,

event is also defined the same.

b. A thing happen as planned and gather with the small or big crowd55

(EFKD)

c. Each of several particular contests making up a sports competition.56

.

(SKD)

From three different meaning, the writer can classify there are no


semantic.

Data 9:

54

Angus Steven. Loc. cit. p. 606 55


Lee Kimun. Op. cit. p 1899

32

The English word “Fashion” and “패션” in Korean.

Taken from The Return of Superman ep 134 “oneul naega pasyeonwang euro

keodeumnara” 오늘 내가 패션왕으로 거듬나라. (Today, I am become fashion

king.)


/fæʃən/ /pæsyʌn/

The consonant fricative voiced /f/ change to be bilabial voiced /p/, as in

Korean hangul does not have letter /f/, therefore the letter adjust to close

consonant /p/. The dipthtongue [io] change to be [eo]. In the end, the word fashion

pronounce as pae-syon in Korean.

a. A popular or the latest style of clothing, hair, decoration, or behavior57

(Oxford Dictionary)

b. Latest style of clothing.58

(EFKD)

c. A prevailing custom, usage, or style59

(SKD)



semantic.

Data 10:

The English word “Fighting” and “화이팅” in Korean.

57



Lee Kimun. Op. cit. p. 2503

33

Taken from The Return of Superman episode 152. Halseu itda hwaiting 할수

있다! 화이팅 ( you can do it, let’s go)


/ˈfʌɪtɪŋ/ /hwɑitiŋ/

In this word, the fricative /f/ consonant changed to be glottal /h/, because

Korean hangul does not have /f/ but in this case, the phonetical change to be /h/

instead of /ph/. Consonant fricative /f/ can be replaced with both consonant /h/ and

/ph/ in Korean because both consonant are the closest to pronounce /f/ in Korean.

Therefore it pronounce as /hwaiting/.

a. Taking part in violent struggle involving the exchange of physical blows

or the use of weapon60

. Meanwhile in Korean, fighting has totally different

meaning.

b. Shout out to cheer people61

. (SKD)

c. A cry of encouragment62

. (EFKD)

The meaning of both words has through amelioration, which is negative

form is improved and become elevated than before. As fighting recognized to

fight in English, but in Korean is to cheer people.

Data 11:

The English word “Handle” and “핸들” in Korean.

60

Angus Steven. Op. cit 606 61



34

Taken from drama Uncontrollably Fond episode 11: “Jeol ttaero keokjukanijiman

keu handeuleo. 절때로 걱족아니지만 그핸들어” (I will never turn the handle)


/ˈhand(ə)l/ /hændɯl/

Both of words is pronounce similarly although the open-front vowel [a] in

English change to be near open-front vowel [ae], as the following vowel [e]

through methathesis and changed to be [eu]. Therefore handle is pronounce as

haen-deul in Korean.

a. Feel or manipulate with the hands, noun the part by which a thing is held,

carried, or controlled63

. (Oxford)

b. Steering wheel for car64

. (EFKD)

c. Moving direction the steering wheel65

. (SKD)

Based on explanation above, the meaning has changed become narrowing

which is more restricted than before. Because handle have specific meaning in

Korean, that is steering wheel.

Data 12:

The English word “Leader” and “리더” in Korean.

Taken from Infinity Challenge ep 498: “lideo katasseoyo? 리더 같았어요?” (Do I

look like leader?)

63



Lee Kimun. Op. Cit. p. 2615

35


/ˈliːdə/ /lidʌ/

In this word, the dipthounge [ea] in English change to be single vowel /i/,

therefore the pronunciation is similar as pronounce as [i]. The significant change

in both word happened in the last syllable, as [er] change to be diphthong [eo], it

pronounce as li-deo in Korean instead leader, lose the alveolar behind the word.

a. The person who leads or commands a group, organization, or country 66

.

(Oxford)

b. Head of group of people67

. (SKD)

c. Someone that have social status to lead people68

. (EFKD)



semantic.

Data 13:

The English word “Lense” and “렌즈” in Korean.

Taken from Weekly Idol episode 234. “Noona, lenje kkyeotneyo?누나 렌즈

꼈네요? (Sis, do you wear contact lense?)”


/lɛnz/ /lenjɯ/

66

Angus Steven. Op.cit p. 1003 67


Hong Sungmin and Park Eunseok. Loc. cit

36

In this word, the phonetical changed did happen on the last syllable, as

alveolar consonant /s/ changed to be palatal consonant /j/, the vowel [e] also

replaced by dipthounge [eo]. Therefore the word is pronounce as /lenjeu/ in

Korean.

a. A piece of glass or another transparent material with curved sight for

concentrating or dispersing light rays69

. (Oxford)

b. A glass or crystal catt is a transparent object that makes the surface of a

transparent body curved or gathered light70

. (SKD)

In this conversation of variety show weekly idol, the lense has specific

meaning as contact lense. The meaning is narrowing in this context, but in the

language context lense does not have significant meaning or can be called zero

semantic.

Data 14:

The English word “Meeting” and “미팅” in Korean.

Taken from 2 Days 1 Night episode 597 “Jega mesinjeon dincebange sangdae

mitinggeurobeul orimyeon 제가 메신전 단체방에 상대 미팅그롭을 오리면” (I

have to put myself in blind date group)


/ˈmiːtɪŋ/ /mitɪːŋ/

69



37

The diphthong vowel (ee) changed to be /i/ in Korean, therefore this word

still pronounce /i/. It just the stress word /iː/ appear on the first syllable in English,

but in Korean, the stress vowel /iː/ appear on second syllable. Therefore it it

pronounced similarly meeting in both words.

a. Suitable or proper, verb arrange or happened to come into the presence or

company of someone.71

(Oxford)

b. Arrange two people or more to presence and talk72

. (EFKD)

c. A social engagement with a person one has not previously met, arranged

with a view to the development of a romantic73

. (SKD)

Based on explanation above, These words has through narrowing meaning,

because meeting is become specific in Korean to refer as blind date.

Data 15:

The English word “remote control” and 리모컨 in Korean.

Taken from Running Man episode 316 “ayogi ye? Rimokhonimnida.아여기예?

리모컨입니다” (What is this? It’s remote control)


/rɪˈməʊt kənˈtrəʊl/ /rɪmokʌn/

This word become short abbreviation, as remote become rimo, the mid

vowel /e/ changed to be /i/, but the pronunciation is same with /i/. as the suffix and

71


Hong Sungmin and Park Eunsok. Loc. cit. 73


38

vowel-consonant /te/ changed to be diphthong /eo/. The word control is also

changed completely to be kheon. The last syllable /trol/ is completely omitted in

this word. Therefore this word is pronounced as /rimokheon/.

a. To take control of a machine or apparatus from a distance by means of

radio or infrared signals transmitted from a device74

(Oxford Dictionary)

b. Controlling far-away equipment and machinery75

. (SKD)

From two different meaning, the writer can classify there are no significant

meaning change in both words. Therefore, both words are zero semantic.

Data 16:

The English word “Rinse” and 린스 in Korean.

Taken from The World of Erina ep 11: yogineun hwajangeup, rinseu imnida

여기는 화장품, 샴푸, 린스입니다. (Here there is make up, shampoo, and

conditioner.)


/rɪns/ /rinsɯ/

In this word, the phonetical change did happen at the last syllable, open-

mid vowel (e) changed to be /eu/ in Korea, as the rule of Korean phonology the

consonant cannot stand alone, to close with similarity with English (eu) appeared

instead (e) in Korean, because (e) pronounced clearly like /ə./ Therefore rinse is

pronounced as rin-seu in Korean.

74


Lee Kimun. Op. cit. p. 741.

39

a. Wash something with clean water, to remove soap, detergent, dirt76

(Oxford)

b. Conditioner, liquid which used after shampoo.77

(EFKD)

c. Neutralize the alkaline components of the soap for your hair and using

after shampoo78

. (SKD)

There are different meaning in both words, as in Korean, the context word

rinse can be named as conditioner is change completely from English. This word

also change from adjective become noun. The difference meaning happened,

because of different culture.

Data 17:

The English word “Sharp” and “샤프” in Korean.

Taken from 2 Days 1 Night episode 393 “waa seouldae syapeu, sildo jal nawa

iljong hage 와 서울대샤프, 실도 잘 나와 일정하게” Wow Seoul university

mechanical pencil, nice and straight.


/ʃɑːp/ /syapɯ/

The /ʃ/ sound is clearly different with phonetic /sy/, English sound focus

on /sh/ consonant and transform to be lenis /sy/ in Korean, other thing /rp/

76

Angus Steven. Op. cit. 1532 77


Lee Kimun. Op.cit. p 743

40

consonant is omitted completely and change to be consonant /ph/ and vowel

diptoungue /eu/ in Korean. Therefore sharp is pronounce as /syapeu/ in Korean.

a. Having an edge or point that is able to cut or pierce something79

. (Oxford)

b. A pencil with a plastic or metal case and a thin replaceable lead that may

be extended as the point is worn away by twisting the outer casing80

.

(SKD)

Meanwhile sharp in Korean is a noun means mechanical pencil, in this is

new word come from morphology terms sharp is famous brand of mechanical

pencil in 191581

. Therefore new word is begun as mechanical pencil called by

sharp. The difference meaning happened, because of different culture.

Data 18:

The English word “skin” and 스킨 in Korean.

Taken from Get it Beauty 2015 episode 1: “keudaum skineuro dakkajugoyo

그다음 스킨으로 닦아주고요” (And next wipe it with tonner)


/skɪn/ /sɯkin/

The dipthounge /eu/ is appear between consonant /s/ and /k/, as the

phonological rules on Korean, consonant cannot stand by itself. Thus /eu/

appeared to stand with consonant /s/ in Korean. Next syllable velar consonant /k/

79

Angus Steven. Op. cit. 1637 80


http://www.hani.co.kr/arti/international/japan/732143.html Accessed on 21 May 2016.

http://www.hani.co.kr/arti/international/japan/732143.html

41

changed to be /kh/, there is no significance changed when it pronounce. Therefore

this words is pronounced as /seukin/

a. The thin layer of tissue forming natural outer covering the body of a

person or animal82

. (Oxford)

b. Liquid to freshen-up skin, or can be called tonner83

. (EFKD)

Based on explanation above, there are significant meaning between two words.

In context of Korean language, skin referred to liquid product to freshen the skin

which sell on the store, this product called tonner. The difference meaning

happened, because of different culture.

Data 19:

The English word “service” and 서비서 in Korean.

Taken from Cookat TV Super Junior ep 2: Seobiseo hanaman juseyo “서비스

하나만 주세요.” (Could you give it free to me?)


/ˈsəːvɪs/ /sʌbisɯ/

The suffix and vowel-consonant (er) changed to be (eo), usually the

alveolar /r/ pronounce clearly, but in context of Korean, /r/ is not appear at all.

The consonat /v/ also changed to be /b/ because Korean does not have /v/. Other

vowel (e) changed to be (eu). Therefore, service in Korean pronounce differently

as /seobiseu/.

a. The action of helping or doing work for someone84

. (Oxford)

82


Hong Sungmin and Park Eunseok. Loc. cit

42

b. Act of serve and giving free produced product85

. (SKD)

c. Work obligate to someone, and another explanation is giving product

without charge86

. (EFKD)

From three different meaning, the writer can classify word service has

widening meaning when come into Korean, because according to SKD and EFKD,

service is not only serve or give act to people but also giving product without

charge.

84

Angus Steven. Op. cit . p. 1627 85



43

CHAPTER IV

CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION

A. Conclusion

The writer would like to conclude the research about phonetic change and

semantic change in English borrowing words in Korean language.

From the nineteen words of English and Korean English, there are some

phonetic changes happened between two words, such as most of English word

with diphthong [er] changed to be [eo] in Korean words, the causes of this

changes is Korean try to find their hangul to adjust English pronunciation, which

the result [eo] to be the closest one for [er]. Another example consonant /f/ dan /v/

does not exist in Korean, instead Korean hangeul replace it with consonant /p/, /b/,

or /h/ which is closed to the pronunciation in English. And last diphthong /eu/

always followed in the most every English word which has consonant in the last

syllable, because the rule of Korean phonology, consonant cannot stand alone.

The writer also found from nineteen words, there are semantic changes did

happen on those words which consist of eight zero semantic and nine semantic

change. The semantic changes consist of two narrowing, two widening, one

amelioration and one pejoration meaning. The other five words change the

meaning completely because of the differences culture and language.

The writer also can conclude the borrowing language always adapting in

target language through phonological process, some of words may changes some

syllable in order to easy for understanding the native speaker of target language. If

44

the phonological changes did happened, might bring the meaning changes in

target language. The meaning change assimilated because of language shift

between source language and target language. As in Korean, both languages also

have different proficiency while speaking English word, as we can see the same

word but has two different meaning, even far for the original meaning. Different

culture and understanding might be the main reason for all of this.

B. Suggestion

After finishing this research, the writer suggests for those who are

interested in studying phonetic and semantic change, they should understand how

the phonetic change and types of meaning change. English borrowing words in

Korean is really interesting for people who like watching Korean drama and

Korean variety show, the writer suggest, they should understand Korean language

and culture first. There are more of English borrowing words in Korean than the

writer able to found in this research.

As for Korean people, English will always follow hangeul to make it

easier for most of Korean people. Although many professor in Korean state that

learning English by hangul will continue appear error the way Korean speaking

English. Learning English for Korean is not difficult these days, as Korean culture

has spread all over the word, they will get easily friend with people and in

exchange people would like to learn Korean. There will be not boundaries for

Korean people to study and practice English.

45

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47

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https://www.ling.upenn.edu/courses/Fall_2003/ling001/English.html

48

APPENDICES

Sentences taken from Korean variety shows: Running Man, 2 Days 1

Night, The Return of Superman, Cookat TV Super Junior, Get it Beauty, Infinity

Challenge, Weekly Idol, and Erina The World. Korean dramas: Uncontrollably

fond and The Tailor of Wolgyesu.

Apartment

Bond

49

Butter

Cider

50

Computer

Cunning

Event

51

Fashion

Fighting

52

Handle

Health

53

Leader

Lens

54

Meeting

Remote Control

55

Rinse

Service

56

Sharp

Skin

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