Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
Hitotsubashi University Repository
TitleAn Analysis of Consumption Pattern in Post-War
Japan
Author(s) Mizoguchi, Toshiyuki
Citation Hitotsubashi Journal of Economics, 11(1): 30-57
Issue Date 1970-06
Type Departmental Bulletin Paper
Text Version publisher
URL http://doi.org/10.15057/8037
Right
AN ANALYSIS OF CONSUMPTION PATTERN IN POST-WAR JAPAN
1~y TOSHIYUKI MIZOGUCHI*
I. Introduction
It is well known that the economic development has been remarkable since the end of tlle Second\~Torld War. This is also true for the rise of real per-capita consumption level. Since
the Meiji Restoration this level has steadily increased in Japan if we exclude the period from 1940 to 1945. However, the growth rate of this level is very high in both the 1950's and the 1960's. For instance, the annual growth rate was about 7% from 1953 to 1967.l
This rapid rise of real consumption level has had a marked effect upon the composition of consumption expenditure in Post-war Japan. As can be seen in Fig. 2, there is a definite decreasing trend in the percentage of total consumption expenditure occupied by that for food
and beverages. A reverse trend can be found for accomodation and miscellaneous item. It is only natural to say that this change is very large in the post-war period when we consider that the variations in the last 20 years have been as large as those which took place in the whole 80 years of the pre-war period. It is often said that the consumption pattern remark-ably changed after the Second World War. Since the real consumption level is much higher in the recent Japan than that of the highest in the pre-war period, the composition of con-sumption expenditure is of course much different with each other. But it is the another problem to examine whether or not the basic behavior of consumption itself has changed after the war. One of the objectives of this paper is to study this problem by comparing our data
with those in the pre-war period. The high growth of consumption level has also raised the relative rank of Japan in the
international comparison of consumption level. If we could use the official exchange rate for foreign trades, the per-capita consumption expenditure in Japan was only lO~ of the level of
the United States in 1953. However, in 1965 this percentage increased up to about 20~. This difference of the consumption level would be smaller if we consider the consumer price levels in these two countries.2 Further, we can safely anticipate, by extrapolating the past trend, that the per-capita consumption expenditure of Japan would be equal to or larger than
* Assistant Professor (Jokyo~ju), The Institute of Economic Research. 1 See. Economic Planning Agency, the Government of Japan, Annual Report of National Income Sta-
tistics 1969, The Agency, 1969. ' 2 According to Nagayama's calculation, the level of consumer prices in the United States was 50~e higher than the level of Japan when he calculated it by using the composition of Japanese household's consumption expenditure as the weight of index. See, Sadanori Nagayama and Kazumasa Inabashi, "In-ternational Comparison of Consumer Prices between Japan and the United States" (Nichi-bei Shohi Buk-
ka no Hikaku), T~keikyoku Kenkyiz lh5, No. 18, 1969.
FIG. l.
AN ANALYSIS OF CONSUMPTION PATTERN IN POST-WAR JAPAN
TIME-SERIES CHANGE EXPENDITURE
OF IN
REAL JAPAN
PER-CAPITA (1875-1967)
CONSUMPTION
31
,,
~ - 300 i:c -~; -*E:>1
~~, xl' fiJ '~
E:O~ ouD
~~ L,::~ 200 ~ ::
u~>1 =1" e r' 0'7'
•~T
~ ~~-cl~ cr' Inn ~ '~ Ivu
p~
~,hitLohara s Est Imates
\_fl_ --h \ t ~
\
\__l
(,LrCL~te S
,~e~~~;e l l
~!e / ~'
l,~,1'
~' ~' /.J~ l~ / d;.'c.
l~':V. /
/,d~~e,
/ ~;.e*
l~ // 1~'
.//~ '
<~,-
O
1880 1890 1900 1910 l 9 20 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 Source . Shinohara's estimates : Miyohei Shinohara, Personal Consu'nption Expenditure
(KOJin Sh~hi Shishutsu), Toyokeizai Simp~sha, 1967. E. P. A. Former Estimates. Economic Planning Agency, White Papel' on A,'ational 1,1co"le, (Kokumin Shotoku Hakusho), The Agency, 1963. E.P.A. Revised estimates: Economlc Planning Agency, Annual Rcport on National I,1co',,e Statlst!cs. The Agency 1969, op. cft.
FIG. 2. TIME-SERIES CHANGES IN THE COMPOSITION OF CONSUMPTION EXPENDITURE (1875-1967)
( "I6)
lOO
5
M I sce I I aneous
H ous Ing
Fuel-Llght
Clothing
Food-Beverages
F l-Llght
Mlseellaneous
H ous ing
C I oth i*g
Food-Beverages
1875 1900
Source :
1925
See the
1951 1955
source in Fig. 1.
1960 1965
32
TABLE
HITOTSUBASHI JOURNAL OF ECONOMICS
1 . THE PER-CAPITA CONSUMPTION OF JAPAN WITH THE LEVEL OF ITALY A.ND THE UNITED
AS COMPARED STATES
[ June
index base
Italy
United States
1953 1958 1961 1965 1968
37 3
lO 2
46. 5
12. 8
55. 7
16. 3
70 2
19 7
86, o
25, o
Note : 1. The index is calculated by dividing Japanese per-capita consumption expenditure evaluated in the U.S.'s dollar (using the official exchange rate in each year) by the corresponding figures in Italy and the United States. 2. Figures for 1968 were calculated by the preliminary data supplied by the Economic Planning Agency.
Source : United Nations , Yearbook ofNational Accounts Statistics, 1966, U. IV. , 1966. United Nations, Demographic Yearbook, 1967, U. N., 1967. International Monetary Fund, Internotional Financial Statistics, 1960-1969, I.M.F. 1960-1969.
that found in most of Western Europian countries. In such a circumstance, it is interesting to compare the consumption pattern of Japan
with one in the other countries. It has been suggested that there exist some unique char-acteristics of consumption behavior in Japanese households. When we want to know the future pattern of consumption in Japan, it is important to examine whether or not there are some unique characteristics of consumption behavior in present Japan. We will treat this problem by using various kinds of data.
II. International Engel Functions and Composition of
Consumption Expenditure in Japan
First, Iet us examine the composition of consumption expenditures in Japan by referring the international cross-section data. When we calculate the per-capita consumption expendi-ture and its components (evaluated in the U.S. dollars using the official exchange rate) we can draw a functional relationship between these two variables. An example for food ex-penditure is shown in Fig. 3. Let us call this kind of function as the International Engel
Function. In our calculation of the international Engel functions, we should pay much attention to
the form of this function. This is because the range of dispersion in the explanatory variables
of this function (the per-capita consumption expenditure) is very large in the international
cross-section data as compared with other kinds of data (for example, income classed data in a certain country). We then tried to apply the n-th order algebraic function for these data where n ran from one to five and attempted to decide the amount of n by statistical tests. According to the results obtained from the international cross-section data of 1963 (as is shown
in the United Nations' Yearbook of National Accounts Statistics, 1966), the second order algebraic function is most appropriate for our purpose. We also tried to test whether or not we should adopt for our formula the dummy variables attempting to represent the custom differences of consumption behavior according to regions, (the definition of these variables is shown in Table 2). Neverthelsss, our tests proved that the parameters of these variables were statistically insignificant for most of expenditure groups. Thus, our formula for the
international Engel functions become very simple as is shown
l 970]
,e US
:;
~:' o o ~ ~
q,
:'
1: E:
e'~
,,
~I ~
~ ~ ~ ~
400
300
200
l OO
Th
FIG .
AN ANALYSIS OF CONSUMPTION PATTERN IN POST-WAR JAPAN
3. AN EXAMPLE OF THE INTERNATIONAL ENGEL FUNCTION
ItalyX
Netherlands / xl lrelandX X /
Finland Austria)(, ll
/ / Greecex / PanamaX .// ~:' Ingapore
Venezuela Ma Ita x ~J~pan Jama ica Spa in
IX / South Africa /
XCeylon ailand X Honduras
X X Puerto XKorea
Rico
/ / / / / // X Canada / F rance X X B.e I g ium
X .//xS weden
/United Kingdom
/ / / / X Israel
X Norway
ll / / / / /
/
(FooD)
/ / / / /
33
/'~ //X United
S ta te s
Per-Capita Consurnption Expenditure (U. S. $)
Source : United Nations, Yearbook of Nalional Accounts Statistt~s, 1966, U.N.,
TABLE 2. DUMMY VARIABLES REPRESENTING THE DIFFERENCES CONSUMPTION PATTERNS ACCORDlNG TO REGIONS
1966.
IN
2000
dld2d d o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
Variables takes following values in such countries as
African countries.
Asian countries excluding Japan and Israel.
Middle and South America, Portugal, Spain and Israel.
Canada, the U.S. and Western Europian countries excluding Portugal and Ja pan.
Spain.
et/N=a+ b(EllV) +c(E/1V)2 ( I ) where E and ei indicate total consumption expenditure and expenditure for i-th group (evalu-ated in the U.S. dollars) and N is either the population of nations when we use the national accounts statistics or the family size when we use the family budget data.
We calculate two variations of international Engel function according to the kinds of data. The first is estimated by figures of national accounts statistics as is shown in the
34 HITOTSUBASHI JOURNAL OF ECo~'oh4lcs [June U.N.'s Yearbook. Because our calculation is restricted for nations which adopt the U.N.'s system of classification for consumption expenditure (which define 12 major groups of expen-diture), our number of samples becomes only 27.3 This function will be called the inter-national Engel function of the version A. We can also estimate this function by using the family budget data in various countries. Because the family budget data have been published in many countries including tlle under-developing countries where the consumption expendi-ture has not been estimated in their national accounts statistics, the uses of these surveys are very important. However, because the system of classification varies among various family budg-
et surveys, some adjustments should be done before our calculations. We tried to adopt the same system as used in the analysis of national accounts statistics. One exception concerns the definition of rent expenditures. Because most of family budget data do not have figures on the imputed rent wllich is included in the rent expenditure of the national accounts statistics.
our definition for family budget data restricted for money rent. After these reclassifications, we re'evaluated each figure in 1963 year's U.S. dollars.4 This function will be called as the
TABLE 3. ESTI\. IATES OF THE INTERNATIONAL ENGEL FUNCTIONS
Food
Beverages
Tobacco
Clothing & other personal effects
Rent and water sup ply
Fuel and light
Furniture, furnish-ings & household equipments
Household operation
Personal care & health expenses
Transport and communication
Recreation and entertainment
Miscellaneous services
Function A
a b
c >< 104 R2
18. 787
-5. 697
- . 890
7. 337
2. 270
-5 182
- . 950
4. 748
1. 79_6
3. 005
-O. 769
5. 602
O. 2999 (O. 03-~~9)
O. 0757 (O. 0138)
O, 04lq. (O. O110)
O. 0911 (O. 0390)
O. 0456 (O. 0314)
O. 0541 (O. O112)
O. 0778 (O. 0140)
O. 0155 (O. O111)
O. 0253 (O. 0177)
O 0553 (O. 0257)
O. 0739 (O. 0134)
O. 09_03 (O. 0234)
-O. 5430 O. 9256 (o. 1795)
-O, 1943 O. 7550 (o. ov54)
-O. 0981 O. 6219 (o, 0598)
-O. 0753 O. 5382 (O. 09-13)
O. 0560 O. 8675 (O, 0172)
-O. 0524 O. 8317 (O. 0611)
-O. 0378 O. 8876 (O. 0765)
O. 1017 O. 7301 (O. 0609)
O. 2916 O_ 8531 (O, 0968)
O. 5087 O. 9077 (o. 1406)
-O. 0942 o_ 8504 (O. 0733)
O. 1936 o. 6183 (O. 1275)
Function B
a b
c x 104 R2
21 . 266
-3. 104
O. 151
-6. 659
O. 3626 (O. 0329)
O. 0619 (O. 0128)
O. 0238 (O. 0081)
O. 1438 (O. 0120)
1. 417 O. 0387 (O. 0076)
-4. 614 O. 0641 (O. OI08)
-2. 398 O. 0388 (O. O110)
5. 603 O. 0060 (O. O110)
4.810 -0.0112 (O. 0131)
- 3. 707 O. 1072 (O. 0169)
1. 743 O. 0690 (O. O~'_34)
-O. 8460 O. 8821 (O. 2317)
-O. 2076 O. 4934 (O. 0897)
-O. 0134 O. 4706 (O. 0571)
-O. 2057 O. 9233 (O. 0841)
O. 0330 O. 8011 (O. 0533)
-O. 0192 O. 8013 (O. 0761)
-O. 0027 O. 6015 (O. O/~71)
O. 4378 O. 8245 (O. 077 /~)
O. 9747 O. 9230 (O. 09-~!1)
-O. 4134 O. 5804 (O. 1192)
-O. 0306 O. 4825 (O. 1647)
Source : See text.
3 In the U.N.'s Yearbook, the consumption expenditure of Japan is classified depending on the system of classification which is unique to Japan. Luckily, a supplementary table was published to inform the figures depending on the U.N.'s system in the Annual Report on i\rational hrcome Statistics, 1969 by the Economic Planning Agency, we used this table as the figures for Japan.
d This calculation was done as follows. After each figures converted into 1963 year's price of each country by using the consumer price index, the official exchange rate in 1963 was used to calculate the U.S. dollar's evaluation.
1970] AN ANALYSIS OF CONSUMPTION PATTERN, IN POST-~vAR JAPAN
TABLE 4. INCOME ELASTICITIES OF INTERNATIONAL ENGEL FUNCTIONS (in 500 U.S. Dollars)
35
Source : See text.
international Engel functions of the version B.
The international Engel functions are estimated by using the ordinary least squares estimation method and the results are shown in Table 3. In order to know the broad char-acteristics of these functions, it is convenient to calculate the income elasticity for each expenditure group,5 Because the income elasticity differs depending upon the level of income when 1've adopt the formula (1), only one example is shown in Table 4. It is interesting to find out that relative ranks of income elasticities are similar to those calculated by the income
classified table in the family budget data in Japan.6
Now let us examine the characteristics of the composition of consumption expenditure of Japan on the standard of the international Engel functions. To do this, we calculated the the per-capita consumption expenditure and its components for the various periods in both pre-war and post-~var Japan and then re-evaluated them by the 1963 years's U.S. dollars. By inserting the per-capita consumption expenditure into the explanatory variables in formula (1),
we can derive the theoretical amounts of consumption expenditures according to their com ponents depending on the international Engel function. Because of the lack of detailed in-formation in the original publication, it is very difficult to reclassify the pre-war figures de-
pending on the U N.'s classification system. However, an approximate estimate was used in this paper. The ratio shown in Table 5 is calculated by dividing the realized expenditure in Japan by the 'theoretical values'.
Regarding the food expenditure of time-series data, the ratio is a little higher than unity
5 In this paper, Iet us use the term of income elastictiy instead of the elasticity to total consumption expenditure In order to save our space.
6 Regarding the relationship between the time-series income elasticity and the elasticity found in the international Engel function, see Simon Kuznets, "Quantitative Aspect of Economic Growth of Nations IV", Econo'nlc Develoj"nent and Cultural Changes, 1962. This paper pointed out that the elasticity o~ the international Engel function does not necessarily coincide with the time-series income elasticity cal-culated by the long-term time'series data.
36 HITOTSUBASHI JOURNAL OF ECONOMICS [June both for the pre-war and the post-war period. Concerning the pre-war period a comment should be made here for Shinohara's estimates. Some data had been published for the personal consumption expenditure of the pre-war period before the publication of Shinohara's estimates.7 When we compare these data we find that the expenditure for food is larger in Sllinohara's estimate than the figure in the previous estimates. If we compare these estimates with the theoretical value, the ratio is lower than unity and this is consistent with the findings
by using the international Engel function B. We can also find, for the post-war period, a reverse conclusion for the food expenditure between the international Engel function of ver-sion A and B. It is said that the food consumption outside home is relatively large in Japan but it is very difficult to cover it in the family budget survey. A part of the above differ-
ences may be explained by this. It is obvious that the level of consumption expenditure for beverages and tobacco is very
low in Japan on the international standards. This may be explained by the decreasing trend of relative prices for these items. For instance, the general index of the consumer prices raised
47.7~ from 1955 to 1965, but the corresponding ratio was 10.6~ for beverages and -2.4~
for tobacco. The ratio for the rent expenditure is systematically higher than unity, but w-e should not
derive some conclusive explanation here. This is because the method of the estimates of the imputed rent varies considerably from a country to a country a great deal of causion must be used for the international comparison of these expenditures, Further, the result is very singular
from our common sense. It has been widely admitted that the housing condition is very bad in post-war Japan as compared her income level.8 This is especially because, given the growth rate of real income, it is very difacult to rise the level of real assets as much as the rise in
the real flow income. If we need to give here a preliminary for this finding, we should say that the high level of the ratio does not mean that housing condition is good in Japan on the international standards but this only indicates the relatively high level of rent itself.
This table shows us that the expenditure has been relatively small for both the furniture-
household equipments and the transport-communication. It is true that these types of expen-ditures grew remarkably for the post-war period. However, we find that even these increases are smaller when we evaluate them by using the international Engel function. The low level of the expenditure for the furniture and household equipments can be related to the limited space of residencial house. As was explained before, the housing condition is very
bad in post-war Japan. Because the improvements of houses require much expenses, the expenditure on this item will not increase too rapidly. The low ratio for the expenditure for transport and communication can be explained mainly because of the late start in the popularization of personal cars. The prices of domestic personal cars were very high and the foreign cars were not imported because of the surprising rate of import duty until the early 1960's. The sharp decline of these prices and the increase of nominal income in the recent years make it possible to popularize to own cars. However, the expenditure for the transportation remains in the low level on the international standards even in the present day of Japan. Further we should mention about the less developed situation of the consumer
7 The most reliable estimate before Shinohara's publication may be one published by the Economic Planning Agency. See the Economic Planning Agency, White Papaer ofNctional Inco'ne, 1963, op, cit..
8 Alan, H. Gleason, "Postwar Housing in Japan and the Uhited States", in Richard, K. Beardsley (ed.), Studies on Economic Llfe in Japan. The Uuiversity of Michigan Press, 1964.
37
~;: ~~~0 (l~~ ~F: ~:~ Y*
Hq,eO ~~I hf:~
Cf~~; CO~:: (:1 HO F~:~~'
H 1le, ~~ :~H ::
~e, ~:~: >
'l' ~
~~:i_
~C~~
Pt~ .~1 O . (,)HH1~ (1'1:~ he' :: >10 ~:;~~i F:1~, eJO ~a,~ ~ ~~
~:~1 F: U '-O .*;~ ~ ~~~~~ S^c"'U ~S a,~: :']:;~ ~~~ y U >~~ e,~;
T~ ,~ ~q
bOQ'HF: C: O .~
~3(L)tS '~~::.~* F~
I~ ~o~1 ~I~ ~;
F:~ 1::Ohl (L)~O ~/] l~e,~ ;Sy~') ~) ~ .~
C:i*U* ~; .fe
q,e'C:S y~1~ g5~ u] >1~e ~,~ C: CJ. :: ;F1~~0 *HFIC!) . .~1 q. C' ~ ~'C:S~ e'O -~ C:4~; -H~F1,1' *Oa' *V ';; Cl)
C:S
H ~q.~'
*1~; ~P~~ ~;~;
~O '::~ ~~ ~:~:~C'Q~)
O~ C; C'~:~ C~5~
AN ANALYSIS OF CONSUMPTION PATTERN IN POST-WAR JAPAN
•HCf)~O~)C:) ,:)!CH~O•H Cf)C\~OLr)Cf) ~rU:)LO~r~O dcc:;QC~
~Oeoo~ L!)OCoO~r~ OHeocr)(T) O~OCCOO ~C\lC\lC~C~
cr)0~rOCt) LO~:)Ol~H ~~eOL!)CT) ~rL!)u:)L!)C\t
QcooQ LO~C>•~Lt)~r (:)O)OC~qCr) C\]~rC\]~rOO ~OOOi]OH HHHc\]H
cf)~reocc~ cr)Oc:r)ooc\] O~o0:()LoH O~cOLr)~Lr)
co(:oc
cr)~~r~~O ~rOOC~ 0~rLtl)oocf) ~Lr)~LOLO oc:;C;oc:;
~~c~1(:~Ho cr)ooo~o-o~oc~5~:)~r (:~Hc~qQQ oHHHH
~Cr)OLf)~~ ooLr)c~)~r~ OLr)Lf)C\]cr) Hc7~ooH~~ HooHH OOCf~HcCC\] Lr).OOC,~,C\]H Oa)eo,~)oQ Lr)LOLr)~OL!) c~C;(scsc5
(1)LOCr)OLO Ci)C1)C•)CF)Lf) O0~rOLO~C) ~r~r~rLO~ c;C;C;c:;C;
~~COC(:,~OO CO(7~,:)~rCC? ~r~Lf)t-~ OOOOC(:~(:~ c;d~dC;
~coH(:~ ~~coQ~~ ~r~rcoclD ~~c\ic~c~
c~~H~cv) •Hc\]c~)c:) ~oO~~r :(>L!)y:)c:)
HH'HH
e~Lf~c\](:) cOc\]Lr)cl O~eoc!) coLr)Lr)Lr:)
(:~C;C;d
CC~~0~ O0~~OLf) L!)Cf)C\,~r Cf~*C1~Cr)C~~
HHHH ~~coo ~r~o~ oeooo ~r0~,oo c~c~~j,~
Ocf)OO ~)a)C\]O HH~r~, OO~Ou:) ~~C;(:~
Cf)~rCf)(:) a)OCf)l~ ~rCr)C\]cr) a)OOH C;HH~
C~I-L!)Cf) ~C1)~rCf) I~Cr)~Cf) OHHCf) -HHH OC;)L!)C\~ C\]H(•)C\] L!)C:)~OO Cf)Cf)~rL!) c;(:;(SC:i
Lr)~C\]~ (~)eo-~;; OC~oo Lf)Lf)~r~r c;c;<Sd
CC~\T~eLO (:)tOC1)Ce C\~~OH~, OOOOCi)C,) C:;d(:;CS
~
c
o '~:
~
~
e,eo
~ ::
pq
~~ '~
~
CF,C!1L!)c()cC)O~eO Lr:COHCY)Q~OO~~r ~(:~C1~GOC:)COHC~] Cf)Ct)ar)C\]C~C~H,H dcSC;c;c5c;c;c;
(:)C\,aeC\]L!)~:)~Ct) C\~~reoLr)~,L!)L!)Cr) ~rHC:)~r~)cr)~:)C;) QSqOCN~rC\]~rCf) I~1~r~f~ri,H,Hrl
C:)a)~~rH,:1Lr)~ C\]cr).HC~OCr)cf)~~ C\]C~]~Lr)cr)cf)cf~C\] cOLr)cOcl)C\]HCO (sc5dddc;c;c;
~~C:~~:,HOt~::(,~00 O0~)teLr).OOC~cC C1)cOOCY)(:e.Cf)Cf)(•) ~cOC~C:~COOH~ HHOOOHHO ~rLr)LO[~OOC~~H ,Ht~-L!)HLocf)a [~~e0~0~C~)~C)cf) oO~r-tHoOLi)ct)cf)
oHHHoooo (:~LO~OC\~HOC)O Ha)Cf)C~qOL!):~a) t!)cf)C~)(~)•HC:)Lr)C;) ~Cf)C\~C\~C\]HC\]C\] c;d c5dc~c;dd
Li)-1~,~!(>0Cf) HO~1C\]~PC~]:C) O)OOOLr)~rHLr) ~~~rC\]a)HLr)eO HHH~c\ic\ic\i
H ~~OCr)(:)aIOLOCrl ~OOH~C\](:~OOH H~CF)H•H•H~,O C\:CY)C\]C\gOOOH IHHHHHrlrlrl
c~eo~~c~C~~O CF)O(CI~•H~r,S~CO eQ~~,HcCt!)HC~co oOOCO~OLr)l~~f~r o~c;C;C;C;c:~C~
~~tt)••~:h.L!)c!)~1 cT~OC:~cOC?)cOC~)LO cr).!~~rcO,H~rOLO eo~~O~~cl)c!)C\] dc;(:;c;dC~dc5
Cr)LOLO~COCf)~rH OHLPOO,~-1(:) HHL!)OOCf)~f~,O Lr)Hl~Oi,OOOCf)~r ~c\ic~c~cico~t(
~~Oc:)Ot~L!)oooo Cr)~,•H~~e\1~,,1) Lr)C\~ooc!)Q~rOOC~q QC•HHC\]HO,~ IH,H,HTHHIHHrH
~~e~eo~ ~:~~~ ~rc\l~co c~ic\i~~
C~;cr)~OCO O)~rc•)aQ L!)C:)a)C\] HOooOO H~(:~(:~
e0~JOc!~te cf)Lr)~Ct\ ~rcF)te ~rcf)cl~.-•,t. (:~C~OC;
c0~~f'~_.,H cr~.~i_.~:)o ~roocoo (:~,eoO~o
,~HHH
ooc\~~rco Cll~cf)c\l ~:)~cf)~r HHHe) H*H~C~
~~l~OOC1) OLO,~O Lf)[~cOC:) OOOOOOtO ddc;c~
~~~C~~~C) OC~)L!).C\] •:rC~CCf) eOCF~OC\] CiC;HH
L!,C,~Cf)Cf) ~rHCT)C~~ L!)OOC~~[~ C\]~qC11~H
H - *1 ,~
er:.Lr)C\]OO ~Oi;cv~L!) Cr)cf)C\,~,1 COC:~QC:) c;c;~C;
L!)OO~~P eO~OOO Ci)COO~r ~rL!)~pl:-C;C;c;C;
l~cr)c~O C~c~cF)Lf) ~OC\]Ocr) oococeoO CSC:;c;C;
o~~Oo o~r~ce~ ~qcT)cO~ oo(:)H HHHH
~
F:
o c's::
F:
r~ ~ ~:
(:~ ~ ~
(/)
a' ~ ~;
. :')~ ~S:s* L)o~ u'e'> . lhl ~:_ u' ~~'
F~
o~~ ":; c, c, ~~::F~ L,~' u ~:
f~e~i c~ ~;
o~~ ~~:~~,* ~)o-~ F:uF:* E:: :~;:; ~e~ ~
- u, c:s c: e~~: ~ ^ ~c: ~~,::~c, ~ei ~~ ~X
fl,~ q,
~: b O
,~~ :S~; :~ Orly ~~) ~: C~
O q,
u , u~O~~3 ~';:: eO~:: '- : S~ e, 3 ~ $::~~~ ~ ~~ :; .20 ~:i ~:
VF1_ C:i~:
- ~~ ~-~I
~ ~') ,~Q' ~~a;~o ~H -cTsce " ~i ~
P~i u
tnjoH~~ {" ~~; o ~ F:-- ~ u,~:: O ~;o~} ~) <L'
~ o u ~) ::s
~ o H
H* q,~ ~~)
~q'
~
o F~
HooLr)c\]c\] ~: cf' cl)_cr) c~] o i~~r ~H ~ ~cf)cf)cl)Qq cr)':)(1)o)o) HH~HH
~rH~Cf) !O~:)L!)tr) Cr)(:)C:)a) ,~HHH
OLr)v:)u:)Lr)Lf)Lr)Lf) ~rcf)C\]HCC:)co~ (:)C:)e)c7)c:)cococo 'HHH'~H~'IH
~~~HeO ~eC~~:)LS) C,)O)a)C1 - .~ - H
Z ~
< h Z
Z
e( ~!I ~ ~ <
p* z;
O
~
c~ ~ ~ ~
O O ,~ O (/) ~ ~ f~ r~(~,
H
(, <
p( ~ ~
r~ :D
a ~; ~)
~~:1~
H Lr)
~leO
<
H
1970]
38 HITOTSUBASHI JOURNAL OF ECONOMICS [June financings. Owing to the high growth of tlle Japanese economy, the demand for financial capital was very large and this prevented the developments of the system of consumer finance. It is well known that the sales of new houses or the large scaled consumer durables can be promoted by the increases of consumer finance. It is only recent years that the availability of consumer credits becomes much easier for the usual households and this may increase the expenditures relating the large scaled consumer durables to some extents.9
For the ratios before 1900 we can find some singular results. For instance, a very low ratio is shown for the expenditure of transport-communication in 1875. Most of them may be explained, not by a singular pattern of consumption behavior of Japanese people but by the situation of social and economic circumstance. For example, Japanese people in 1875 did not have the opportunity to use the modern transport facility such as people in the present less developed countries can do. When we exclude these exceptional case, we should mention here only two additional distinguished characteristics regarding the miscellaneous expenditures.
The writer feels it difficult to find the reason why the expenditure for personal care and medical expenses is high for the post-war period. Only one suggestion he can is that the spread of medical insurrance system has increased the demand for medical services.lo
The high ratio for the miscellaneous services would be caused by the relatively large expenditure for educational services. The enrollment ratio for the higher education in Japan is very high among the developed countries. Further it is said that the educational expendi-ture outside of school is also large_ It also should be noted here that the ratio has been increasing in recent years. Regarding the other characteristics shown in Table 5 we need not deal with this topic in detail here.
III. A Comparison of Inconre Elasticity
The income elasticity is the another indicator in the international comparison of con-sumption behavior, (see again the footnote 5 of this paper). It is 1;~rell kno~~'n that both the
income- and the price-elasticity play an important part in the empirical analysis of consumer behavior. Especially, the former is studied because it indicates the degree of desires for groups of expenditures given the level of income. In this section, Iet us compare the time-series and the cross-sectional income elasticity in post-war Japan with those found in data both for pre-war Japan and for present day of other various countries. To do this we will adopt the figures found in national accounts statistics as well as family budget surveys.
In our examination of income elasticity of Japan between the pre-war and the post-war period, we applied for the most simplified method of the calculation of income elasticity: i,e.
the growth rate of real per-capita consumption expenditures according to their components
9 Regarding these effects, see for example, Toshiyuki Mizoguchi, "Time Serles Analysls of Consump tion Function in Japan by Occupational Groups", Hitotsubashi Journal ofEcono'nics, Vol. 9, No. -9, 1969.
10 In Japan, nearly all person can use the medical insurances, supported by the government. Usually, household heads can get medical services with free charge and the other family member is supported 50~~o of expenditures by this insurance.
1970] AN ANALYSIS OF CONSUMPTION PATTERN IN POST-wAR JAPAN 39 were divided by that of total consumption expenditure.11 The results sho~vn in Table 6 point to some interesting tendency in the time-series changes of income elasticity.12 To begin with the income elasticity for food and beverages' expenditure had been decreasing and became negative in the 1940's. It is very surprising to find out such a saturation level for the food expenditure in this period because the average income level was nearly -'OO U.S. $ (evaluated in 1963 year's prices). This phenomenon is perhaps related to the Asian pattern
of food consumptson found during this period. In the pre-war period of Japan the major caloric intake was upon major food as rice or other cereals. With this type of food con-sumption expenditure a rise in income does not have much effects on the food expenditure. This explanation partial]y depends on an analysis of the time-series clr,ange in the composition
of foods.13 As is shown in Fig. 4, in pre-war Japan there v~'as not a declining trend in the
percentage of food expenditure occupied by that of main foods. This is quite different from the results for the post-war period. To be sure, even in the pre-war period there was a tendency, especially in the high income classes, towards a higher quality consumption pattern. This can be verified by pointing out that the cross-sectional income elasticity for food and beverages was nearly equal to 1.0 in the 1940's. Nevertheless, the element of habit persistent
effects were remarkably enough to keep the Asian type consumption pattern of food and this prevented an increase of this expenditure.
The situation in post-war Japan was quite different. It is said the distribution of western
type of foods by American Occupation Force during 1945-46 affected positively to change the
consumption habits on food of Japanese people. Thus as income rises aftenvards the com-position of food expenditure changed along different lines than had the pre-war one. The income elasticity, according to time-series data, has been decreasing since 1950 but the slope of this decline for real income changes is not so sharp as that for the pre-war period. The time-series income elasticity is about 0.5. This is much higher than the lowest level in the pre-war period in respective of what the real income level at that time was significantly lower than the level in the 1960's. It is true that the percentage of total calories derived from cereals is high in Japan as compared her income level even in the post-~~'ar period,14 but the
consumption pattern has been moving towards the less unique composition. The time-series income elasticity for clothing expenditures was very high in pre-war Japan
but decline after the war. This is partially explained by the remarkable decline in the relative
ll This method of calculation would be considered too simple because we do not consider the price variables. For instance, we can make up the model of
log (e*/NP,)= a+b log(E/PN)- c log(P*/P) where ei and E indicate the consumption expendituae for the !-th groups and the total group respectively, Pi and P indicate the consumer prices corresponding to ei and E and N means the number of popula-tion. However, according to the writer's experience, the value of c is general]y insignificant ~~'hen we adopt a broad classification as is shown in Table 6. In this sense, we can accept the method shown in the main sentence as an approxnnation.
12 hough the data for post-war period are taken from publications before the revision of national ac-counts statistics, the results are not much different even if we use data after the revision.
13 The family budget surveys had been publlshed annually since 1926. These survey covered worker's households by using the representative sampling method. Because the principle of selection of samples was same for all survey years, we can compare their figures as time-series.
14 See for example the United Nations Research Institute for Social Development, The Level of Living Index The Institute 1966 See also Economic Planni A ' , . g gency, Government of Japan, TVhite Paper on People's Livings, 1969 (Kokumin Seikatsu Hakusho), the Agency, 1969.
40
TABLE
HITOTSUBASHI JOURNAL OF EcoNoMlcs
6. TIME-SERIES CHANGES OF INCOME ELASTICITY OF AND AFTER THE SECOND WORLD WAR (1)
JAPAN BEFORE
[ June
Food & beverages
O. 937
O. 615
1. 03i
O. 553
-O. 058
O. 759
O. 717
O. 449
O. 543
Clothing
3. 020
5. 110
3. 479
3. 649
4. 878
1. 293
l. 163
1. 180
O. 943
Rent Other housing Fuel & Iight
O. 391 -1. 475 O. 734 O. ~-21 1. 699 O. 491
-1. 004 3. 535 3. 246 O. 649 2. OIO 1. 896 O. 207 11. 085 1. 356 O. 637 2. 089 O. 251 O_ 802 2. 529 O. 328 l. 233 2. 727 O. 997
-O. 349 1. 845 l. 221
Miscellaneous
1. 634
1. 909
O. 519
1. 710
3. 112
1. 701
2. 303
2. 954
1. 778
1\,~ote : 1. In order to exclude the effects of short•term variations of consumer expenditures we used the average figures of five years for the pre-war period and those of three years for
post•war period. For example the income elasticity in the period of 1878-88 is calculated by using the growth rate between the avarage of 1886-90 and that of 1876-80. 2. The data for the pre-war period were made by reclassifying the Shinohara's estimates depending on the system of classification of national accounts statistics in Japan. 3. In order to get the income elasticity concerning the early-1950's we used here the national accounts statistics before the recent revisions.
Sou'~ce : Economic Planning Agency. White Paper of i\rational Inco'ne, 1966, op. cit., Mi-
yohei Shinohara, Personal Consumption Expenditure, op. ctt.
TABLE 7. COMPARISON OF CROSS-SECTIONAL INCOME ELASTICITY IN JAPAN (1926-1966)
1\rote : Though adjustments were done in order to make the concepts as close as we could, there remained minor differences between the pre-war and the post-war period.
Soulice : Statistical Bureau of Prime Minister's Ofiice. Annual Report of Family Income and Ex~nditure, 1951-1966. Cabinet's Statistical Bureau, Report ofFa'nily Budget Survey, 1926-
1940 (Kakei Chosa Hokoku), 1933-1940.
1970] AN ANALYSIS OF CONSUMPTION PATTERN IN POST-WAR JAPAN
FIG. 4. TIME-SERIES CHANGES IN THE COMPOSITION OF EXPENDITURES FOR FOODS AND BEVERAGES IN
WORKER'S HOUSEHOLDS IN JAPAN (1932-1965) (% ) lO
Be~erages
Beverages
41
50
Other food
Meat, mllk, eggs
Fish
Cereals
Other food
Meat milk, eggs
F i sh
Cereals
o
1932 1940 1953 1960 Source : See the sources of Table 8.
price of clothing materials brought about by the introduction of synthetic fibers. In the pre-war
period the elasticity of clothing expenditure was relatively large not only because most Japanese used both western and Japanese style dresses but also because there was a tendency to purchase high quality Japanese style dresses as a kind of real assets. But this reason has been vanishing in recent Japan. This can be explain why the income elesticity is different between these two periods.
The changes of income elasticity over times for the fuel and light expenditure is very interesting because it reflects partially differences how to use materials. For the period 1900-38, the r[se in the income elasticity corresponds to the introduction of electricity, gas and charcoal into usual households. Beginning in the mid-1950's consumer durables (such as Televisions, refrigirators, electric washing machines, etc.) began to appear in the middle income households. In the 1960's, the heating equipments (including those of central heatings) began to be popularized. The rise of income elasticity in this period can be explained by the increases of demand for electricity and oil products which are necessary to operate these consumer durables and equipments_ Generally speaking, the income elasticity for the fuel and light expenditure is not too high in the usual situation, but this often shows high figures
v,'hen the consumption pattern changes. We can find a remarkable example in Japan because her growth rate of real income is very high.
The income elasticity for rent and water supply has been unstable in our calculation. It is well known that the estimate of this item is very difficult. Especially because the method
of estimation differs between the pre-war and the post-war period, we had better make some reservations on these figures. The income elasticity for the 'other' housing expenditures is high both for these two periods. The high income elasticity in the pre-war period was mainly supported by the purchase of furniture and other household equipments. In the pre-war period, the increase of purchase of consumer durables has been significant enough to
42 HITOTSUBASHI JOURNAL OF EcoNo~llcs [June explain this level, however, at present there is a tendency for decline in this elasticity.
What comes to time-series elasticity for miscellaneous expenditures shown in Table 6, there are few detective changes. This may be explained by the fact that this expenditure group is composed of various kinds of expenditures. An examination can be done by re-classifying the Shinohara's data according to the system of classification adopted in the United
Nations' Yearbook of National Accounts Statistics. (Because of the scarcity of information, our work is restricted for the period after 1957 concerning post-war Japan.) The income elasticity by this system is shown in Table 8. According to this calculation, the relatively
TABLE 8. TIME-SERIES CHANGES OF INCOME ELASTICITY OF JAPAN BEFORE AND AFTER THE SECOND WORLD WAR (II)
from to Food Beverages Clothing and Tobacco personal Rent and Fuel and lrght
water supply eff ects
1878-88
1888-98
1908-18
1918-28
1928-38
o. 7459
o. 3852
o. 8603
o. 6553
o. 0646
2. 0810
1. 7460
l. 5130
O. 1137
-4. 0271
2. 7755
1. 9801
3. 1495
1. 6639
O. 1809
3. 1580
5. 0998
3. 2982
O. 4758
5. 7636
O. 3219
O. 2487
-O. 8304
3. 6864
O. 1202
O. 6406
O. 9-496
2. 4284
9-. 0999
l. 5452
1959-61
1961-64
o. 3708
o. 3876
1. 5138
1. 5652
O. 7608
l. 2195
1. 1916
O. 7811
1. 1574
O. 9253
l. 0678
l. 1695
l~;rote i 1. See the note I and -2 in Table 6. 2. Slnce the data used here are different from those in Table 6, we cannot compare these two tables directly.
Soul~ce : Economic Planning Agency, Annual Repo't on National Income Stalistics, 1969, op. clt., Miyohei Shinohara, Personal Consavrption Expe'iditu'~c, op. clt.
high figure can be found for the pre-war period regarding the expenditure for the transport-communication and the recreation-entertainments. The income elasticity of the other miscel-laneous service is very high in the post-war period. This can be explained by a rapid increase
of educational expenditure in recent Japan. In the comparison of cross-sectional income elasticity, \~'e can find very high figures for
the miscellaneous expenditure groups in the pre-war period. An explanation of this can per-haps be found in the type of income distribution which was much more unequal in that time.
1970] AN A_N'ALYSls OF coNsU~lPTloN' PATTERN IN POST-~~'AR JAPAN 43
In such a situation only a limited number of households could purchase the 'luxury' goods and services. The elasticity 1~;~as especially high for the expenditures on the transport-com-
munication, and the other miscellaneous service, etc. The same tendency can also be found in the other housing expenditures. However, with the changes of type of income distribution betl~;-een the pre-war and the post-war period, the elasticity reduced for these expenditures bringing it up to the level ~vhich is a little above 1.0.
No~v, Iet us proceed to the international comparison of income elasticity. The first source of data ~ve will use here is the sequences of the national accounts statistics for various
countries. (These can be found in the United Nations' Yeat-book of 1\,'ational Accou'tts Statistics). Unfortunate]y the tables for some countries do not follow completely the system of classification advised by the United Nations, thus our comparison is restricted for relatively
small number of countries. In the calculation of time-series income elasticity, in principle. data from 1955 to 1963 are adopted. However, the figures regarding Japan are limited for the period from 1958 to 1967 because of the scarcity of information_ The formula used here is
log (e, f(i~rp,)) =a+b log (E/(NP))
vvhere e, and E are the consumption expenditures for the i-th and the total groups, and P" and P indicate the corresponding deflators and N is the number of population.15 The results in Table 9 are in order of pre-capita consumption expenditure in 1963 evaluated in the U.S. dollars using the official exchange rates. We can find that the income elasticity rises or declines as the per-capita consumption expenditure increases in the international cross-section
data. For instance, the time-series income elasticity for food expenditure seems to be lower
in higher income countries. But this tendency cannot be rigidly proved because most of them is not statistica]ly significant. However the reader can get some idea of these tendency by examining the simple average figures shown at the lower part of this table.
If we keep these in mind when we compare the time-series income elasticity of Japan with that of the other countries, we can detect the following characteristics of Japanese con-
sumer behavior. Generally speaking, the time-series income elasticity in recent Japan is higher than or nearly equal to that derived from the international Engel function. Especially, the high income elasticity can be found for the expenditure of (1) beverages, (2) the furniture f urn'sl l lings and other household equipments, (3) transport and communication and (4) personal care and health expense. It is very interesting to point out that the two expenditure groups. ("-) and (3), include the large scaled consumer durables (including cars). It has been often said that the amounts of consumer durables in Japan are relatively small as compared lvith high income level and that this can be explained by the less developed situation of consumer financings. However, the recent change of consumption expenditure seems to fill this gap. In contrast to these findings, the relatively small income elasticity is found for expenditures
on food and the household operation. The former is very interesting when we remember the declining tendency of income elasticity in recent Japan as was examined before. The latter is less important because the amount of this expenditure is relatively small.
15 We used here the simpler model than that shown in the footnote 9 because the parameter c is not statistically significant for most of countries. When the data were available for all expenditure groups in the form of real vaule in the U.N.'s Yearbook, we assumed them as if ei/Pt and E/P. In such a country as figures were shown only in current prices, we deflated them by the consumer price indices according to expenditure groups for urban or worker's households.
44 HITOTSUBASHI JOURNAL OF
TABLE
ECONOMICS
9. AN INTERNATIONAL
[ June
COMPARISON
Average : l- 5 6-10
ll-15 16-20 21-25
O. 3831 O. 5842 O. 6412 O. 5480 O. 6953
o o o o o
3847 5917 6443 5484 7305
O 1
1 O 1
59 92 1380 1262 9812 4143
O l
O
5984 1705 1388 9917 4910
o o o o o
8514 5906 7457 4631 2903
published (Taiwan).
A'~ote : l. The figures in the blackets show the standard of deviations of income ela<-ticities. 2. data. 3. We do not show here the income elasticity of three countries because the system
We also exclude the results for coUntries where we can find small number of samples. Scuces : United Naticns, yearbcok of l\,'atlc7?al Acccunts Statisiics, 1966, cp. cit.
1 970]
OF TIME-SERIES
A*N ANALYSIS OF CONSUMPTION
INCOME ELASTICITIES
PATTERN IN POST-WAR JAPAN 45
Fuel and light
Furniture f urnishing
& household equipments
Household o peration
Personal care & health
expenses
Transport and
communica-tion
Recreation and
entertainment
Miscellaneous services
O. 5104 (O. 1432) O. 6946
(O. 1418) O. 8929
(O. 2086) l. 1815
(O. 0812) 1. 0274
(O. C869)
(~
O (O
O (O
O (Ol
(O
0332 0571) 5414 l087) 3244 04 57 )
8992 0374 )
0675 0638)
o (o
O.
(O. O. (O1'
(o:
9541 0688)
2969 0417) 8902 0384) 1869 0710)
1. 4995 (O. 1591) O. 5451
(O. 1129) 1. 5810
(O, 1560) 1, 0993
(O. 0548) O. 1491
(O. 0123)
(g
o (o (g
(g
o (o
4226 1192) 8288 0791) 4712 1109) 0913 0486) 1661 0132)
1 (O
O (O
1 (O
1 (O
1 (O
26 55 1335) 8466 0742) 4643 2090) 6688 1375) 0730 2362)
1 (O
O, 0381 (O. 1506) O. 6848
(O. 0576) O. 6135
(O. 1220) O. 8587
(O. 0333) O. 4104
(O. 0686)
(O
O,
(O
O,
(O, O (OI '
(o:
0038 0634) 9410 0353) 8406 0593) 6734 0393) 0937 0691)
1. 0250 (O. 0653) O. 9210
(O. 0372) O. 8749
(O. 0634) O. 6374
(O. 0423) 1. 1461
(O. 0729)
1 (O
1 (O
1 (O
2001 1003)
3657 1693) 64 97 1405) 1945 2619)
O. 7855 (O. 0437) 1. 0186
(O. 0900) O. 1320
(O. 0799) 1. 0627
(0. 0639) l. 0417
(O. 0743)
O. 7749 (O. 0362) 1. 3970
(O. 0821) O. 5150
(O. 0404) 1. 4006
(O. 0665) O. 3136
(O, 0392) 9777 0411) 1833 2086) 9941 0617) 88 73 0794) 978 1 1228)
O (O,
1 (O,
O
(O. 1.
(O. O.
(O.
7926 0343) 3717 0746) 5380 040-2) 3360 0515) 3297 0402-) o
(o
o (o
o (o
o (o
o (o
l. (O .
1. (O .
l.
(O. 1.
(O .
1.
(O.
4689 1579) 2255 0817) 3873 1595) 0047 0289) ll61 0636)
1. 0273 (O. 0440) O. 1695
(O. 2108) 1. O119
(O. 0645) O. 9028
(O. 0801) O. 8538
(O. 1280)
l. 5041 (O. 1574) 1. 1980
(O. 0844) 1. 4499
(O. 1620) O. 9540
(O. 0316) 1. 1686
(O. 0687)
O. 9542 (O. 5414) O. 7084
(O. 2500) -O. 2489
(O. 4185) 1. 2826
(O. 2689)
- . 8688 (O. 4843)
O. 5114 (O. 0168) O. 9494
(O. 1259) O. 6573
(O. 1048) O. 6000
(O. 0303) 2. 2356
(O. 2538) 5898 3388) 0860 0410) 6121 2644) 3443 l040) 7929 2758)
o (o
o (o
o (o
o (o
2 (o
o (o
2 (o (g
o.
(o. o. (o .
5377 0168) 9628 1178) 6752 l029) 6105 0300) 0422 1836)
l (O
O (O
O (O
1 (O
O (O
4363 0715) 7596 0926) 7699 ll3_?)
0173 0956) 7433 0836)
O. 6156 (O. 3536) O. 5491
(O. 0392) 1 . 7209
(O. 2896) O. 3516
(O. 1072) O. 8028
(O. 2782)
l. 5106 (O. 0730) O. 7683
(O. 0875) O. 7797
(O. 1187) 1. 0349
(O. 0969) O. 6518
(O. 0875)
O. 8940 (O. 0691) O, 2866
(2, 5032) 3. 1231
(1, 1870) l. 0823
(O. 1551) 1. 3361
(O. 2577)
O. 5899 (O. 1090) 2. 0303
(O. 0447) O. 1249
(O. 0564) O. 3780
(O. 0498) O. 8020
(O. 1356) 1852 0758) 6436 7662) 6147 3528) 9579 2042) l094 1639)
o (o (~
o (o
o (o
o (o
6260 l065) 7698 0426) 1366 0599) 3883 0503) 8191 1322)
(O .
l.
(O.
-1. (1. O.
(O. 1.
(O.
2 (O ,
1 (O
1 (O
O
(O. 2.
(O.
0744 2495) 4175 0528) 5119 3296) 5001 07 38 )
l097 2012)
1. 1955 (O, 0768) l . 5302
(O. 8728)
- . 8857 (1. 3134) 1. 0144
(O. 2179) 1. 2480
(O. 1873)
2-, 1812 (O. 2432) 1. 3130
(O. 0549) 1, 6332
(O, 3480) O, 5121
(O, 0763) 2. 1373
(O. 1967)
O. 8614 O. 6055 O. 7418 O. 4435 O. 9756
O. 9143 (O. 0379) O. 1763
(O. 5609) O, 9327
(O. 5390) O. 1523
(O. 0243) -O. 2713
(O. 0805)
O. (O .
O. (OI '
(O, O.
(O.
-O. (O.
9238 0346) 3799 5820) 0612 5120) 1619 O-954) 2979 0937)
(g
o (o
o (o
o (o
3 (o
o o
o o
7731 9367 8524 8946 6791
2089 0781) 4016 7220) 2869 8424) 3403 O 40 O)
4464 6989)
O. 8320 O. 9652 O. 8519 O. 9020 O, 6509
1. 2212 (O. 0759) O. 3677
(O. 7707) O. 1446
(O. 8465) O. 3615
(O. 0418) 3. 8372
(O. 8147) O. 9748 O. 7584 O. 8779 O. 8215 O. 4511
o o o o o
99eo 7557 8597 8041 5080
l 1 O 1
2b36 2126 97 38 3098 2990
l. 3502 1. 2449 O, 9857 1. 3414 1. 3449
The question marks mean that we cannot get the corresponding of classification adopted there is too specific to be adjusted. They
(For example, Jamaica, Ecuador, etc.).
figures because
are Denmark, of the limitation of
Germany and China
[ June HITOTSUBASHI JOURNAL OF ECONOMICS
/~ r~ 1~ Cf5_cOcCLOHCO [~LOHH~r~C) CO1~~OOOCf) OOOC\]O~O c;d~C:~0C;
~/ 'J ~l f~ f~ f~ (:)Hc~-OH u:)•~rc~t!)al~ ~~~~LJr)~C1*cf) oOQC\lO~O
C~C;~C;OC; ~/ \J \J r~ r~ r~ L!)cf)~rt~C\]H
cC],~C\!Cr)Q(S~ LOC\1~rH-4~ C~Ch;eo-:OH Hocaoo \J \/ \J
r~ r~ r~ C\][~t!)[~~:~Lr) ac~gC~.eeCf)O ~OCt)H-COL!) C~lC\]COHLr)-1
H(:)oooo \J \J v r\ /~ I~ (S;'~C\][~C\;OC)
~~rCleL!):!OO ~r~COL0~rC\] OH(~i.OC~~O ~c;~c;~d - - ,J
r~ r~ 1~ cOC~~tO I~sO~~r-C~~ LO~eCOLOC~~cr) O,~~\]O~qO ~d~d~(:5 \J \J '-'
r~ r~ r\ Lr:.cJO(CLr)O(:~ OC\;~C~~OCf) L!:.OCe~:}-H (O•*LOOLt)H oooooo ~J \J \j
/~ /~ r~ OOCOtr)cCLO(:) (!:)C1.~C;~(1).*ee ~:CCf)_1 :J:> Lr)•I~eC)~~;o coooQo ~, ,J \J
r\ r~ f~ cY)O~~OLOtO ,OC~(O~:O(:) Lr)~OC~]HL!)sO L!)HcOO~fO ooooQo 'J \J \J
/~ r~ 1~ OC1)L!):OCf)O C~TO~!O~~~r COC~qCt)HOOH ~OsOOLr)O oooooo \J \J ~J
r, f~ r\ oeOLr)oC\I~:) ocC~O~c~~~r (~)HC~~HI~~ I~O:OOLOO oOooQo \J \J \J
LO :C Cf)
cF) ~~ cf)
<:~.
~~ cl)
r~ r~ 1~ r~ r~ QC\]C~~cr)CO-OOcll:.O~ OOCF~Lf)Cr)COCOCFIOOI~ C!)C:)O~OO-1COCf~.O(•) OOC\t~OLf)HC~S-C1~0 C:~C~ac:;cQaoHO ~/ 'v \J \J ~J
r~ r~ r~ 1~ l~ Cr)CeLr),~C~)HLr)~J::H~ ~rOOOHLf:OOt!)(1)a)O Lr)O(:)t!)Lr:.H:~PC\]1~l~ OOCf)l~QLr:.HC~q-HQ c5c;oc;c:;c;oC;-o
\J \J \J \J ~) r~ r~ r~ r~ r~ HC\lO)1~1~~reo~:(:~•I~ HC:)Cf)C~]HLr~.LOeo~rl~ C~q~~LOOH~,C~It~CO~tl C\1•HOHC\]HcJp-cf~.,H HC;H(:;(:;(:;o(::;oQ \J ~/ ~J \J \J •~ r~ r~ /~ r* ~P~Lr~HH~OHLt:-~Ci~ OOCf)~HC~(,~c~~eC,~ OL!)~O*H(S)~~~eecccf) C\],~OHHHLf)HC~]H
H(:;HC;C;c;oC~OO ~/ \J \J \J \J r~ r~ f~ ,~ 1~ OO0~reocc:)~~r~OO C~~Cf)L,1)~~~t~~rLOt~C!)
Cf)C~II~C\](~)Lr)<~)~eC:)[~ ~rHCf)Ha)HC~HLOH ~;(:5HC;~C~~C;C5(:;
~J ~/ ~/ \)I\J r\ /~ r~ r~ r~ ~rCf)OHc~:)~rClcCC~]C;~
C\~~r~rOOLf:OOC:)LOC,)C\; Lf)(NOOHC~]cr)L!)Cr)~rL!) ~HC!)H(1)~eqHL!)H Hd~c;~d~C:;dd \J \J ~J \Jll~l
(~ r~ r~ ,-, r~ acY)H0~r~rC:)~C~,CF5 C~)Cr)HC1[~OCF~•LOC1)cr) ~COOc::)Hc~~r~a)a) COC\leoccl)C\1Lr)-HC~]
ac)CCOOOOCf)O ~/ v, \J \J \J /~ r~ ,-+ r~ r~ ~OOl~~~~)OOC\~.tn*Ci)~ HChq,~)C-*-Cf)OCv)Q ~OCf)C~]~~r~rCf:.~Cc~)~O Cf)OC\]C~QLr)OC~qC\]
c:~C;HcoQooHo \J \J \J \J \) ,~ /-* /~ r~ 1~ :(>l~L~.c0:O,~~c!:~:OCf)
Lr)cf)Lr)~rLO~~C)H~tl~ ~~Cf)C~~,-Clr)O*~HH Cr)OC~qO~QL!)OC~~C\~ OC;~d(:;OOOH(:) ~/ \J ~1 \J ~'
r~ r~ r\ ,~ f\ ~OOCf)cr)C\1~rfrl_.~r:OH HC~~[~~r~7eCC,)~a~tl cOCr)eocl,)~rHC;~'~OOCt) Cr)QL!)0~rOCf)OC;)~ (:~~OOOOOOHO\J ~J ~/ \J
r~ f- r~ r~ l~ ~O~cJ;C1.~~fli_.,~~~) L!)CIOOC\]~~COeO~OeO ~OC~a$cl.e~HeoLr)Cf)CO ceOL!)O~roer)O~(:, c;dC:;dC;i(:;0~O
\J \J \J \J ~!
o ~ ~ cO ,H ~~
c\] ~r ~r
(1~ co ~*
o cfj.
~O
r~ •~ r~ r\ r~ COC\;H:~~H~Cf)Lr)~, Lf)~LOCe-a~Lr)Lt)~OLr) Ol~C:)CILr)C7)Cf)~r~Cf) ul)C\]Cr)O~HOOI~O (:; ~/d ~.O C; O C; (:) el
\Jl~l /~ r~ /~ r~ r\ Cf)C~,HC1):LOHC1~t~O~~
.Ha)1~OO~rlChq0~t,1~cY) (~)COOcr):C;L!)~rl~rul)cf) Cf)Cf)Cf)O~HOQl~Q 0~1d~,a~!QI e;Oe!
f~ r~ r~ r~ r~ I~C\]~eCf)H~Oeet\~OC') C\]Ce:~-l~~rHI~~tlH OO~,Chqt~•H~~t4~~c~)a (~Itr~*OOO:\~0t~C\gLr)Cr) CC;o(:;,~CSO(:;ric;
~/ \Jl\J \J \J /~ /~ r~ r~ l~ c!Pal~eo;~qC~COHCOOO Ct~(S~~eOHcr).HC\]C:) Lf)HQ~L0<~)~)1~~~OH t~~eOOOC\]O~C~~Lr)Cr)
O ;O ~!H ~!OI elrl el
/~~ r\ r~ r~ r~ ~\~ee~:~~Ot\1~H~~H LfJ:(:~l~OHOI~OQC\] ~T~rC:)L!)~~:r~OO~DC:) Cr:HOOa)HHOC~)O Hc;HQOOC\]QOO 'J \J ~l \J \J
/~ r~ r~ r~ r~ l~OO~OHC\~C\:C~]Cr)C~OO C\~(:i~~r~:,1~~~OLt)HOO~e Cf)OI~~HCf)Cf)OOI~(:rl Cf)HOQOHHcalO H !H ~H ~C\$ ~lC e!
r~ /~ r~ r~ r\ (~)Lt)~,eOl~OC~~H~r COH~rC\1~r~OC:~tr:.~t(T) ~C\1~r:OC~•HC~]l~OC:~-~~LOeeo~HC:)O~pO c~~c;c:;c;c:;~c;c;c; l- ~ ~ ~ 'v
,~ ,-+ r~ 1~ r~ ~O0~')~OC\].c~1~~C\I~:J:: C~OQC~)OOOI~t~~r~r C\~OOOLr)~)1~~,Lf)tO~ C~)Cf~Lf)OHO~Oac~~O C:~~,OdHC;H~(:;~/
\J ~l r~ r~ r~ r~ (~ :(>LOeo~~~C\,H~~O Oa)C;)~rcr)cf)~OC:)(S~Lr)
C~~OOl~Lr)eq(7)CLr)tr)t~ a)C~Lf)(:)C\]Oc()CC\10 C;d(:;C;~(:;~dOC5
\J \J \J ,J \J /~ r~ r~ r~ r~ Lr)OC!)OOC\]HC\]t*~rL~
I~C;)CO!~)l~OO(:)aeOCr) Lr)C~HLr)C\]~HLOL(~H Cf)H~a~~OHO~tO OOOC(:;c;~OOO v \J \J \J l\J
,h* r~ r~ /~ r~ Lr)Lr)C~]t~(1)c~~~Hflt_.C\! aul:.~HeOC\Tt!)O~4~,_ OL~(:~L~.cocoC:~LO~e-cf)H~)O~~OO0~rO (dC;c;(:;dd~C:;c:;d l
Lf)
~ ~ fl eO '~•r
~~ t!~
Lf~.
CO ~
c (~) t~
r~ r\ /~ /~ r~ C\]CO0:OHCr)Cf)~~teC\] LOC\;C\,:O~~~)CCOO HLr)~)eO~rCf)~)C\]C•]-:1:)O~rHLOCf)OOHCY)Ct) c:;(:~(:~(:;(:;C;c:~c;c;(:;
l\J \JI\J ~/I~ /~ /~ r~ /~ r~ C~~cl)~)c:r)C~,l~H~.1~I~
o~~~OOI~C\]C,t~ee~r oOC\TC\]Lr,~~!~L!)cr)H •H0~1iHLf)C\]eoHci~.cl~ C5C~(:~(:;c;C;(5C;OO \J I \J \J [ hJ l\J I
r~ r~ r~ r~ r~ ~~rC\~HHOcl)1!)(:~,~ cf)1~~r~CC\~C\l[~O1,c~) C\~~a)Lr)~~cf)ooc\;C\; Hct)c\]C\]Cc~~Oi]-(I~H 'ic~c:~c:;ddc;dii 1~ ~ ~ ~) ~
r~ r~ 1~ /~ f~ H~rCC:t~~~~HL!)HL!) :OI~~OOl~~:~~tl~eecr) cf)Cf)Cf)c~O1)c~~rOi~.-C:)cf)C~]C\]CC~q(:F~-C~1,,H
OC~OC;odC)dOc:; \J \J \J \J l\J
r~ /~ •~ r~ -~rl~(:1C~c*OH~~rLr) C~1Hc~H(:~cl)a)~~C:) ~too~J~cOt!'eec~Lr)o0~r ~rOLOH~C)C~!C~OC;)O ~dHC;HdHOOO \J \J \J \J ~l
/~ r~ r~ r~ cO~~eOO~H~~HC\!H l~aa)O~~•HC:)O0~O I~OC;)OOC:)C~;~PI~~ ~OHCf~-1LOC\]C~Oa)O odHOHO~OOO \J ~/ \J \J \J
/-* r~ r~ r~ r~ ~OC\t~~C~~•~OH0-4ac~) C(~C~~LOeei--•:r)~rg):O cL::)C\]el•cC[~~tl~I~l~:Y) C\~[~Ct)HOC!~~~,HHCf) ~dOOHoaoHO \J \J \J \J \J
r~ /~ r~ r~ r~ C~]HCf)~~Lr)eOC\]C\:eecy) ~rH~rO0~J:)t-OQC~)H Cr~.e0~rI~C~]~rC~~~cf)Lr) cOHcOH(~)C\1OOLr)C\;
~c5HoHQoo•Ho \J \J \1 \J ~. ,~ f~ r~ r~ r~ aai}Cr)~rOHCY)OOC~qCf)
cO(~)LOC~~O)HeooLOI~ ~r~rLr)l~H~c:)v I~Cf)Cr) (;)0~~Hl~H~OOL!)C\] d(:;~(::;•;(:;C;c:;HC:; \J \J ~J \J ~, /~ /~ •~ r~ r~ O~r~~Lr)C~)Ci)~Cv)::) OQOH~,HO)Lr)C\]Ol!) ~t:t)O~rO0~ra)L!)t*L!:, ~OCf)O~O~*CCf)C)
OOOOOCOCCO \J \J ~/ ~1 \J r\ r~ r~ r~ r~ (:)~rH~~OO(~)HCC~C ~OL!)Cf)HHLf)l~tC~L~.Lf),?,;
~f)Lr):OL!)•HLr)(:r)~r:O~.-cr)OC\]0~~0~~Cr)O (:;o\Jc)ooccc)~e \J \J \J
(~)
(,)
(~~
Lr) ~;
Cf) l~ eq
C~] ~r l~
H
,;,]!" ~*1* :, ~;.*
~8~ '* : :, ~
!:S~,~
~
(v,dF~~:;~s~ uo~~(L' c,'~c:sc,~ -~; fl/ * 'H
E,]~'_ ' ~ ~U-C:'~v ~5 c~0:I ~:):~ ~ O~** H ~)~
~;^~~ ~ ~ ~lv9- v, - ;::;~1 ~::^e,::5a) '$H'He;p~ a, c:S;i X p~U Q,
. 5
Q'- ~ ~~:~ C:,
-OH 0~~ e. hr O~ F1 C)
G',e~' '~') hd ~: F'.F ~" ~1:' fl~~~{ JJ:/~
F~ :::O::~ ~e Ol~ h::C: ~~: ::~ ~
~~Lh'~
~S~; *~b :s-~ ~~-
toH~~ ~:Vr~~ ;~~1:: c V -cc,~Q) o H~l:: -*t)~ Q' eJ ~~J ~
o c-V E~
~ e ~1
~[1) eJe, ~*~eCS
p~*
~** ~
~:~
~~, Xa' :'C~~h '~ ~ * :1;u :~u] F:~SH ~(/)'
H $: O ~, C: >1~ q'C,:;J*~~ ~ ~1a u
~r O a)
~t
,:;
C~ CS
P1
CO H
c\; *~J*_ ~;
,:;)
Na~
~
t(
eO l!)_
:~ L!) C;)
e,
U q,
C)
O ~:;
Cf)
~ C:i)
eJ) C:
O \l ~ ~O ~:
O
l!S
O ~~ e) LO C~;
H ~
~:: ~,
~: e, ~:
~F
LO LO •~r LO C:~ ,H
:~ {'::~'
<
(Y~
r~
c\] Lr)
l!) (:)
~~ ~:
c~s ~S
H1 c\i
~ L!)_
CO t!) (~)
U~:
y:~
~i
c~~O
o
EIS
V H h* <:
~ ~
O (/)
~* o .Lr)~ $:~; 'H'
:D~:~F~i c:5
(,)
*,+,'
~ ~ ~~ ~l
~
Od
LO L!) C~)
~H '~~
~
p ~:
~~ ~e (S) r<
~ ~:
nj H(L'
.~
(1)
~c;
Ce LO C:~.
~; e'~l
~l) L~
~ ~C C1 ~~
~ :,
~ ~ CJX
::
~] ~;
C1. cC (:)
~
O ~~ ee F:
h/_
~:, ~]
'~
~)
C'i
(:) l!) a? ~; C~5:~
~)F;:
C\i
H c~
o ~e (~)
H ~
:~ ~5
Is ~:]
'~
~)
H
46
< H <
~ ~
~~
~ p :)
p:) ~ ~ <
~ O Z
~5 ~)
~
~
~
(/) <1
~~ '~~*~
O O ~
~ ~<:
~;
~ h f~
(/),
(1) (/) ~
~) ~O
Z
O C/)***
~~
<
~ ~
O (J ~ ~:
O ~ < 2:e~
f:i H
Z ~ ~ <
O H ~~~I
eCl<
H
47
(,) ~i
O .~
q. li HH O 1;H
:~
~ ~
c'?
a,~ .*rl_,~ ~C:SC:.
O .~l' -*~{~~~'*_
(,,~* ~so ~,:Q' c•v cs~~ ~;~
'l'
~,~1 ~::_(L)H
~~~~ ** ~
~y:S Hq) ::~O~:_
~::e) a,(L)
~:Cl) ~.
.~, ~)~ ~ C)~ ~~•~)~
AN ANALYSIS OF CONSUMPTION PATTERN IN POST-WAR JAPAN l 970]
(:)~(:!cY)C:)~~ O[~C:)~OcOH i!)(:)cv)~r~[~ C~1~OoOC:)ceL!)
oooooC) H~~Lr)~~C~~r (S~~qOC~t-~O ~~aOC\]cr:•~~I~ C~~LO{:OC•~•cCL~ dddc;c;d Ct)OOCi)C:)~r~O OLf)OO~~~~ OCr)Lf)~:)OOH L!)l~OOHC\]~ c;c;C;~~ci
al-1C\!Hcr~.H Lr)-1(:~,C\]cl~.Lr) ~(~)C\]LO~H ~rcOeeHCh]~ ooOHHo OO)eOC\]OOa) Lr)~rH~•HC;) ~rQOOcv)cec\] Cr)C\~HCT)Cf)Cf)
HHHHHH (:1~u:)~OOO HOLr)H~Lr) eOOt~cf)coH C\]C\]-cv)clcl)
HHr~H,~~ C:)~Heoa)~ (:,cl)C\;l~~~H L!)Lr)LC)C~;c!)1~ Lr)1~cOLf)OO
ooooHH ~~~~~~~ C)~l~c~(~1LO C\leoCOcr)~C\]
HOOHHH C1)OC1)C~~eO~,) ~rC1~LOCOQeO (:~'~•*~O~Lr)~r OOOOOC~)OH '~oooHH oOoOcf)OC\qcf) L!)L!)cOOC\]oO c!p~)ac\]•HLr~ ~~Lr)~~~~~0 oo(:)oQ(:)
Lt:.~~P~(:~Cr)Cr) I~H~~C\]If) HOOOOHHCf) ~rLf)~OI~[~'(:,
oocooo
f~ r\ ,~ r\ r\ r~ C\~OC~)~~r~rC~~rC)Hcf)C~) ~CO~C)a)eOLr)C:)Lr)oO~O~O~O a)~OeOLr)oO~rl~~r~cOC\]~, ~~J:)C~rOO~OC\]C~a CS(:;C:;(:~C;c;c;c;~c;(:~i
- \J[~/ ~/ ~/ ~l l
I
r~ /~ r~ •~ /~ r~ CY):OLr:.C~~el•(:)eO[~c~~.C:)cr)C\] eO~O~qOeL!)~rLr)!OL!)~~~H Lr)Cf)1!O~:)C\1~rl~~roe~LOLr) ~rL!,Q~rrlO~QC\!Ol~O oc;ooc;c;ooHc5c~c~
\J \Jl\J ~J v \J ,-* r\ r~ r~ r~ r~ O~:)~OH~O~OOI~~r)~C:~ ~t!)~OOHCLC:.cOOOL~O~r Cf)L!)a)C\]~OOCe~roo-LOCt)
Cr)Lf~COLr)l~~;OOH0~r~eO ~c;c;c;dc~c;c;~d~c; l'J ~ - ~/ ~ ~
l
,~ r~ r~ r~ /~ r\ O~OHOHcO~oO~Lr)~ra) ~L!)~cl)HOLO~C)eOLf)O~ ef).t!)(~)C\lLDOLC)~reO~Lr)cf) (;~LOOOLr)~C\]ooHO~~OO ~i(:;C5(:5(:5(:~(:5C;~C:;~(:; I~/ \J ~' \J \J \J r~ r~ /~ /~ r~ r~ ~CT)Ql~~(:~~HHOLf)L~ ~~cY)Hcr)~CO(~~-Ot!):\]OO COC\]C~eeL!)cr):(::CCI~eeLO[~ Lr)HCf)C\!(~1HLOOC~OHO
HO-OOOHOHOHO ~/ \J \J \J \J ~) r~ /~ r~ r~ r~ 1~ OC\~~rOOeO~'OOOC\:Ct)~)OO C11.~r~r(1~H~~~COO(:)~Cr) Cr:_O~.~r~rC~)C:)~)~~OH~ Cf~HCy)C\]COOL!)OC\gHC\]O
HoHoQoHoHoHC~ \J \J \J ~J \J \J r~ r~ r~ r\ /~ r~ C~tcf)C\]HCf)C\fe0~r~C~cOCf)O
l!)a)Lf)l~C\]~*LOLr)~~aLr)L!) H(:)cl)C\]H(~~cf)OC~~t!)(~) OLr)HCf)~OHHeoa(1~0 c~(:;c;c;~C;~c;c:;(:;c;d
\J \J ~J \J \J \J L
r~ r~ r~ /~ r~ f~ HC\]Cf)cf:)(:~~,)OOOC\~C~L!) ~0C\]ce~Ccf)ooct)~O:J:)C\1~rH Lr:C\]cn.C\:~,l~I~(:)OC:~cf)H -C\!Hcf)~OOLr)C\1~C)(:)~O C\i~OOH(:;HC:;~C;C;d
'J \J \J ~1 \J \J t
f~ r~ /~ r~ r~ ,~ Lf)C~]Cf)Cf)L!)q:)CF)cOH(~)QC C~~H~~C\lCf)QOH~rc~rH (~)HLr)C~la)C~)~Cr)HeO!~H OOC;)HCf)C\]CLf~.C\]c~C~C
HC~<:;c;~C:;~C~~(:;(:;(:; \J1~! \J \J \J \J r~ •~~ r~ r~ r~ r~ ~rC~10OCOHCt)~rHHC,)(I~LO O~CCO~OcOC~]Lr::•C~~LOcf~.H ~ra~~(~]~cOC\,.,1•.t-C1,H Lr)HHcr),:~C:,:~O~OI~O
(•OCOOOOOOOOO \J \J \J ~/ \J \J r~ /~ r~ r~ r~ r~ OC\1L!)(~~LOH~Cr)H~O~C;) Ct)(1~1~Lr)i~C\~a)~,~Cr)Cr)C)
~OL:1~~~rL!)~Ocf)C\]Cf)LO~H ~rOHCT?~O~O~Q~O OOOOQOOOC)aoo \J \J v \J \J ~l
c oo ~ oo c\l
o ~: ~~
L!) ~)
/~ r• r~ r~ f~ ~~~~CeeoQO~C\,0~r IJi)~eee~l~~::OLOLr)O (:)~r(I~•e~r~C~~[~cf) C~lOoOcf)~0~O(:)~rO HoooQC;oc:;oC; \J \J ~J ~' \J
r~ r~ f~ r~ r~ L!)~rLt,L!)cf)eOC~]1!~~J:~D c()C:)(:)~~eo(S~ee-C\~~O H~ra)LOL!)~OO~~~Ocf) C\]COOCf)~O~C)0~rLf)
'Hooooooooo \J \J \J \J ~J r~ r~ /~ ,~ r~ ~~~Lr)L!):f)C\10~C)Lr)cO
C0:OOQ~L!)Cv)~O~rI~C:) OOCf)~O~OC~)HC\]~~O C7)HO~C\]HHHLr)H Hoc\~cHoH(:;oc:;
\J ~J \J '-' \J r~ r~ r~ f~ r~ ~r(:1(~)teC7,0ecT)L!)C:1~
C\]H~(;)el*C\~eOO~O HHC:~~qLOC~Lr)~r~,~ C~,~C:~eOC~~C\~0HL!)H
HOHOHOHaOO \J \J \J ~1 v r~ /~ r~ f~ r~ l~a)Ch~HO~r~rC\l~OC\] OOH~)H~rHHLr)C~~(•) 0:~~C>1~C\]~rHOLr:C\1 (:)O•~I~~~C\]OOHOH HOHOHCCQC~qo ~/ \J ~, \J \J r~ r~ r~ r~ r~ ~rcO0~~~OO)~~~rl~•~ CC\]~~(:~I~~t!)C!)~O~O C\],~)C•~CLOcr:cr).OC~)C\~ O0~q[~~C\~COHCF)H
Ho-oHoooHo ~J *J ~J \J ~J r~ r~ r~ f~ rh L!)~)C0~rC\;~~OC\]eoeo
ceLr)C~~~C\T~C:)~C\]L!:) C;)C~~1~Cf)OCf).H~OO(:1 ~C\;]LOH~rHLr)CY)C\]H
HOOOOd•HC;-d \J \) \J '-' ~l r~ r~ r~ r~ r\ C\10QO0~rCf)Lf)C)Cr)(~)a) C\]C\]LCt~P~rHOO(~)•:T~ eec;)1CC(:~HLr:.~~.~~ ~H~,C\~~*1~h~Lf)C\]C\~
ooooHdH(:;c\lc; \J \) \J \J \J r~ /~ /~ r~ 1~ Cf:.~rel_.:f)C\~C\~l~C\IC\]C~~
O~0~r•HL!)~:}~POOI~OO eoa)Lf)C\,C\]Ci)~:)O.HLr) I~H~tC\ILOO~C)~rlC\~C~
OO(~O•HOOC;c\]C; ~1 \J ~J \J \J r~ /~ ,-+ r~ r~ :~)Lr)C~Cf)Cf)~~)OC~OCr)
OOCf)(:)e~C\;eOCf)l~~rCt) •HCf)~OOCf)OO~C~HC\] OOO~rHLt,COOO(!OQ <::)ooC?cc;oddd \J \J \) \J \J
/~ r~ r~ r~ r~ C~q~~CIL!)~.1!~L~~cf)O ac\1HOoeoC\;HCOOOC~ c~CO~,Hcr).a)COC\lC~)C\q OOO~r-L!)C:)eOOLOO OOQOOOOO0<:) ~/ \J \J \J \J
o o H H H c?) c\q
.H H Cf)
H H ~r H
rh r~ r~ r~ ,~ ~f~~r~r-•~..~t~ecl~Ct) ~~rO~rC:)Lt)l~~r~rO) a:~Lr)~):Otr).CO~cf)~:)1~ C:)O~:>0a)-1COOC\]O OCOOOOOOHc; \J ~/ \J ~J \J
r~ f, r~ /~ 1~ ~PeOf'-OC~lLr:.~r:CHOO ~]~~1c~~~:OOOHa) OOLr)(:::LC~cc]~~.cJ:)Cf~Hl~ a):)~O~~HOOOC\lO OoaoOOOQHO \J \J \J \J ~-
r~ r~ r~ r~ r~ ~rH::~~~l~~~~C:)Lr)H C\1~C}:O~eO~:)e)~,0H :COcf)a)Lr:•~OOOoOC\]O eQHC•lOC~)Lf)OOC~OH o(:)Hcc~ooooo \J v \J \J \J (~ r~ r~ /~ ,~ c7~HLr:HOC~1C~~cr)~rL!)
cf)OO~OC\lee~rc:)OC\l ~rHLr)C:)C):h~l~C:~•(•)O CO-:\~-O:CeeOLOH OdH(:~:f~C50C;O(:S
\J ~J ~/ \J \J /~ r~ r~ "-* r~ HCO~:eOH~rHCf) [~~raoOL!)Q1)C\]C~)1~Cf)
t!)Lf).(~~~eOOI~~OC\]C\1 OOa)0~rcf)Cr)OC\]C\1 Hccc;~cH(:;c\]d \J \J \J \J ~J
r~ r~ ,~ r~ l~ ~Lr:.Lr)OO~OC\~C~~C~ a-Lr:.~I~Lr)(•)L~HO Lr)LOO~e!~OLr)~C:~~O COOO~t~a_.:f)OHC\T Hol~oHoHoc\1C; \J \J ~J \J \J
/~ r\ r~ r~ ,~ ~,~~):~~CO:0~rLr)a)a~ C:)~\;•"*•~C~lOcf)HC\]~ C;)•H:,i..OoaoO~rC:)(~)C:) (:)HCf)OOOHHH~O
OO~CCC:•HOOO ~/ \J ~J \J \J /~ r~ r~ r~ f~ Ch~l~(~)OO~C~q~~OOc(:;Lr) C~SCOO~C:~•fh•~tCcll~.L!) ~C~~~C;~-~-ct.:OL!) C7)OOO-•-ItOHHH OOOO-10~r~c;HC; \J \J \J \J \J /~ +-• r~ r~ r\ ~~::) -~rO~~:r)OO~r~r ~rO~~~L!)LOLOC\lC;)Cf)
r~.C\~C:)C:)LOLO~)~H~ii (:1*CCr)OHH~PHHH OOO0~00Cf)HO ~/ \J \J \J \J
r~ r\ f~ r~ r~ C\]~~~cr)~C>~Lr::.Lr)~OCO C\]0~~OOcf)L~.CI~Cr)~r ~~C\]C\]Lr)CLf:OOCO~e~r a)O:O(:~!~aooa~CO (:)CCOOOC~C;OC; ~/ \J ~1 ~j \J
/~ r~ r~ r~ 1~ ~~~)C\:lC:~Cf~.LOH~Cf:)Ci) ~rO~~~-~)C\~~rLOLr) C~ChqCf~.LOCf).LO~Cf~Cf)~r C:1Q~OOI~OOO0~0Q ooooooQooo \J \J \J \J \J
(,~ Lf)
co ~ oo cOH
~~ o c~
c:)
H ~~g
r~ r~ eooO~rLr) oOI~CO~ oO~l~~~ Cc~O Hc;c;d
'-' \J f~ ,-, C~~0~C](:F~
[~H,H~r) ~~:OOLO OOOOO ,~aoo ~J \J
,~ r~ ~,H~:)~O Clr)~re0~, (:)Lr)l~,~ cCC\]~JC):1
co~C; \J '-' r~ 1~ cCee~:)H (:~,~C1)~O
[~:J~C\lCf) Lr)C~q~C~~
oo•Ho \J \J /~ r~ Cf)~O~ C,r:.~~ ~,t\.q~t!)
tr)C\lHO HoHc; \J \J
/~ r~ C\;:f)OQLr) C\]~0~rOO Oo0-1~, UDHC~~O Hc;Hc;
\J \J ,~ r~ C~1:O~C\]
OOUi:.a)Cr, cr)Clr:.L!) OOC\]Cf~O
c~oo \J \J /~ r\ CF)~e~CO C11:.OCCL!)
(:~teC\;,~.. C\;C\;~O HC:;HO
\/ ~l r~ f\ c!:~Lr)~)Lr)
•HC:~•HH (:~~~oOcr) HHI~O ~(5~c;
~1 \J /~ f~ Cf).1!~~O,H
CO~O:\] Lr:.COC1)C~ C::C)~O OOOO ~1 ~l
/~ r~ ,:i)~,C\]Lt) ~)~~~) ,HOOL!)C~g ~:}Q~O oQoo \J ~.
~!p ~o c\]
C~-L!) Cr)
OLr).OLf)O~D HHC\]C\]C1)Cf~ l I I I l HCOHCC)HtO HHC~~C~
'L'
~o c~
H q, > <:
~;
c:)
~ s:
~ ~ ;E:
p*
~i eo
Cf) L!)_
C~~ LO (:1)
$::
O 1~1 ~
LtS
CT)
~~ c~ C:)
~:1'~'_
:,
O (1)_
~
O ~
;~
Cr) ~C)
~~ tO
O)H
~' ~
'~ ~i H (1; Cf)
~ y:) o)
h ~;
:~
H c\i
cl)
H ~O (:)
H 1'::'
~
~O ~)
c~
cT) ~o a) H ~
5s ~ ~
:~ ~
~: (,
o cl)
OO L!) C1
;~
g:
,~ (,; C\i
c~ ~ H ~:) c:)
H ~
t~o ~
ed c~
OO LJr)
C:)
H 5~ >1 fS ~
~~ C\]
C\] ~O C:) ~
~S !'
(1)
~c;
~q
cO Lf) c')
H ~
o O ~
o >
h~
Lr) c\]
oo Lr' o) H ~
:s
1' $:1
o ~E:
~::
~
~; c\]
~O LO_ Lr~_
Lr) C~)
:15^
~
h :~
(J)
cri C~q
~ L!)_
cO Lr) c~)
;~
O c\1c\:
(:) ~O ~ O) L!) O)
O ~ ~
O ~:
~~
c?)'
Lo (~)
H ~ ~i
~1
~
p*
c::~
c~
o c:)
~~ t!) cr)
H ::: H(L'
~e ~:
,:~
•H
48 HITOTSUBASHI JoURN;LL OF Eco\_~oMlcS [June Now let us begin the international comparison by the family budget data.16 Because we
find such data in various countries, we can compare the cross-sectional income elasticity. This is calculated by the formula
10g (ei/n)=a+b log (E/n) where e* and E are the expenditure per household for the i-th and total expenditure respec-tively and n indicates the family size. The unique characteristics of cross-sectional income elasticity in Japan are less remarkable in this table as compared with the results in Table 9. However, it is also true that the figures for Japan are a little low on the international standard.
This may be partially explained by the equal type of income distribution found in recent Japan,
but we need to proceed a more detailed examination concerning this fact. By the way, we can compare the time-series and the cross-sectional income elasticities by
using Table 9 and lO. It has been one of the interesting topics in the econometrics to study the differences found in these two kinds of income elasticities. For instance, Wold-Jur6en proposed to use the cross-sectional income elasticity for the time-series analysis of demand functions through the conditional regression method.lT The conditional regression method itself has been refined by the other scholors,18 Though this technique is interesting as a statistical method there remains an empirical problem whether or not the elasticity could be considered to be same between these two different kinds of data. Because the time'sequences of cross-sectional tables are available in Japan, (for instance, by referring the Family Income
and Expenditure Survey) some tentative studies have been published aiming to explain simultaneously both the time-series and the cross-sectional Engel function.19 If these studies
will be developed in the future, we shall be able to get some idea regarding this problem. However, it is the another approach to examine empirically whether or not ~ve can find
the relationship between the time-series and the cross-sectional income elasticity by using the international cross-section data. In this comparison, we used only family budget data covering the large part of households in each country because the cross-sectional income elasticity varies according to the relative income position of samples. For developed countries,
we adopted the surveys belonging the following three categories : the data covering (1) all households, (2) all urban or non-farm households and (3) all worker's households. For the less developed countries, only surveys belonging to category (1) is adopted. Further we should notice that there are differences of definitions between these kinds of data. The most important
one is that the imputed rent is included in the consumption expenditure in the national
16 The pioneer work in this field is H.S. Houthakker's "An International Comparlson of Household Expenditure Patterns. Commemorating the Centenary of Engel's Law", Econo'netrica, Vol. 25, No. 4, 1957.
IT Herman Wold and Lars Jur~en, De,nand Analysis. A Study in Econonretrics, John W~iley & Sons, 1953 .
13 See for example, J. Durbin, "Estimation of Parameters in Time-Series Regression Model," Journal of Royal Statistical Society, Series B, Vol. 2_9, 1960 and H. Theil and A.S. Goldberger, "On Pure and Mixed Statistical Estimation in Economics," Internaticnal Economic Review, Vol. 2, No. 1, 1961.
19 There have been published two papers attempting to apply the covariance analysis for these data. See T. Mizoguchi, "Covariance Analysis 0L Family Expenditure" (Kyobunsan Bunseki niyoru Shohi shi-shitsu no Bunseki). Keizai Kenkyiz. Vol. 12. I~:To. 1, 1961 and Hirofumi Kaneda, "Urban/Rural Contrast of Consumption Patterns and Consumer Preference in Post-War Japan" The Economic Studies Quarterly, Vol. XIX, No. 2, 1967. A more fundamental approach can be found in KOtaro TsuJimura's Consumption Structures and Prices (Shohi K~zO to Bukka). KeisO Shobo, he made up a very complicated model as-suming a numerical preference field and tried to solve this problem.
1970]
c
1
0.5
Unlited 1
Lf
AN
FIG. 5.
xsouth Africa
ANALYSIS OF CONSUlvrpTION PATTERN
EXAMPLES OF COMPARISON OF THE CROSS-SECTIONAL INCoME (A)
Food
Korea(South) xGreece ~ x xTha]l~nd uerto Ri(:o
Xlreland xJapan
United Belglum xlsrael Kingdxorn xAu~tria
wedenxx NetherlandsxFrance S ta te s
xcanada
x C ey lon
c
2
l.5
l
0.5
IN POST-WAR JAPAN
THE TIME-SERIES AND ELASTICITIES
(B)
Clothings and Personal Effects
c
2.5
2
xUnlted Klngdom Unlted Stntes \
Canada XPuerto Rico xsouth Afrlca x ~ ~ey I on Tha I IHnd x
x ede n K orea ( S ou th )
x lre la md XBe]glum
xJa pan
XAustria
xGreece xNether]aRds xFrance
xlsrae]
T( 0_5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 T
49
l .5
xCey I OR
l.
0.5 l.o T (C)
Furnitl:re, Furnishings and
Other Household Equipments
XCaRadH
South AfrlcaX
XAustrla
xJ8pan Unlted Kingdom x K o rea ( S olJ th )
x XFrance XNether]ands
xpuerto Rico Greeee SwedenX xBe]glum xlreland
xl6rael x Thalland
XUnlted States
Personal
C
l.5
l.O
x Korea
t S outh
0.5
(D)
Care and Health Expen~es
XPuerto Rlco xlsrael
xBelgium xFr8nee lrelnndx XCeylon x
Japan xSweden
XNetherland
xAustria xcanada Unlted Klngdom
xcreece
*U.,t.d st.t.. 2.5 T T 0.5 l.o 2.0 1.5 0.71 ~sT~~ht*h I~fd***'
-1.5 o.5 l.o *u*it*d st*t.* 1.5 T j~'~ote : T and C mean Time-Series and Cro~s-Sectional Income Elasticity Respectively. Source : See the text.
accounts statrstrcs but not In cross sectronal data In o der to avoid this difficulties, Iet us ca]culate the 'income elasticity' for the consumption expenditure minus the expenditure for rent and charges of water supply. Though this concept of 'income elasticity' is rather singular
regarding the theory of consumption behavior, we can be used this as a flrst approximation. A comparison is made between these two kinds of income elasticity in Figure 5. (Because
of the limitation of space only the results for major expenditure groups are shown there). Further a characteristic of this comparison is summarized in Table 11. According to this table and figure, there are some variations in the correlational relationship between these two kinds of income elasticities. For instance, the correlational coefficient R between these two kind of elasticities is relatively high for the five expenditure groups but is low or negative for
the other groups. However, generally speaking we can flnd less significant relations between them than we expected before. However, when we investigate the values of d and Idl which
50 HITOTSUBASHI JOURNAL OF EcoNoMlcs
TABLE 11. COMPARISON OF THE TIME-SERIES AND THE CROSS-SECTIONAL INCOME ELASTICITIES
[ June
Source : See text
d=(1hz) ~j ((A,-Bj)lBj)
ldl =(1/n) ~J (lAJ-Bjl/J~J)
is defined as where Aj and BJ are the time-series and the cross-sectional income elasticities
for the fth country, n is the number of country and IZI means the absolute values of Z, we can find some systematic differences between these elaslicities. Especially, important is how to
explain the sign of d according to groups of expenditures. If we examine this in details, some
suggestions would be obtained. Such an attempt will be done in the near future.
IV. The Characteristics of Consumption Behavior in Future Japan
In place of a final remark, Iet us examine whether unique composition of consumption expenditures found in recent Japan will be vanishing in the near future or wi]1 be still pre-
sent. To do this, we need to relate the international comparison of consumption expenditure according to expenditure groups with that of incorne elasticity. If, in these comparisons the consumption level of a certain expenditure group is judged to be low but the time-series income elasticity is relatively large, this unique characteristics will vanish in the near future.
Such an attempt is carried out in Table 12. In this table the plus sign is shown in the value for Japan is renlarkably high on the international standards and vice ve'~sa, (by referring the
figures after 1958). When the cross-products of signs between the level of consumption and the income elasticity are negative the unique characteristics concerning the consumption composition can be considered to be vanishing. As a supplementary examination, we also examined the cross-products of signs between the consumption level and the cross-sectional income elasticity. This study is based on the hypothesis that the cross-sectional income elasticity suggests the consumption behavior in the long term basis.
When we investigate the cross-products in Table 12, we can find that most of them is
1970] AN ANALYSIS OF CONSUMPTION PATTERN IN' POST-wAR JApAN
TABLE 1~_. CHARACTERISTICS OF CONSUMPTION COMPOSITION AND INCOME ELASTICITY IN JAPAN IN COMPARISON WITH
THE INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS
51
Source : See text
negative or zero. Interesting is that we can find negative sign for the expenditure for trans-portation and communication which is very low in recent Japan on the international standards. Though the high level of the expenditure for miscellaneous services is one of the unique characteristics of Japanese consumption behavior, the characteristics will be still present because
the income elasticity is not too low on the international standards. The plus signs can be found for two expenditure groups: (1) rent and charges for water supply and (2) personal care and health expenses. We will not discuss about the former because the international com-parison in this item is less reliable as compared with the other items. It is very difficult to explain the causes for the latter_ But we should point out that the price levels for these expenditure groups have been rapidly increasing in recent Japan. Further it is also interesting
that the cross-sectional income elasticity for these group is not high on the international sta ndard .
The analysis written here is the only the first step to know the characteristics of con-
sumption pattern in Japan. It is necessary to re-examine the origin of the so-called unique characteristics mentioned here by using the more refined model or techniques. Further, we need to examine the relation between the high personal saving ratio and the unique char-acteristic of consumption behaviors in Japan. These problems are left here as the future works .
52 HITOTSUBASHI JOURNAL OF ECoNoMlcs [June STA7yS'rICAL DATA
(1) General Statistics
Bank of Japan, Yearbook of Econolnic Statistics, 1960-66, 1960-1966. Chochiku ZokyO Chu-O I-inkai (Central Committee of Promoting Savings), Opinion Survey
on Savings 1960-1966 (Chochiku nikansuru Yoron Chosa), 1960-1966. Federal Reserve System, Fedel~al Reser~~'e Bulletin, Jan. 1960 to Dec. 1966, 1960-1966. International Labour Office, Year Book of Labour Statistics, 1955-1966, 1955-1966. International Labour Office, The Cost of Social Secul'ities, 1949-1954, 1949-1957, 1958-
1960. International Monetary Fund, Inte/~national Financial Statistics, Jan. 1960 to Dec. 1966,
1960-1966. Stat[stical Bureau, Office of the Prime Minister, Japan, Report on Surve~v of Wealth, 1955,
1960, 1966, (Kokufu Ch~sa Hokoku) 1957, 1962, 1968. United Nations, Yearbook of j\rational Accounts Statistics, 1956-1967, 1956-1967.
United Nations, Demog,-aphic Yea7~book, 1960-1966, 1960-1966.
(II) Family Budget Data General Documentation Center of Statistics, Hitotsubashi University and The Library of the Institute of
Economic Research. Hitotsubashi University, Bibliography of Statistical Data on Family
Budgets 1968. Eurdpaische Gemeinschaft, Statistisches Arnt. Wirtschaftsrechnungen, 1963164-International Labour OfEce, Bulletin on Fa7nily Budget Su7~veys, 1950-1960, 1961_ International Labour Ofiice, Household Incolne and Expenditu/~e Statistics, No. 1, 1950-1964,
1967.
International Labour Office, Yea'- Book of Labour Statistics, 1955-1967, 1966-1968.
Ah'ica Ghana: Offlce of the Government Statistician, "I953 Accra Survey of Household Budgets",
Statistical and Econo,nic Pape,-s, No. 2, 1957.
, "Sekondi Takoradi Survey of Population and Household Budgets, 1955", Statrstrcal and Econ07nic Papers, No. 4, 1956.
, "Kumasi Survey of Population and Household Budgets, 1955", Statistical a,id Eco-
no,nic Papers, No. 5, 1955. , "Survey of Population and Budgets of Cocoa Producing Families in Oda-Swedru-
Asamankee Area, 1956-57", Statistical and Econo'nic Papers, No. 6, 1958. , "Survey of Cocoa Producing Families in Ashanti, 1956-57", Statistical a,Id Econo'nic
Papers, No. 7, 1960. lvory Coast: Service de la Statistique G6n6ral et de la M6canographie, Les budgets fa"liliaux
des sala/~i~s africains en Abidj~n, (aout-sept., 1956), 1958.
Kenya: East African Statistical Department, East African Common Service Organization, The Pattern of Income, Expenditure and Consutnption of African in Nairobi, 1957158, 1959.
, Ministry of Finance and Economic Planning, The Pattern of Income Expenditure alid Consumption of African Middle Inco,ne Workers in Nairobi, July, 1963, 1964.
1970] AN Al~lJALYSIS OF coN.'SUhlPTloN PATTERN lN POST-~vAR JAPAN 53
Libya: Central Statistical Office, Fa'nily Budget Survey in Trtpoli Tcwn, 1962, 1962. Mauritius : International Labour Office, Report to thc Gove'-nment ofMauritius on the 1961-
62 Fa'nily Budget Inquiry a'Id the ~\rew Consumer Price Index, 1963_ Morocco: Division de la Coordination Economique et du Plan. Enqu~te sur alimantation et
les de'pense des funilles morocain, 1954.
, Une e'lqu~te sur les niveaux de' 1"ie les consommations et les de'penses des famillcs
marocaines, 1955, 1959. , La consomlnation et les de'penses des m~nages marocains musulmans. Rbsultats de
l'enqu~te 1959160, 1961, (Mor. 3). Niger: Service de Statistiques, Les budge'tsfalniliaux africans ~ Niamey. 1961-1962, 1964. Nigeria: Department of Statistics, U,-ban Consumer Survey in Nigeria, Report on Enquiries
into the 1,1co'ne alld Expendi!u'~e Patterns of Wage-Ea'-,1er Housellolds in Lagos (19531
54), Enugu (1954155) and lbadan (1955), 1957. , Uraban Consu7ne7- Su'~vey in IVigeria, Report on Enquiries into the Incorne and Ex-
pe'iditu'-e Patte'-'1 of ~Vage-Ea'-ner Households in Kaduna a,id Za"la, 1955-56, 1959. Federal Office of Statistics, U,-ban C0'Isurne'~ Surveys in Nigeria. Report on Enquiries into
the hlcol'le a'id Expe'iditurc Patte""s of Lower a'id A'Iiddle I,,colne Wage Earner's Households in Lagos, 1959-60, 1963
Rhodesia (including Nyasaland ahd Zambia) : Central African Statistical Office, Rep07-t cn Northe'-n Rhodesia Farnily Expehditul'e Survey 1951, 1953.
. Repot-t on Southel-n Rhodesia Falnily Expenditure Survey, 1950151, 1953. , Sec0'Id Repo'~t on U1-ban African Budget Suvey in Salisburt, 1957158, 1959.
Sierra Leone : International Labour Office, Report to the Governlnent of Sierra Leone on Revision on the Consumer P,-ice hidex-Frcetcwn , The Mine Workers Price Index; ard Statt'stics of E1'rploy7nent, 1961, 1962.
Tanzania : East African Common Service Organization, Statistical Department, The Pattern of Income, Expe'iditu'~e and Consulnption of Unskilled Workers in Zanziba7-, 1962.
Uganda : East African Statistical Department, East Africa High Commission, The Pattel-n of Incolne, Ex~penditure and Consulnption ofAfrican Unskilled Labourc"~s in A-a7npala, 1953, 1 953 .
, The Patte'-n of Incolne. F_xpe'Iditul~e and Consumption of Afl-ican Unskilled Work-e'-s in Ka"rpala, 1957. 1957.
, The Pattern of 17rcolne, F_.xpe'iditure and Consu?nption of Af7'ican Unskilled Work-
ers tn Mbale, Feb., 1958, 1958. , The Patte'~'1 oflncolne, Expe'iditure and Consu7nption ofAfnban Unskilled Workers
in Fort Portal, Feb. 1960, I0_60. Ministry of Planning and Community Development, Statistical Branch, The Patte'~n of Income
and Expenditure a,id Consu'7rption of.4frican Unskilled Workers in A'ampala, Feb., 1964, 1965.
Union of South Africa : Bureau of Census and Statistics, Sllrvey of Family Expenditure, November, 1955, (Aro. 1-5), 1957.
iVorthern America Canada: Bureau of Statistics, "Survey of Family Expenditure, 1947-1948", D.B.S. Reference
Paper, No. 6, IoJ50.
, "Canadian Non-Farm Family Expenditures, 1947-1948", D.B.S. Reference Paper,
54 HITOTSUBASHI JOURZ~~AL OF ECo~*ohncs [June No. 42, 1953.
, "City Family Expenditure, 1953". D. B. S. Refer(nce Paper, No. 64, 1956. , "City Family Expenditure, 1955", D.B.S_ Refercnc3 Paper, No. 83, 1957. , City Family Expenditure, 1957, 1961. , Urban Fawily Expenditure, 1959, 1963. , Farm Falnily Living Expenditure, 1958, 1966. , Urban Family Expenditure, 1962, 1967.
United States: Wharton School of Finance and Commerce, University of Pennsyl\'ania, Study of Consumer Expeliditures, hrco,nes and Savings; Statistical Tables-Cj'rban United States, 1950, Vol. 1-18, 1956-57. (The official tables for this survey ~vere also published
in the B.L.S. Reports). Bureau of Labour Statistics, "Survey of Consumer Expenditures, 1960-61", B.L.S. Report,
1965. (The Detailed information of this survey can be found in other I~.L.S. Reports.) Agriculture Research Service, "Consumer Expenditures and Income. Rural Farm Population",
U.S.D.A. Consumer Expenditure Survey Report, No. 1-5, 1965. Other America Argentina : Direcci6n Nacional de Estadistica y Censos, Costo del nivel de vida en la Capital
Federal; Encusta sobre Condiciones de Vida de Familias obreras realizada en el ario 1960, 1965.
Brazil: Instituto Brasileiro de Economia, Presquisa sobre Orfamentos Familiares, 1961-62", 1965.
British Honduras : International Labour Ofiice, Report to the Government of British Hon-duras on A Survey of Falndy Expenditures, 1958 alid on i\rew Consu'ner Price Indices,
1959. Chili: Direcci6n de Estadistica y Censos; Estudio socio-economico de las fa7nilias de em-
pleados y obreros del Gran Santiago ; Encusta de Presupuestos familiares, 1956-1957, 1964.
Colombia : Departamento Administrativ National de Estadistica, '<Bases actuales para los Indrces del Costo de la Vida. Cuarto Informe preliminare sobre los resultados de las Eucuestas fannliars de 1953". Boletin Mensual de Estadistica, No. 48, 1955.
, "Memoria de las Encustas sobre Ingresos y Gastos de las Familias de Empleados y de Obreros de Bogot~, Barranquilla. Cali, Medellin, Bucaramanga, Manizales y Pasto.
, "Metadologia aplieada para actualizar las bases de los indices del costo de la vida", Economia y Estadistica, IV Epoca, No. 85, 1958.
Jamarca Department of Staustics, Household Expenditure Survey, 1953-54, 1955. , Household Expenditure Survey, 1958, 1960.
El Salvador: Direcci6n general de Estadistica y Censos, Costo y Condiciones de Vida en Sa'l Salvador, 1954, 1956.
Guatemala: Direcci6n General de Estadistica, Estudio sobre las Condciolles de Vida de 179 Familias en la Ciudad de Guatemala, 1948.
, Estudio sobre las Condiciones de Vida de 777 Familias en Diversas Ciudades de Guatemala, 1952-53, 1958.
Guyana: International Labor Office, Report to the Government of British Guiana on a Sul~vey of Family Expenditures 1956 and on IVew Consumer Price Indices, 1959.
Panama : Direcci6n de Estadistica y Censos, Encues-(/ sobre las Condiciones de Vida de las
1970] AN ANALYSIS OF CONSUMPTION PATTERN IN POST-wAR JAPAN 55 Trabajedores y sus Familias en las Zonas bababeras de Puerto Armuelles y Boca dcl Toro (1955) y en la Ciuded de David y sus alrededores (1956), 1959.
, Estudio de los Ingresos Gastos y Costo de la Vida Ciudad d ' , e Panama, 1958, 1960 Puerto Rico: Department of Labour, Special Economic Division, Income alid Expenditures of Wage Earners' Families in Puerto Rico in 1952, 1953.
Far Eastern Asia China (Taiwan): Bureau of Accounting and Statistics, Report on Family Living Studies of
Wage Earners and Salarled Employees in Taiwan May, 1954 to April 1955 1956 Section of Eccnomic Research, Bank of Taiwan, Report on Family Budget Survey of Urban
Hcuseholds in Taiwan, 1963, 1964, (written in Chinese). Hong Kong : Szczepanik, Edward F., The Cost of Living in Hong Kong, 1955, 1956 Commerce and Industry Department, Household Expenditure Survey, 19631'64 and tl7e Con-
sumer Price Index, 1965. Japan: Statistical Bureau Office of the Prime Minister, Annual Report of Fa'nily I
ncome and Expe,iditu'-e Sul-vey, 1951-1967, 1952-1968. , Report of ~\i~ational Survey ofFa,nily Income a,id Expenditure, 1959, 1964, 1969,
1960, 1965, 1970.
Korea (South): Bank of Korea Research Department S Surl~ey, 1951-1963, 1964.' ' ummar,y Report on Family Living Economic Planning Board. Annual Report on Family Income and Expenditure Su'-vey, 1964
1965.
Rynkyns: Agency of Statistics, "Household Budget Surveys". Ry~kyi~: To~kei Geppo, 1958-1967 (written in Japanese).
Other Asia Burma: Central Statistical and Fconomic Department. Report on 1958 Surl~'ey of Household
Expe,iditure in Rangoon, 1959. , Report on the Survey of Rural Household Expenditul-es, 1960161, 1960-6_~'.
Ceylon : Central Pank of Ceylon Report on the Sample Survey of C ducted in May', 1953, 1954. ' onsulnel~ Finance co't-Department of Fconomic Research Report on the Sample Survey of C ' onsume/~ Finance. co,iducted by tke Central Bank with the Assistance ofDepartment ofCe'rsus a,id Statistics
in March and April, 1963, I0.64. India: Cabinet Secretariat: Tab!es with ATote on Consulner Expe'iditure, (from the first
round to 13th round), 1952-1962. Labour Bureau, Report on Family Living Survey among Industrial Workers, 1958-59,
1964-1965. Ministry of Labour, Ag,-icultural Labcur E,1quiry. Report on Intensive Survey of Agl-icul-
tural Labour Employment, Unemployment, Wages and Level of Livi,1g. (1950-51), 1955 (lVVe can find a large number of surveys which are restricted for a paticular region of India but we have not enough pages to list up them).
Indonesia : Ministry of Labour, Report on the Falnily Living Survey in Djaka,'ta, 1957-1958, in Surabafa, 1958 and in Wurjantoro, 1958-1959, 1961.
lran : Central Bank of lran, "Survey of Consumer Expenditure and Income in 32 Urban Cities of lran", Bulletin of Central Bank of lran, Vol. 2, No. 3-8, 1963.
lraq : Central Bureau of Statistics, The Household Budget Enquiry in the City of Baghdad
56 HITOTSUBASHI JOURNAL OF ECONO~IICS [June and its Environs (Dec. 1961), 1962.
Israel : Central Bureau of Statistics, Faualy Expendeture Survey, 1950151, 1956157,
1959160, 1963164, 1963-1966. , Survey on Budgets of Supported Families, 1963164, 1966.
Malaysia: Department of Statistics, Household Budget Survey ofFederation ofMalaya, 1957-y f Consumption and Expenditure Incolne and Hous-58. Repol-t on the Sample Surve o , f 2,760 Mala_v, Chinese and Indian H ' / Ids in Urban and Rural ottse ro ing Conditions o
Area, (1957-58), 1960. Pakistan : Central Statistical Office, Nalional Family Experiditure Survey, 1955-56, 1958.
National Sample Survey, 1960-61, 1963. Philippines : Bureau of Census and Statistics, Living Studies of IVage Earners' Families in
1~/Ianila, A'~o~"'. 1951. 1952. , "Family Income and Expenditure", 777e Philippines Statistical Su'~vey of Household
Bulletin, No. 4, 1957. , "Family Income and Expenditures 1961", The Philippi,1es Statislical Su"I~'ey ofHcuse-
holds Bulleti,7, No. 14, 1964. Thailand : Central Statistical Office, Repo'~t on Fa'llily Expenditu"e Survey; Round I and _9,
1957-59 . National Statistical Office, Household Expenditure Surt'e_y, B.E. 2505, 1964-66. Turkey: Develet Istatistik Enstitusu, Results of the Su'~!ey of Consumel' Expc,Iditures in
Adana, 1966. Eu rope Austria: Statistisches Zentralamt und Institute ftir Wirtschaftsforschung, Der Verbrauch del~
hebung 1954155, 1956. Stedtischcn Bevdlkerung Ostel'reichs; E7-gebnisse der Konsumer (The results for family budget surveys for worker's households for other years can be found in Statistisches Zentralamt, Statistisches Handbuch fu,- die Republik (~sterreich).
Land- und Forst~:virtschaftlichen Landes-Buchefuhrungs-Gesellschaft, De'~ Verbrauch der btiuer-
lichen Bevblkerwlg (~sterreich, 1961. Belgium: Institute universitaire d'information sociale et ~conomique Mcde dc vie des Ouv-
1-iev~s, 1948-49, 1951. Institute I\lTational de Statistique. Minist~re des Affaire ~conomique et d'energie, "Enqu~te
sur les Budgets des M~nages, 1961'>, Etudes Statistiques et ~conolnetriques, Numero 5,
7 9 1963-65. Denmark: Statistical Department, "Forbrugsundersipgelsen og det nye pristalsbudget", Statis-
tiske Efte'~retninger, Vol. 41, No. 58, 1949. f Da zish Wage a'Id Salary Ear'lers 1965. (The , Jncolne-Expenditure Relations o ' ' official report on this survey can be also found in Statistiske Eftel~retniger, Vol. 49, No.
83). Finland: Sosiaalisia Erikoistutkimuskia, Cost of Living Investigation, 1950-1951, 1954.
, Consu'nption Investigation, Tol~vns and Towns, 1955-56, 1959. , Ru'~al Consul'rption Investigation, I0.59/60, 1962.
France: Institut national de la Statistique et de Etudes economique, "Les depense et con-sommations des m~nages ~ Paris, Rennes et dans 17 grands villes de provience, nov.-d~c.
1951," Bulletin Inensuel de statistique, 1953. "Une enqu~te sur les d~penses de manages d'exploitants agricoles _en~195,1_", Bulletin
1970] AN ANALvSiS OF CONSUMPTION PATTERN IN POST-~vAR JAPAN' 57 7nensuel de statistique, 1954 .
, C'onsuln,nation : budgets des franfais en 1956-De'penses et niveaux de vie 1958 Germany (Western): Statistische Bundesamt, Wirtschaft und Statistik, 1951-1966. (~ecause
the family budget surveys have been published annually with different titles, in the Journal,
the detailed lists are not sho\vn here to save our space). Greece: National Statistical Service of Greece, Household Su'-vey, carried ottt in the Urban
Area of Grcece during 1957158, 1961. , Prelimhrar"~' Report on the 1963-64 Household Su,1)ey; in the Se'ni-~)',-ban and
Rul~al Area of Greece, 1965. lreland: Central Statistical Office, Household Budget Inquiry, 1951-1952, 1954. Italy: Instituto Centrale de Statistica, Indagine Statistica sui Bi!anci di Falniglre ^~lon'Agri-
cole negli Anni 1953-54, 1960. Netherlands : Central Bureau voor de Statistiek, National Fatnily Expenditure Inquiry, 1951,
1957, (Net. 1).
Fa,nilv Budget' Expe'iditure of Falnilv of l~~l ' - , _ anual- _4gricultural a/id Brain Wol'k-ers, consisting of 4 Pe'~sons, 196_~), (Net. 2).
Norway: Statistisk Centralbyra, "Family Budgets, Oct. 1951-Sept. 1952", Norges Offis!ell Statistiskk, XI, 128, 1953, (Nor. 1).
, Family Budget for Farmers' Families, 1954", IVo'~ies Officielle Statisttkk, XI, 274, 1957, (Nor. -2).
, "Family Budgets for Fishermen's Families, 1954", Nol~ies Officielle Statistikk, XI, 250, 1957, (Nor. 3).
, Su/~vc'y of Consu'ne7~ Expenditure, 1958, 1960-196_2, (Nor. 4). Spain: Instituto Nacional de Estadistica, Encusta sobre Cuentas famil!ares, Marzo 1958,
1959, (Spe_ 1).
, Encusia de Presupuestos falniliares, 1964-1965, 1966, (Spe. 2). Slveden : Konjunkturinstitutet, hlco,ne. Expe,iditure a,Id Saving of CJ,-ban Household in
1948, 1950, (Swe. 1). , Fam!!y Expe'Idilu/~e in 1952, 1956, (Swe. -2). , 'rhe Consumption of Households in 1958, 1961, (Swe. 3).
Switzerland • Department de l'economique publique L( ' '
I vre ~cono'nique 1954-1957, (Because
the family budget reports have been pubhshed annually in this Journal with different titles, the detailed lists are not shown here to save our space). (Swi. 1).
United Kingdom : Ministry of Labour and National Service, Report of an Enquiry into Hottsellold Expenditure in 1953-54. 1957, (UK. l).
Ministry of Labour : Falnily Expenditure Survey, 1957-59, 1960-65, 1961-68, (UK. 2)
Yugoslavia : Savenzni Zavod za Statistiku, Statisti~ki Biltell, No. 69, 145, 175, _•08, 213, 2_91, 367, 368, 395, 416, 1956-1966.
Oceania Fiji : Commissioner of Labour Budget of Fa,n;ily Expenditure o, C ' - I 0,2sulner Goods and Se'~vicc 19,')9, 1960.
