AN AGE OF AN AGE OF EXPANSIONISMEXPANSIONISM

America: Past and PresentAmerica: Past and Present

Chapter 13Chapter 13

Presidents: 1825-1845Presidents: 1825-1845

                

                                                     

The Spirit of The Spirit of Young AmericaYoung America

► Walt WhitmanWalt Whitman From this hour I ordain From this hour I ordain

myself loos’d of limits myself loos’d of limits and imaginary line, and imaginary line, Going where I list, my Going where I list, my own master total and own master total and absolute . . . absolute . . .

► Herman MelvilleHerman Melville Hereby perhaps Stubb Hereby perhaps Stubb

indirectly hinted, that though indirectly hinted, that though man loved his fellow, yet man loved his fellow, yet man is a money-making man is a money-making animal, which propensity too animal, which propensity too often interferes with his often interferes with his benevolence.benevolence.

Expansion and Borderlands-Expansion and Borderlands-1830s1830s

►1842--Webster-1842--Webster-Ashburton Treaty settles Ashburton Treaty settles the northeast U.S.-the northeast U.S.-Canadian boundary Canadian boundary

►Americans begin settling Americans begin settling inin Oregon territory (joint U.S., Oregon territory (joint U.S.,

English claim)English claim) New Mexico territory New Mexico territory

(owned by Mexico) (owned by Mexico) California (owned by California (owned by

Mexico)Mexico)

Territorial Expansion by the Territorial Expansion by the Mid-Nineteenth CenturyMid-Nineteenth Century

The Texas RevolutionThe Texas Revolution► 1821--Mexican 1821--Mexican

IndependenceIndependence► Implications—CA and TXImplications—CA and TX

Emancipate IndiansEmancipate Indians RancherosRancheros EmpresariosEmpresarios

► Stephen F. AustinStephen F. Austin 1820s1820s 300 Families300 Families

► IssuesIssues "Anglos" never fully accept "Anglos" never fully accept

Mexican ruleMexican rule 1829--Slavery abolished1829--Slavery abolished 1834--Santa Anna--Dictator1834--Santa Anna--Dictator 1835--armed rebellion1835--armed rebellion

Texas IndependenceTexas Independence

► Garrison at AnahuacGarrison at Anahuac June, 1835June, 1835 William B. TravisWilliam B. Travis

► GonzalesGonzales October, 1835October, 1835

► San Antonio SiegeSan Antonio Siege Stephen AustinStephen Austin

► Independence Independence DeclaredDeclared March 2, 1836March 2, 1836 Republic of TexasRepublic of Texas

Texas IndependenceTexas Independence

► The AlamoThe Alamo Santa AnnaSanta Anna William TravisWilliam Travis San AntonioSan Antonio Feb. 23 – Mar. 6, 1836Feb. 23 – Mar. 6, 1836

► ““Remember the Remember the Alamo”Alamo”

► GoliadGoliad 350 Texans executed350 Texans executed

► San JacintoSan Jacinto General Sam HoustonGeneral Sam Houston April 21, 1836April 21, 1836

The Republic of TexasThe Republic of Texas

►April, 1836--Santa April, 1836--Santa Anna defeatedAnna defeated

►May, 1836--Santa May, 1836--Santa Anna’s treaty Anna’s treaty recognizes Texas' recognizes Texas' claim to territory claim to territory (Mexico repudiates)(Mexico repudiates)

►Texas offers free land Texas offers free land grants to U.S. settlersgrants to U.S. settlers

►Annexation to U.S. Annexation to U.S. refused by Jacksonrefused by Jackson

Texas RevolutionTexas Revolution

Trails of Trade and Trails of Trade and SettlementSettlement

►Santa Fe Trail closed Santa Fe Trail closed to U.S. travelers as a to U.S. travelers as a result of Mexico’s war result of Mexico’s war with Texaswith Texas

►Oregon Trail conduit Oregon Trail conduit for heavy stream of for heavy stream of settlers to the Oregon settlers to the Oregon countrycountry

►Oregon settlers Oregon settlers demand an end to demand an end to joint U.S., English joint U.S., English occupationoccupation

The Mormon Trek: The Mormon Trek: Westward FlightWestward Flight

► Church of Jesus Church of Jesus Christ of the Latter Christ of the Latter Day SaintsDay Saints Joseph Smith, 1830Joseph Smith, 1830 Revival of pure Revival of pure

aboriginal American aboriginal American Christianity Christianity

► Mormons persecutionMormons persecution Flee New York for Flee New York for

Nauvoo, IllinoisNauvoo, Illinois Murder of Joseph Murder of Joseph

SmithSmith Brigham YoungBrigham Young Resettlement to Great Resettlement to Great

Salt Lake in Utah Salt Lake in Utah

Western TrailsWestern Trails

Manifest Destiny and the Manifest Destiny and the Mexican-American WarMexican-American War

►Widespread call Widespread call for annexation of for annexation of newly-settled newly-settled landslands

►““Manifest Destiny” Manifest Destiny” a slogan of those a slogan of those believing the U.S. believing the U.S. divinely ordained divinely ordained to encompass to encompass Mexico and Mexico and CanadaCanada

Tyler and TexasTyler and Texas► 1841--John Tyler 1841--John Tyler

assumes presidency assumes presidency after William Henry after William Henry Harrison’s deathHarrison’s death

► Tyler breaks with Tyler breaks with WhigsWhigs

► 1844--Tyler negotiates 1844--Tyler negotiates annexation with Texas annexation with Texas for re-election for re-election campaign issuecampaign issue

► Senate refuses to Senate refuses to ratifyratify

► Tyler loses Whig Tyler loses Whig nomination to Henry nomination to Henry Clay Clay

The Triumph of Polk and The Triumph of Polk and AnnexationAnnexation

► Democratic nominationDemocratic nomination James K. PolkJames K. Polk Expansionist platformExpansionist platform

► Annexation of Texas for Annexation of Texas for Southern voteSouthern vote

► U.S. jurisdiction of Oregon U.S. jurisdiction of Oregon for Northern votefor Northern vote

► Polk, Congress Polk, Congress interpret his election as interpret his election as mandate for expansionmandate for expansion

► Texas annexed before Texas annexed before Polk inauguratedPolk inaugurated

Election of 1844Election of 1844

The Doctrine of Manifest The Doctrine of Manifest DestinyDestiny

►"Manifest destiny”--"Manifest destiny”--18451845 U.S., His chosen nation, U.S., His chosen nation,

to become strongerto become stronger Americans make new Americans make new

territories free and territories free and democraticdemocratic

growing American growing American population needs landpopulation needs land

►Limits to American Limits to American expansion undefinedexpansion undefined

John L. O’Sullivan

Polk and the Oregon Polk and the Oregon QuestionQuestion

► 1846--Polk to Great 1846--Polk to Great BritainBritain U.S. no more joint U.S. no more joint

occupationoccupation England prepares for war, England prepares for war,

proposes division of the proposes division of the area area

► Treaty of 1846Treaty of 1846 Senate approves division Senate approves division

of Oregon along 49of Oregon along 49oo north north U.S. gains Puget SoundU.S. gains Puget Sound

► North condemned PolkNorth condemned Polk ““5454oo 40’ or Fight” 40’ or Fight” Attention to MexicoAttention to Mexico Pro-Slavery Focus?Pro-Slavery Focus?

Northwest Boundary DisputeNorthwest Boundary Dispute

Expanding South & West: Expanding South & West: MexicoMexico

► Republic of TexasRepublic of Texas Disputed land claimsDisputed land claims Between Nueces & Rio Between Nueces & Rio

Grande RiversGrande Rivers

► Texas annexed--Texas annexed--disputed land claimeddisputed land claimed Mexico breaks relationsMexico breaks relations Polk alerts troopsPolk alerts troops Polk sends John SlidellPolk sends John Slidell

► 18461846 Gen. Zachary Taylor Gen. Zachary Taylor

sent into disputed landsent into disputed land

War with MexicoWar with Mexico

►May 13, 1846May 13, 1846 Gen. Zachary Taylor Gen. Zachary Taylor

success in north success in north MexicoMexico

Colonel Stephen Colonel Stephen KearneyKearney

►capture New Mexicocapture New Mexico►Joins John C. Frémont in Joins John C. Frémont in

taking California early taking California early 18471847

►September, 1847September, 1847 General Winfield Scott General Winfield Scott

occupies Mexico Cityoccupies Mexico City

Settlement of the Settlement of the Mexican-American WarMexican-American War

►Treaty of Guadalupe Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo Hidalgo February, 1848February, 1848 Rio Grande southern Rio Grande southern

borderborder New Mexico & California New Mexico & California

ceded to U.S.ceded to U.S. $15,000,000 payment$15,000,000 payment

►Mexican War politically Mexican War politically contentiouscontentious Whigs opposeWhigs oppose Slave Power expansionSlave Power expansion

The Mexican-American WarThe Mexican-American War

Internal ExpansionismInternal Expansionism

► ““Young Americans” link territorial growth to Young Americans” link territorial growth to other material achievementsother material achievements Telegraph—Samuel MorseTelegraph—Samuel Morse transportation improvementstransportation improvements growth of tradegrowth of trade mass immigrationmass immigration

► Discovery of California gold inspires Discovery of California gold inspires transcontinental projectstranscontinental projects

► Territorial expansion wanes after 1848Territorial expansion wanes after 1848► Economic, population growth continuesEconomic, population growth continues

The Triumph of the RailroadThe Triumph of the Railroad

►1840s--railroad begins displacing 1840s--railroad begins displacing canals canals

►Rail construction stimulates iron Rail construction stimulates iron industry industry

►Railroads stimulate new forms of Railroads stimulate new forms of financefinance bonds bonds preferred stock preferred stock government subsidiesgovernment subsidies

Railroads, 1850 and 1860Railroads, 1850 and 1860

The Industrial Revolution The Industrial Revolution Takes OffTakes Off

►Mass productionMass production Division of laborDivision of labor Production more efficientProduction more efficient

►Factory system emergesFactory system emerges gather laborers in one placegather laborers in one place cash wagescash wages ““continuous process"continuous process"

►Agriculture mechanized Agriculture mechanized ►Northern economy based on Northern economy based on

interaction of industry, transportation, interaction of industry, transportation, agricultureagriculture

Mass Immigration BeginsMass Immigration Begins

►1840-18601840-1860 4 million Irish, 4 million Irish,

Germans immigrate to Germans immigrate to U.S.U.S.

Most come for higher Most come for higher wageswages

Immigrants fill low-Immigrants fill low-paying jobs in port paying jobs in port citiescities

Irish influx--1845-54Irish influx--1845-54►Low immigrant wagesLow immigrant wages

Contribute to slumsContribute to slums Urban reform Urban reform

movement resultsmovement results

Immigration to the United Immigration to the United States, 1820-1860States, 1820-1860

The New Working ClassThe New Working Class

►1840s--factory labor1840s--factory labor shifting from women, shifting from women,

children to menchildren to men Immigrants dominate Immigrants dominate

new working classnew working class Employers less Employers less

involved with laborersinvolved with laborers►Post-1837 Post-1837

more work for less paymore work for less pay Unions organizedUnions organized Increasing immigrationIncreasing immigration

The Costs of ExpansionThe Costs of Expansion

►Working class poses problem for idealsWorking class poses problem for ideals working for wages assumed the first step working for wages assumed the first step

toward becoming one’s own mastertoward becoming one’s own master new class of permanent wage-earners new class of permanent wage-earners

conflicts with old idealconflicts with old ideal►Economic expansion creates conflicts Economic expansion creates conflicts

between classesbetween classes►Territorial expansion creates conflicts Territorial expansion creates conflicts

between sections between sections ►Conflicts increasingly uncontrollableConflicts increasingly uncontrollable