6.0 ANNEXES

6.1 ACRONYMS............................................................................................................................2

6 . 2 BACKGROUNDI N F O R M AT I O N............................................................................................. 6

6 . 2 . 1 D e v e l o p m e n t c o n t e x t i nUganda................................................................................6

6 . 2 . 2 D e v e l o p m e n t c o n t e x t i n t h e d i s t r i c t o fSoroti..............................................................7

6 . 2 . 3 D e v e l o p m e n t c o n t e x t i n K a t i n e s u b -county................................................................7

6 . 3 W R I T E U P O F D E G R E E O FINTEGRATION..........................................................................7

6.3.1Background................................................................................................................8

6 . 3 . 2 K C P P I n t e g r a t i o n – a t p l a n n i n g a n d i m p l e m e n t a t i o nlevel……………………………8

6 . 3 . 3 K C P P I n t e g r a t i o n a t o u t c o m elevel…………………………………………………….10

6 . 4 CASE STUDIES.......................................................................................................................13

6 . 4 . 1 E d u c a t i o n c a s estudy...............................................................................................13

6 . 4 . 2 W a t s a n c a s estudy...................................................................................................13

6 . 4 . 3 H e a l t h c a s estudy.....................................................................................................14

6 . 4 . 4 C o m m u n i t y e m p o w e r m e n t c a s estudy.....................................................................15

6 .5 T A B L E O F E D U C A T I O N F A C I L I T I E S I NSCHOOLS...........................................................17

Page 1 of 27

6.1 ACCRONYMS

AIDS Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome

AMREF Afr ican Medical and Research Foundat ion

ANC A n t e n a t a l C l i n i c

ARV A n t i r e t r o v i r a l

CBAHW Community Based Animal Health Workers

CAHW Communi ty An ima l Hea l th Workers

CBD Community Based Development approach

CBMS Community Based Management Structures

CBO Community Based Organisat ion

CE Communi ty empowerment

CMDs Communi ty Medic ine Dis t r ibutors

DDP Distr ic t Development Plan

DEO Dis t r ic t Educat ion Off icer /Off ice

DIS Distr ict Inspector of Schools

DSC Distr ict Steering Committee

DTPC Distr ic t Technical and Planning Commit tee

Page 2 of 27

D W D Directorate of Water Development

ECOSAN Eco log i ca l San i t a t i on

EU European Un ion

FGD Focus Group Discussion

FUFA Federat ion of Uganda Footbal l Associat ion

GDP Gross Domestic Product

HBC Home Based Care

HC Hea l th Cen t re

H I V Human Immunodef ic iency Vi rus

H M I S Heal th Management In fo rmat ion Sys tem

HPMs Hand Pump Mechanics

H U M C Heal th Uni t Management Commit tee

IDPs Internal ly Displaced Persons

IEC In fo rmat ion , Educa t ion and Commun ica t i on

IGAs Income Generat ing Act iv i t ies

ITNs Insecticide Treated Nets

IMCI Integrated Management of Chi ldhood I l lnesses

LC Loca l Counc i l

LLITNs Long Lasting Insecticide Treated Nets

KCPP Katine Community Partnership Project

M D D Music dance and drama

MWE Min is t ry o f Water and Env i ronment

NADIFA Nakasongola Dist r ic t Farmers Forum

NGOs Non – governmenta l o rgan isa t ions

NUDIPU National Union of Disabled Persons in Uganda

Page 3 of 27

OVCs Orphans and vu lnerab le ch i ld ren

Paravets Para – veterinarians

PDC Parish Development Committee

PEAP Poverty Eradicat ion Act ion Plan

PHASE Personal Hygiene and Sanitat ion Educat ion

PHAST Par t i c ipa tory Hyg iene and San i ta t ion Trans format ion

PIASCY President ial In i t iat ive for Aids Strategy forCommun ica t i ng to You th

PLE Primary Leaving Examinat ions

PLWHAs People living with HIV and AIDS

PMC Project Management Commit tee

PMTCT Prevent ion of mother to ch i ld t ransmiss ion

PRA Par t ic ipatory Rura l Appra isa l

PREFA Protecting Families against HIV/AIDS

P/S Pr imary schoo l

PTAs Parents Teachers Associat ion

PTCs Primary Teachers College

RBA Rights Based Approach

RING Rura l I nnova t i on Group

R W H Rain Water Harvest

Sanp la ts S a n i t a t i o n p l a t f o r m s

SCDP Sub-county Development Plan

SCTPC Sub-county Technical and Planning Committee

SMCs School Management Commit tee

SODIFA Sorot i Distr ic t Farmers Associat ion

Page 4 of 27

TA U Tra in ing and Adv isory Un i t

TB Tubercu los is

TBAs Tr a d i t i o n a l B i r t h A t t e n d a n t s

T/L Te a c h i n g / L e a r n i n g

TPO Trans-Cu l tu re Psychosoc ia l Organ isa t ion

TOR Terms of Reference

UBOS Uganda Bureau of Statistics

UGX Uganda Sh i l l i ngs

UWESO Uganda Women’s Efforts to Save Orphans

VHTs Vi l lage Health Teams

VIPs Vent i la ted p i t la t r ines

VSLA Village Savings and Loans Association

WATSAN Water and San i ta t ion

W H O Wo r l d H e a l t h O r g a n i s a t i o n

WSCs Water Source Committees

Page 5 of 27

6.2 BACKGROUND INFORMATION

6.2 .1 Deve lopment context in Uganda

Uganda is one of the poorest countr ies in the world, ranking 146th out of177 in the 2004 Human Development Index. The population of Uganda is a nes t ima ted 28 m i l l i on and l i f e expec tancy i s 49 .3 yea rs acco rd ing to theWor ld Heal th Organisat ion. A cont r ibut ing fac tor to low l i fe expectancy isthe fact that 31% of the populat ion current ly l ives below the pover ty l ine(UBOS 2007 ) . AMREF ’s wo rk i n Ka t i ne i s s t r uc tu red w i t h i n t he na t i ona lf r a m e w o r k , w h i c h i s o u t l i n e d i n t h e P E A P s o o n t o b e t h e N a t i o n a lDevelopment Plan (NDP).

6.2.2 Development context in the distr ict of Soroti

Sorot i , located in eastern Uganda, consists of three rural count ies (Kasi lo,Serere and Sorot i) and one municipal i ty (Sorot i municipal i ty). There are 17sub-count ies, inc luding three d iv is ions of the Sorot i munic ipal i ty. The tota lpopulation of Soroti district is 371,986 according to the 2002 UBOS census.Now peaceful, the distr ict is considered post-confl ict with recent periods ofi nsu rgency and ca t t l e rus t l i ng wh ich l ed to the loss of l ives, displacementa n d d e p l e t i o n o f t h e n u m b e r o f a n i m a l s a n d o t h e r v a l u a b l e p r o p e r t y.Internal ly Displaced People (IDPs) have now returned to their communit ies.76% o f househo ld ma in economic ac t i v i t y i s subs i s tence fa rm ing , ca t t l erearing and petty trade (UBOS 2002 Census).

Pover ty preva lence in Sorot i d is t r ic t is a t 77%, compared to the nat iona laverage o f 31%. (UBOS,Mapp ing the Poor, 2004. ) Ma la r ia i s the lead ingdisease burden in Sorot i distr ict , contr ibut ing to 96% of reported morbidi ty.

Page 6 of 27

Only 19% of the populat ion l ives within 5km of a health faci l i ty, far lowerthan the national average of 49%. HIV/AIDS remains a key challenge.

In education at the beginning of the project, the pupil to teacher ratio stoodat 1:59 while the desired minimum standard is 1:54. In addition, the pupil toc lassroom ra t io i s 1 :83 where the min imum s tandard i s 1 :54 . Soro t i s t i l ln e e d s a n e x t r a 2 0 0 t r a i n e d t e a c h e r s t o m e e t t h e i n c r e a s i n g n u m b e r o fchi ldren joining pr imary school every year.

According to d is t r ic t records, safe water coverage in Sorot i d is t r ic t at thes tar t o f the pro jec t s tood a t 76%, wh ich is over the nat iona l average o f65%. Functional i ty rate of instal led water faci l i t ies is at 89%. Results fromthe AMREF EU project survey in 2007 indicated that latrine coverage in thedistrict was at 68%, also above the national average of 65%. As much as thegovernment has s t reng thened decen t ra l i sa t ion in Uganda - w i th the sub-coun ty as the lowes t un i t o f deve lopment p lann ing and imp lementa t ion -t h i s h a s a l m o s t e x c l u s i v e l y e m p h a s i s e d t h e s e r v i c e d e l i v e r y a s p e c t s o fgovernance. Communi t ies ’ engagement in deve lopment and dec is ions tha taffect them remains weak. The KCCP is working to empower communities andto strengthen dialogue with the systems for service delivery so that they candemand their r ight to development.

6.2 .3 Deve lopment Context in Kat ine sub-county

Out of the 17 sub-counties and three municipality divisions in Soroti district,Katine has one of the worst indicators for poverty and underdevelopment. Acomparison of Katine indicators with that of the 2006 Uganda Demographicand Hea l th Survey shows tha t overa l l base l ine cond i t i ons fo r the Ka t inepopulation are worse than average for rural areas of the country.

6.3 WRITE UP ON DEGREE OF INTEGRATION (see table below)

Page 7 of 27

Page 8 of 27

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Page 9 of 27

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Page 10 of 27

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Page 11 of 27

Em

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essages

Page 12 of 27

lea

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sses

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r d

om

estic

use

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dliv

es

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k p

rod

uc

tion

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LA

has em

powered

farm

ers

to ra

ise m

on

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of

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ter

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ne

ral

imp

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Page 14 of 27

6.4 CASE STUDIES

6.4.1 Education Case study

AMREF improves l ea rn ing env i ronment fo r commun i ty schoo l s

Richard Elasu is the head teacher of Ogwolo primary school. Ogwolo is acommun i t y schoo l t ha t s ta r t ed i n 2006 . I t cu r ren t l y has more t han 400p u p i l s i n p r i m a r y o n e t o p r i m a r y f i v e . T h e s c h o o l h a s g r a s s - t h a t c h e ds t ruc tu res , one o f them a church bu i ld ing . A t the beg inn ing o f the yearAfr ican Medical and Research c lassroom block wi th an off ice and a storefor the schoo l .

Richard who was posted to the school at the beginning of the second termis grateful of the support from AMREF, the Guardian and Barclays. “Thesec lassrooms wi l l go a long way in reduc ing our const ruc t ion burden. Th isschool is doing wel l . By P.4 (pr imary four) the chi ldren can read Engl ishbooks well, unlike my previous school, but even so, the school didn’t havebooks for the children, therefore the support in terms of textbooks came atthe r ight t ime.”

The school also received 39 desks for the new classrooms and textbooks. Thehead teacher adds: “Even as we were given books, we had problems withs torage. Therefore, the new s t ructure won’ t on ly in f luence academics butwill also mean that our books will last longer because of proper storage. Wehave been keeping things in the grass-thatched structure but we are alwaysworried especially for things like books; it can easily burn and be lost.”

Richard said that the community was planning to construct another grass-t h a t c h e d c l a s s r o o m t o a c c o m m o d a t eprimary six class due to start next year. “Theparents are very happy with the support theschool is get t ing f rom AMREF because theys t a r t e d w i t h g r a s s - t h a t c h e d s t r u c t u r e s b u tnow we have a pe rmanen t s t ruc tu re . Theya r e n o w p l a n n i n g t o s t a r t c o n s t r u c t i n gteachers’ houses,” he said.

The pro ject rehabi l i ta ted 16 c lassrooms ands t a r t e d o n t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n o f f o u r o t h e r

c lassrooms, two s tores and two o f f i ces . Over 290 desks and over 2 ,000textbooks have been distributed to a number of schools in the second yearof the project.

Page 15 of 27

Above: New permanent structure at Ogwolo primary school

6.4.2 Watsan case study

Kat ine s tead i ly improv ing in san i tat ion and hygiene

Katine has some of the poorest development indicators in the distr ict . Forins tance, la t r ine coverage in the sub-county was a t 7%, lead ing to poorsanitation and worsening the disease burden. To mitigate the impact of this,t h r o u g h t h e w a t e r a n d s a n i t a t i o n c o m p o n e n t, AMREF introduced a newapproach to sanitation and the creation of ideal homesteads.

This was done through support ing the community – based managementstructures, whose members on a regular basis move through the villagesconducting awareness campaigns on the importance of sanitat ion andhygiene, and the benefits of a decent latrine in disease prevention.

“Katine was one of the sub-counties that lagged behind as far as sanitationi s c o n c e r n e d i n t h e d i s t r i c t b u t t h r o u g h t h i s p r o j e c t , s a n i t a t i o n h a si m p r o ve d m o r e t h a n tw o f o l d a n d t h i s i s n o t a s m a l l c o v e r a g e , ” E d i a uEwadu, Sorot i Distr ict Chairman noted.

Emmanuel Olege, in Kalela vil lage in Olwelai parish lives with his family offour children and his sister who has five children. Stella Acam, his wife, saysthat there has been a t ransformat ion s ince heeding the message of idealhomes. They have constructed a latrine and erected a tippy tap, a dry rackfor utensils, have a kitchen and a separate animal house among others, andkeep their compound clean.

T h e s e w e r e d o n e m o r e t h a n a y e a r b a c k a n d h a v e s e e n s i g n i f i c a n timprovements. “The children no longer have diarrhoea since we constructeda latrine and started promoting hygiene in our home,” Stella says. She saysthat for more than a year they have not had any diarrhoea cases comparedto before when diarrhoea was a frequent occurrence. “The latr ine has alsohelped us because we no longer have to fear going to the bush where you getinsect bites,” she adds.

The project has worked with village health team members (VHTs) and parishs u b - c o u n t y c o m m i t t e e ( P S C s ) t o i m p r o v e h y g i e n e a n d s a n i t a t i o n i nhomesteads. By the end of September latrine coverage had improved from 7%at project inception, to 39%.

M o r e t h a n 2 , 0 0 0 h o u s e h o l d s i n K a t i n e h a v e a d e c e n t l a t r i n e i n t h e i r

h o m e s t e a d s o u t o f a t o t a l o f 5 , 2 2 1 h o u s e h o l d s i n t h e s u b – c o u n t y. I na d d i t i o n , t h r o u g h t h e p r o j e c t i n t e r v e n t i o n s m o r e t h a n 3 0 0 i d e a lh o m e s t e a d s h a v e b e e n e s t a b l i s h e d . I d e a l h o m e s t e a d s a r e b a s e d o n acommuni ty- led to ta l san i ta t ion and soc ia l market ing approach.

Page 16 of 27

6.4.3. Health case study

Katine mother is grateful for the work of VHTs

Uganda has one o f the h ighes t popu la t ion g rowth ra tes in the wor ld a t3 . 2 % , w i t h a 6 . 7 % f e r t i l i t y r a t e . S t a t i s t i c s s h o w t h a t t h i s h a s e x e r t e dsignificant pressure on the country’s food, water and energy resources.

AMREF has put a lot of focus on family planning, to mitigate the effects ofuncontrolled child births. Of the 272 vil lage health team members (VHTs) inKatine Sub-county supported by AMREF, 85 were trained on family planning.The trained VHTs are responsible for sens i t i s ing communities on the benefitso f f a m i l y p l a n n i n g , d i s p e l m y t h s a n d m i s c o n c e p t i o n , p r o m o t e f a m i l yplanning uptake and make referrals to the health facil i t ies. As a result, thenew contraceptive acceptor rate has increased from 1.0% in the first year ofthe project to 4.3% in the second year.

In the first year of the project only 63 women of child bearing age accessedfamily planning services out of 5,909 of women of reproductive age. In thesecond yea r 251 women o f ch i l d bea r i ng age accessed fam i l y p lann ingservices out of 5,909 of women of reproductive age.

Annieno Loyce, 26, a mother of f ive children is one of the beneficiaries ofth is in tervent ion. Together wi th her husband Char les Ot im, 27, they havedecided to stop at five children. Loyce’s first born – Denis, is twelve years old.She cannot believe that she started giving birth when she was 14 years old.The second born - Harriet is seven years old, the third – Isaac is four and thefourth – Ronald, is two years old. She gave birth to her f ifth child, a girl,on 13t h of October.

Loyce says that she heard about family planning through the VHTs, but shereceived more details when she started going for antenatal care sessions atTir ir i HC. When asked if she would have another child she replies, “That’senough ! Even th i s baby I d id no t wan t to have bu t I j us t found myse l fp regnan t . ”

Loyce adds: “It is difficult to keep them; a big family is difficult. Now I know.One o f the bene f i t s o f fam i l y p lann ing i s tha t i t reduces the bu rden o fkeeping many children, especially when they fall sick it’s hard to take themto the hospital.” Charles, her husband, who was with her at the Tiriri HC IVin Katine agrees, and says they are going to use family planning methods tostop at five children.

Page 17 of 27

L o y c e , w h o l o s t o n e o f h e r b a b i e s a s a r e s u l t o f p r e g n a n c y r e l a t e dcomplicat ions, appreciates the idea of antenatal care and giving birth at ahealth centre. Though her home is about 4km from Tir ir i HC she attendedthree sessions when she was pregnant with the two year old child and sheat tended four antenata l care sess ions dur ing the pregnancy of th is baby.

S h e s t a r t e d g o i n g f o r a n t e n a t a l c a r ewhen she was five months pregnant (whenshe found out about her pregnancy) andsays “ I have been walk ing tha t d is tancebecause now I know that it’s good to comef o r a n t e n a t a l c a r e a n d i t i s s a f e r t odel iver under the supervis ion of a heal thworker than at home.”

The o ther th ing Loyce and her husbandh a v e l e a r n t i s t o c o n t r o l m a l a r i a . “ W ethank AMREF for the VHTs. It’s from themtha t we have lea rn t tha t i f you wan t toprotect your ch i ld f rom malar ia then youuse a mosquito net, destroy the breedingg r o u n d f o r m o s q u i t o e s b y k e e p i n g t h ec o m p o u n d c l e a r a n d c l e a n , ” s h e s a y s ,b e f o r e a d d i n g , “ m a l a r i a i s s t i l l a b i gp rob lem, bu t i t ’s no t as i t used to be . ”

Loyces comments on how the chi ldren can go for months without sufferingfrom malaria because they have been keen to control it. To Loyce it has beena learning experience and she believes that life will get even better becauseof the knowledge she has gained from the health workers and VHTs.

Above: Loyce and her new born in Tiriri HC IV

6.4 .4 . Community empowerment case study

Par ish development committee rekindle the ir commitment to serve

Barely a month after the training, the Ojama parish development committee(PDC) member swung in to act ion and wrote to the sub-county l is t ing theneeds of the parish that the sub-county needed to consider.

To s t r e n g t h e n l o c a l g o v e r n m e n t b o t t o m - u p p a r t i c i p a t o r y p l a n n i n g f o rbetter service delivery, the Katine Partnerships Project (KCPP) trained PDCsfrom two parishes, Ojama and Merok, in Katine sub-county, in Soroti districti n eas te rn Uganda , m id – yea r . The t ra in i ng focused on p lann ing andbudge t i ng .

Page 18 of 27

I n m i d J u l y t h e O j a m a P D C w r o t e t o t h e s u b - c o u n t y t o l o o k i n t o t h ep rov i s i on o f sa fe wa te r, pos t i ng o f a pa r i sh ch ie f , p rov i s i on o f t r a i n inghandouts and more refresher trainings to the PDC. They requested the sub-county to regularly faci l i tate PDC meetings, fol low up on PDC action plansand to promote transparency and accountabi l i ty in the sub-county.

Patrick Okodo is the chairperson of Ojama PDC. He has been a PDC membersince 1999, though he became the chairperson of Ojama parish in 2006. Theparish has five executive committee members, the chairperson – Patrick, thesecretary (female), a treasurer (female), the vice chairperson (female) and am e m b e r ( m a l e ) . I n t o t a l , t h e P D C h a s 2 1 m e m b e r s , w h i c h i n c l u d e t w orepresentatives (female and male) from each of the eight villages in Ojama.

Patrick says that some of the challenges the committee is facing include thelack of transport to facilitate their movements. The other issue, Patrick says,is that “when we p lan act iv i t ies and forward them to the sub-county, wedon ’ t ge t feedback; another cha l lenge is the fa i lu re to conduct meet ingsb e c a u s e m e m b e r s r a r e l y a t t e n d i f t h e r e i s n o l u n c h a n d t r a n s p o r tf a c i l i t a t i o n . ”

Though the t ra in ing conducted by AMREF didn’ t so lve these chal lenges i twas an eye-opener on how to improve on their work. Patrick says that thePDC members know how to go about the many challenges that the PDCs face.“The people now know how to analyse data and interpret it, for example, thenumber o f househo lds w i th p i t l a t r i nes we have in the pa r i sh , and th i sinformation helps us in planning.”

He adds that the training “helped us in that we now know how to indentifyresources we have in the parish, and easily mobilise them and also to knowresource persons to work with, such as NGOs, pol i t ic ians and governmento f f i c i a l s . ”

Patrick says that on the issue of meetings they have convinced members tocome for regular meetings. “We are supposed to meet monthly but we havedecided to meet quarterly reducing the frequency of meetings - one of thereasons why attendance was poor.”

T h e t r a i n i n g w a s a l s o a i m e d a t s t r e n g t h e n i n g t h e c a p a c i t y o f P D C s t ofaci l i tate the community part ic ipatory planning process, thereby empoweringthe i r communi t ies to iden t i f y needs and pr io r i t ies th rough the bo t tom uppar t i c ipa to ry approach .

Page 19 of 27

4.4.5 VSLAs in Katine complete the first cycle

In 2008 the Kat ine Community Partnerships Project (KCPP) supported andf a c i l i t a t e d 1 8 f a m e r g ro u p s t o s t a r t t h e f i r s t v i l l a g e s a v i n g s a n d l o a n sassociations (VSLA) in Katine Sub-county, Soroti district in Eastern Uganda.

Some of the f i rst groups to form VSLAs have completed the f i rst cycle oftheir transactions of 52 weeks. The Olwelai Farmers Group VSLA, supportedby KCPP completed the first 52 week at the end of July.

KCPP i s imp lemen ted by the A f r i can Med ica l and Research Founda t ion ,funded by the Guardian and Barclays. Farm-Africa partners with AMREF ont h e l i v e l i h o o d s c o m p o n e n t . T h e K C P P l i v e l i h o o d s c o m p o n e n t w o r k s i npartnership with UWESO (Uganda Women Effort to Save Orphans) and Careto support the VSLAs.

A VSLA is a self-selected group of people (usual ly unregistered) who pooltheir money into a fund from which members can borrow. The money is paidback wi th in terest , causing the fund to grow. The sav ings contr ibut ion tothe assoc ia t ion are deposi ted wi th an end date (usual ly between 8 – 12m o n t h s ) i n m i n d f o r d i s t r i b u t i o n o f a l l o r p a r t o f t h e t o t a l f u n d s( including interest earning) to the individual members, usually on the basiso f a f o r m u l a t h a t l i n k s p a y o u t t o t h e a m o u n t s a v e d . T h i s l u m p s u mdistr ibut ion provides a large amount of money that members can then useas they want , w i thout res t r ic t ion .

Members of the group meet on a weekly basis. With th is part icular VSLAmembers were buying shares, each costing Ush500. Each member can buybetween one to five shares per sitting. By the end of the 52 weeks the sharevalue had risen to 618 at the Olwelai Farmers Group VSLA. Immaculate Aumaat the end of the day had accumulated the highest number of shares- 260,earning her over Ush160,000 (about £50).

Their share value has been 618, the reason being, “The money was kept in thesafe box instead of borrowing. That’s why the share value remained at 618,”says David Ogwang, the KCPP project assistant- livelihoods.

This group has 28 members, 16 women and 12 men. Twelve of the femalemembers accumulated more than 200 shares compared to their counterpartswho had on ly seven male members accumula t ing more than 200 shares .However, the member with the smallest shares was a woman, with 93 shares.She was the only one who had less than 100 shares.

Page 20 of 27

“She was sceptical of the idea. She thought that UWESO would collect theirmoney and run away with it at the end of the cycle; that is why she was notso eager to buy shares.” Charles Otto the group chairperson says.

Ange l l a A lubo , 68 , was among the t op t h ree members w i t h t he h ighes tshares. She had 258 shares, amounting to almost Ush160,000 (about £50).She plans to buy second hand c lothes to sel l in the Kat ine market . L ikemajority of the members she also wants to buy goats.

Immacu la te l i ke many o f her co l leagues , i s look ing fo rward fo r the nex tcycle to save more money and expand her income generating activities. Forthe moment she wants to use the money to buy a bull. Since she joined VSLAshe is been involved in a number of small transactions including buying andsel l ing of cereals and se l l ing f ish. Out o f th is she has saved more thanU s h 1 0 0 , 0 0 0 (about £30)

“I am going to add this money to what I have been saving and buy at leastone bull,” Immaculate says. Immaculate, though not sure of how old she is,she thinks she is above 30 years. Her husband is 31 years and runs a lock-upin one of the small trading centres in Katine. She says that the husband,though not a member of the VSLA, has been supportive at times contributingto the weekly buying of shares when Immaculate would not have money.

T h e d r o u g h t h a s a f f e c t e d h e r a l o t . T h e f a m i l y, w i t h s i x c h i l d r e n , h a dplanted groundnuts, sorghum, beans, mil let and cassava. But most of thesecrops have been destroyed by the heat. The drought has also affected the

husband’s business as his usual customershave not got money to spend. The family ontwo occasions had gone without a meal in24 hours. However, on both occasions theyoungest chi ldren were given porridge.

S u r p r i s i n g l y o n t h e s e t w o o c c a s i o n sI m m a c u l a t e h a d m o r e t h a n U S h 1 0 0 , 0 0 0lying under her bed. “The focus was to buya t l e a s t a b u l l s o I c o u l d n ’ t t o u c h t h a tmoney, ” she says. The group cha i rperson,Char les says that the VSLA has benef i tedthem a lot. He says: “It has helped us in ourfamilies and as a group. The welfare savingshave rescued members on several occasions.When you don’t have food at home, insteadof the family sleeping on empty stomachs amember borrows from this money and buys

food. You can also borrow money to treat the children or pay schools fees.”

Page 21 of 27

When members meet each contributes Ush100 toward the welfare fund. Thismoney is borrowed my members when they have an emergency at home thatrequires finances, but they don’t pay back with interest.

Above: Immaculate and her savings in her VSLA

Page 22 of 27

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Page 26 of 27

Page 27 of 27