Amplitude and MeterAmplitude and MeterAmplitude and MeterAmplitude and Meter

• amplitudeamplitude• The strength The strength

(peak value) of (peak value) of the waveformthe waveform

• adding adding AMPLITUDE AMPLITUDE (loudness) to (loudness) to rhythm creates rhythm creates metermeter

AMPLITUDE

Beats and MeterBeats and MeterBeats and MeterBeats and Meter• BeatsBeats

• the pulse that moves most music the pulse that moves most music along along

• when you clap your hands to when you clap your hands to music, you are following the beatmusic, you are following the beat

• the “heartbeat” of musicthe “heartbeat” of music

• MeterMeter• a repeated pattern of a strong beat a repeated pattern of a strong beat

plus one or more weaker beatsplus one or more weaker beats

MeasuresMeasuresMeasuresMeasures

• Measure (Bar)Measure (Bar)• A “box” of beatsA “box” of beats

• Bar LinesBar Lines• the vertical line at the end of the measurethe vertical line at the end of the measure

Quadruple MeterQuadruple MeterQuadruple MeterQuadruple Meter• 4/4

• four beats per measure• quarter note = one beat • subgroups of two + two beats • down beat is loudest, 3rd beat is next loudest,

2nd and 4th beats softer

1 2 3 4 | 1 2 3 4 |Tilt- ing at the wind- mills pass- ing

[i:60] Gordon Lightfoot, Don Quixote

Triple MeterTriple MeterTriple MeterTriple Meter• 3/4

• three beats per measure• quarter note = one beat • 2nd and 3rd beats softer (sometimes the 2nd

beat is a little louder than the third beat)

|1 2 3 | 1 2 3 |1 2 3 |1 Are you going to Scar- bo- rough Fair?

[i:63] Scarborough Fair

Compound MeterCompound MeterCompound MeterCompound Meter• 6/8 — sextuple meter6/8 — sextuple meter

• in in slowslow music music• eighth note = one beateighth note = one beat• sixsix beats per measure beats per measure• subgroups of three + three eight notessubgroups of three + three eight notes

• in in fastfast music music• dotted quarter note (three eighth notes) = one beatdotted quarter note (three eighth notes) = one beat• twotwo beats per measure beats per measure• subgroups of 3 + 3 eight notessubgroups of 3 + 3 eight notes

Compound MeterCompound Meter

• 6/8 | 1 2 3 4 5 6 | Oh, give me a home where the | 1 2 3 4 5 6 | buf- fa- lo roam, where the

[i:64] Home on the Range

Compound MeterCompound MeterCompound MeterCompound Meter• 6/86/8

• In 6/8 meter, the In 6/8 meter, the accentsaccents are different from are different from 3/4 even though the 3/4 even though the durationduration values appear values appear to be the same:to be the same:

Compound MeterCompound MeterCompound MeterCompound Meter• Dotted Rhythms in 6/8Dotted Rhythms in 6/8

• some music gets a skipping effect by some music gets a skipping effect by dotting the first eighth note in some of the dotting the first eighth note in some of the groups:groups:

[i:65] Ch. M. Widor, Pavane

Quintuple MeterQuintuple MeterQuintuple MeterQuintuple Meter• 5/45/4

• fivefive beats per measure beats per measure• quarter note = one beat quarter note = one beat • in subgroups of three quarter notes + in subgroups of three quarter notes +

two quarter notes (less frequently in two quarter notes (less frequently in subgroups of two + three)subgroups of two + three)

[i:66] Lalo Schifrin, Mission Impossible television theme

Maximum AmplitudeMaximum AmplitudeMaximum AmplitudeMaximum Amplitude

• maximum amplitude in Csound: maximum amplitude in Csound: 32,76732,767• the system will clip any amplitudes the system will clip any amplitudes

over over 32,76732,767 and give a message and give a message "number of samples out of range ...“"number of samples out of range ...“

• If this happens, DON'T play the file If this happens, DON'T play the file • lower the amplitude and recompile it.lower the amplitude and recompile it.

• loud vs. softloud vs. soft• specify loudness, usually for groups of notes:specify loudness, usually for groups of notes:

DynamicsDynamicsDynamicsDynamics

DynamicsDynamicsDynamicsDynamics

• CrescendoCrescendo• get louderget louder

[i:67] Give My Regards to Broadway

DynamicsDynamicsDynamicsDynamics

• DecrescendoDecrescendo• get softerget softer

[i:68] Give My Regards to Broadway

ArticulationArticulationArticulationArticulation• staccato notesstaccato notes

• short notes, marked short notes, marked with a dot above or with a dot above or below the note headbelow the note head

• for for [i:69][i:69] staccato staccato notes in Csound, make notes in Csound, make the duration a little bit the duration a little bit shorter shorter

• separated by restsseparated by rests• Example: quarter note Example: quarter note

= 1.0; staccato quarter = 1.0; staccato quarter note = .7 - .9note = .7 - .9

ArticulationArticulationArticulationArticulation• legato noteslegato notes

• long notes, marked long notes, marked with a short line above with a short line above or below the note heador below the note head

• for for [i:70][i:70] legato notes legato notes in Csound, make the in Csound, make the note the full durationnote the full duration• Example: quarter note Example: quarter note

= 1.0; legato quarter = 1.0; legato quarter note = 1.00note = 1.00

ArticulationArticulationArticulationArticulation• slursslurs

• connect groups of connect groups of legato notes with a long legato notes with a long curved linecurved line

• for for [i:71][i:71] slurred notes slurred notes in Csound, make the in Csound, make the notes overlap in notes overlap in durationduration• E.g., the overlap time E.g., the overlap time

is .12is .12

MetronomesMetronomesMetronomesMetronomes

• measure the tempo in measure the tempo in beats per minutebeats per minute• scores often have scores often have

metronome markings for the metronome markings for the tempotempo

Common Tempo NamesCommon Tempo NamesCommon Tempo NamesCommon Tempo Names

Changing TemposChanging TemposChanging TemposChanging Tempos

• AccelerandoAccelerando• gradually get faster gradually get faster

• DecelerandoDecelerando• gradually get slowergradually get slower

• RitardandoRitardando• gradually get slowergradually get slower

Csound Tempo StatementsCsound Tempo StatementsCsound Tempo StatementsCsound Tempo Statements• Csound default tempo is 60 beats per Csound default tempo is 60 beats per

minute minute • Change the tempo in Csound using a Change the tempo in Csound using a

tempo statement:tempo statement: • tempo statements usually go before the note tempo statements usually go before the note

list list • t0 92t0 92 for 92 beats per minute (Valses for 92 beats per minute (Valses [i:72][i:72]) )

Csound Tempo StatementsCsound Tempo StatementsCsound Tempo StatementsCsound Tempo Statements

• t0 112t0 112 for 112 beats per minute (Concerto for 112 beats per minute (Concerto [i:73][i:73]))

• t0 76 9 120t0 76 9 120 for 76 bpm for 76 bpm [i:74][i:74] changing to 120 changing to 120 bpm over the first nine beats (Concerto)bpm over the first nine beats (Concerto)

Csound Tempo StatementsCsound Tempo StatementsCsound Tempo StatementsCsound Tempo Statements

Csound Tempo StatementsCsound Tempo StatementsCsound Tempo StatementsCsound Tempo Statements• t0 76 9 76 9 120t0 76 9 76 9 120 for 76 bpm changing to for 76 bpm changing to

120 bpm 120 bpm [i:75] suddenly[i:75] suddenly at beat nine at beat nine (Concerto)(Concerto)

Csound Score Accelerating from 72 to 144 bpm over 8 beats

Csound Score Accelerating from 72 to 144 bpm over 8 beats

t0 72 8 144 ; tempo statement

; start other parameters; ----------------- measure 1 bar line herei1 0 ... ; starting tempo 72 bpmi1 1 ... ; tempo ~81 bpmi1 2 ... ; tempo ~90 bpmi1 3 ... ; tempo ~99 bpm; ----------------- measure 2 bar line herei1 4 ... ; tempo ~108 bpmi1 5 ... ; tempo ~117 bpmi1 6 ... ; tempo ~126 bpmi1 7 ... ; tempo ~135 bpm; ----------------- measure 3 bar line herei1 8 ... ; tempo 144 bpm