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AMODS and High Energy Density Sciences
2011. 9. 7.
Yong-Joo RHEE
Laboratory for Quantum Optics
Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute
+82-42-868-2935 http://amods.kaeri.re.kr [email protected]
Presentation at DCN meeting, IAEA
1. Introduction Lab. For Quantum Optics, AMODS, HEDS 2. Relativistic calculation of Atomic Data 2.1 MCDF (Multi-Configuration Dirac-Fock) code (UPMC, NIST) 2.2 Electron impact ionization of W, Mo, etc (NIST) 2.3 Radiation from HCI of W for Tokamak plasma (NIST) 2.4 Radiation from HCI of Xe for EUV source (NIFS) 2.5 Radiation from HCI of Si for stellar object (black hole, neutron star ,etc) (Osaka U.) 2.6 Dielectric recombination of Fe ion (Columbia U.) 3. Hydrodynamic simulations of HEDS 3.1 EOS/opacity data (QEOS, SESAME) 3.2 3D compressed plasma (Osaka U. of Japan) 3.3 2D compressed plasma (RAL of UK) 3.4 1D compressed plasma (LULI of France, LLNL of USA) 3.5 Pressure Acceleration of plasma (PALS of Czech Republic) 4. SUMMARY
Atomic Spectroscopy Laser Propagation
Population Dynamics
Relativistic structure calculation Electron impact ionization Radiative transition of HCI
isotope shift hyperfine structure autoionization
Density matrix STIRAP
High Energy Density Sciences
-VULCAN,LULI,PALS,GEKKO XII,SG II, TITAN - Simulation with Hydrodynamic/PIC code - EOS/Opacity, LabHydro, IFE/MFE
Laser-induced plasma
AMODS
W-HCI
Atomic Structure & Transitions Collisions and Reactions
MPI
PATH
IAEA,
ORNL
Michigan
NIST, CUP
NIFS
CDS
NIST
UPMC
KAERI
NIST KAERI Strathclyde
Most data retrievals are controlled by SCRIPTS (PERL, k-shell)
NIST
Fusion Simulation
KAERI
Behavior of matter under extreme conditions
of pressure and temperature
Concentration of intense source of energy
in a small region at a short time
Energy density > 10 kJ/g
Thermal temperature > 1 eV ( ~11600 oK)
- Laser produced plasma
- Inertial confinement fusion
- Exploding wires
- High velocity impact including meteorite impacts
and gun experiments
- Target heated by electron or ion beams
- Z-pinch devices
Dirac-Fock Equation
A
A
A AA A
Q (r)A BA,B
P (r)A BA A AA
κ ε V (r)d+ - -2c XP (r) Q (r)εdr r c c = +
-XQ (r) -P (r)cV (r) κ εd- - -
c dr r cB A
http://amods.kaeri.re.kr/mcdf/MCDF.html PC version – downloadable from MCDF site
Workstation version (2000)
Exchange term
Screened Coulomb charge term
Lagrange multipliers
Multi Configuration Dirac-Fock (MCDF) code : Jean-Paul Desclaux (Grenoble, France) Paul Indelicato (University of Pierre & Marie Curie) (late) Yong-Ki Kim (NIST, USA) - relativistic wave functions - electric and magnetic multipole transition - plane wave Born cross section - angular coefficients, etc
Radial function X r
Relativistic MCDF code - atomic structure and transitions. 2.1
Direct Ionization
BEB (Binary Encounter Bethe) model
N : Orbital Occupation Number B : Orbital Binding Energy U : Orbital Kinetic Energy R : Rydberg Energy T : Incident Electron Energy t = T/B u = U/B a0 : Bohr Radius
Bethe Mott
Bound state
Continuum
Electron
Ionization energy
interference
Excitation Autoionization
Electron
Bound state 1
Excited state : autoionization or photoemission
Continuum
Bound state 2
BE PWB
E CB
T
T B E
T
T E
2 2
0
2
4 ( / ) ln 1 1 ln1 1
( 1) / 2 1
orb
a N R B t t
t u m t t tE: excitation energy B: bound energy PWB: plane wave Born Approximation for neutral atom CB: Coulomb Born approximation for singly charged ion
First ionization limit
2.2 Electron impact ionization calculation based on BEB and MCDF
Electron impact ionization - W, Mo, light elements, etc
e-impact ionization of neutral W
Online calculation of direct ionization cross section based
on BEB is possible in AMODS for W and Mo.
W34+ (n=4) : 4p64dn [ 4p5 4dn+1 + 4p64dn-14f ]
Strong emission at 50 A from a tokamak plasma has been detected, which would cause a loss of power and lower the temperature of tokamak plasma
2.3
Series of EUV spectra of W ions (25+ to 36+) measured at Berlin EBIT
[ 4p5 4dn+1 + 4p64dn-14f ] 4p64dn W33+ : n=5
J= 1/2, 3/2, 5/2 W34+ : n=4 J= 0, 1, 2 W35+ : n=3 J= 1/2, 3/2, 5/2 W36+ : n=2 J= 2, 3, 4 W37+ : n=1 J= 3/2, 5/2 [ 4s4pn+1 + 4s24pn-14d ] 4s24pn W38+ : n=6 J= 0 W39+ : n=5 J= 3/2, 1/2 W40+ : n=4 J= 2, 0, 1 W41+ : n=3 J= 3/2 W42+ : n=2 J= 0, 1, 2 W43+ : n=1 J= 1/2, 3/2
W44+ : 3d104s4p 3d104s2
J= 0 W45+ : 3d10[4p + 4f] 3d104s J= 1/2 W46+ : [3d94s + 3d94p] 3d10
J= 0
+33
+34
+35
+36
+37
+38
+39
+40
+41
+42
+43
+44
+45
+46
4p64d9 + 4p64d75p1 + 4p64d74f1
4p64d8
ΔJ=0, ±1
To see the effects of configuration interaction
(HULLAC code – multiconfiguration)
T. Kato, EUVL2004
4d8 (J=3,4) 4d75p
Xe is important as EUV source and diagnostics of fusion
plasmas: transition probabilities of Xe10+
2.4
Implosion target : CH (Polystyrene) shell diameter: 500 μm thickness: 7 μm
GEKKO Laser parameters: Gaussian, 527nm Energy: 400J/beam FWHM: 1.2 ns d/R = -2 or -3 d = -750
Nd:YAG laser 1 J, 1064 nm, 13 ns 500 μm diameter
Si on a polyimide substrate
13 ns
13 ns
Gaussian in time and flat spatially
Ta
X-ray
compact object (BH, NS,WD)
accretion disk
stellar wind
companion star
Implosion speed =3.5 X107 cm/sec
실
Laboratory X-ray
X-ray from Blackhole (Cygnus X3)
X-ray from neutron star (Vela X1)
2.5
companion star
GXII 12 beams
pinhole shield X-ray spectrometer-IP
X-ray spectrometer - CCD
X-ray frame camera Transmission grating spectrometer
Heating laser X-ray Streak Camera
X-ray Multi-Pinhole Camera (0.5~6keV)
CH shell, 500um-diam. 5um -thick
L
Fe 15μm
Ni 10μm
Cu 10μm
None
Al 20μm
Al 30μm
Ti 40μm
V 15μm
None Mg 10μm
Al 5μm
Al 10μm
4 XPH
(XMPC. XPH, TG, XSC) for implosion dynamics and
(XFC, XS-CCD, XS-IP) for photo-ionization process
XPH and TG data shows TR ~ 500 eV. X-ray streak camera reveals
vimp
= 4 x 107 cm /sec and stagnation size is about 100 μm diameter.
96.6 micron
3.8 x 107
cm/s
4.5 x 107 cm/s
1.83 1.84 1.85 1.86 1.87 1.88
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
gA
E(KeV)
Emission spectrum of He-like and Li-like Si by MCDF
Experimental spectra are similar to those at low temperature at low density and/or at high temperature at high density. (FLYCHK) Meanwhile spectra of Vela X-1 or Cygnus X-3 are similar to that at high density and low temperature. At high density and low temperature, radiative recombination rate is increased which results in the growth of population of Li-like and Be-like Si ions. -> Indirect evidence that forbidden and intercombination lines of astronomical spectra stem from Li and Be like Si ions.
2.6
300 400 500 600 700 800 9000.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
Single-n CI
Multi-n CI
Experiment
<v>
(1
0-1
0 c
m3 s
-1)
Center of Mass Energy (eV)
600 650 700 750 800 8500.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
<v>
(1
0-1
0 c
m3 s
-1)
Center of Mass Energy (eV)
Single-n CI
Multi-n CI
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 140.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
n=14
n=13n=12n=11
n=10n=9n=8
n=7
n=6
n=5
n=4n=3
|cn'|2
n'
Behaviors of Multi-n CI for Fe15+ DN = 1 (N=2->3) DR
Resonance overlap Reduction of resonance strength for n=6 complex
Mixing coefficients by Multi-n CI Comparison with experiment
1 10 100 10000.84
0.86
0.88
0.90
0.92
0.94
0.96
0.98
1.00
1.02
1.04
1.06Zn
19+
Ni17+
Fe15+
Cr13+
Ti11+
Ca9+
Cr13+
Ca9+
Ti11+
Zn19+
Ni17+
Fe15+
T (eV)
m
CI/
sC
I
Maxwellian DR Rate Coefficients for Na-like Ions by Multi-n CI
Fe15+ Total DR of DN = 0,1 Reduction of Total DR by multi-n CI
Multi-n CI significantly reduces the theoretical resonance strengths for capture into n ≥ 5 levels. This brings theory into very good agreement with experiment and removes a previously existing discrepancy between the two. CI between different n levels reduces the Maxwellian rate coefficient of DR by up to ~10% at CIE temperatures and by up to ~15% at higher temperatures for Na-like ions from Ca9+ to Zn19+ [7].
fluorescent layers Ag 5 µm on the front side
(signature of the fast electron source)
Sn 10 µm + Cu 10 µm on the rear side
(signature of the fast electrons
reaching the rear side)
CH 15 µm
propagation layer
Al variable thickness
10, 20, 40, 60, 80 µm
22.5° 45°
Al 5 µm
3
E0,ρ0,P0,U0
E1,ρ1,P1,U1
Shock
front
Shock
front
L=St (U1-U0)t
Displaced Rear surface
1. Conservation of mass
Stρ0 = [St-(U1-U0)t]ρ1
S=(U1-U0)ρ1/(ρ1-ρ0)=(U1-U0)V0/(V0-V1)
2. Conservation of momentum
(P1-P0)t = ρ0 LU1-ρ0 LU0
P1-P0 = ρ0 S (U1-U0)
V0ρ0(U1-U0)2=(P1-P0)(V0-V1)
3. Conservation of Energy
(P1U1-P0U0)t=Lρ0 [1/2(U12-
U02)+E1-E0]
E1-E0=1/2(P1+P0)(V0-V1)
Locus of (P, 1/V) or (P, ρ) satisfying
these relations is Hugoniot curve
3.1
2 4 6 8 10 12 140.1
1
10
100
1000
P(M
bar)
Density (g/cc)
Al3718
Al3719
Al3720
QEOS_Al
1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.00.01
0.1
1
10
100
1000
P(M
bar)
Density (g/cc)
CH7590
CH7591
CH7592
CH7593
QEOS_CH
QEOS_CH
(with Maxwell-construction)
0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.00.01
0.1
1
10
100
1000
P(M
bar)
Density (g/cc)
CH27171
QEOS_CH2
1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.50.01
0.1
1
10
100
1000
P(M
bar)
Density (g/cc)
CD27160
CD2QEOS
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 140.01
0.1
1
10
100
1000
CD
Al
CH
CH2
CD2
P(M
bar)
Density (g/cc)
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 140.01
0.1
1
10
100
1000
P(M
bar)
Density (g/cc)
Al3720
CH7591
CH27171
CD27160
QEOS
SESAME
Implosion of Polystyrene - ILE. Feb. 2008 c geometry 3 c c 30 zones of CH feathered inward and outward c c c c mesh 1 31 .0244 .0250 region 1 30 1 1.044 material 1 CH eos 1032 1 opacity table eos 2032 1 electron EOS table eos 3032 1 ion EOS table c c 0.527 um laser source c source laser .527 -31 gauss 1.8e-9 4.0e+19 1.2e-9 c pparray r rcm rho pres qtot te ti tr u erad deplas c parm postdt 1.e-11 parm xlibam .6 parm flxlem .05 parm editdt 0.01e-9
ILE-imp-1-1.inf
250 μm
6μm
1 D simulation with HYADES code reveals that the stagnation size is about 80 μm, implosion velocity is about 6 X 107 cm /sec
Nothing in A CH shell
40 μm
Stagnation size = 80 μm
Implosion speed = 6.0 x 107 cm/sec
3.2
16 Mbar
22 Mbar
800 eV
140 eV
180 eV
Electron Temperature
Radiation Temperature Mass density = 5.1 g/cm3
Two step experiment (1) 2D implosion and (2) electron transport - target: CH - diagnostics: proton/X-ray radiography - simulation: CHIC, HYADES
3.3
Implosion of Polystyrene - RAL. Oct. 2008 c geometry 2 c c 30 zones of CH feathered c inward and outward c mesh 1 15 .0000 .0090 mesh 15 31 .0090 .0110 region 1 15 1 0.100 region 16 30 2 1.044 material 1 CH eos 1032 1 eos 2032 1 eos 3032 1 material 2 CH eos 1032 2 eos 2032 2 eos 3032 2 c c 0.527 um laser source c source laser .527 -31 tv 0.0e-9 0.0e+19 tv 0.2e-9 4.0e+19 tv 1.2e-9 4.0e+19 tv 1.4e-9 0.0e+19 C c pparray r rcm rho pres qtot te ti tr u erad deplas c parm postdt 1.e-11
220um
180um
200um
Laser: 4 x 60J, 1.2x1013 W/cm @2w
Flat top (1ns) temporal profile
Target: Outer shell: solid CH (20 um thick) Inner part: CH foam (180um diameter) Two temperature model: electron EOS, ion EOS
0 ns 1.4 ns
1.0 ns
Laser
1.2x1013 W/cm
20 μm
foam only
6 g/cc
foam only
implosion speed of foam = 1.5 x 107 cm/sec
220 eV
220 eV
foam only
foam only
3.4
28.486
24.942
8.905
1.5575
Kb1 (keV)
0.917 7.30 25.271 / 25.044 50 Tin (Sn)
6.3 10.5 22.163 / 21.990 47 Silver (Ag)
5.96 8.96 8.048 / 8.028 29 Copper (Cu)
3.77 2.70 1.4867 / 1.4863 13 Aluminum (Al)
(106 W-1m-1) r (g/cc) K1 / K2 (keV) Z Material
fluorescent layers Ag 5 µm on the front side (signature of the fast electron source)
Sn 10 µm + Cu 10 µm on the rear side (signature of the fast electrons reaching the rear side)
CH 15 µm
propagation layer Al variable thickness 10, 20, 40, 60, 80 µm
22.5° 45°
Al 5 µm
propagation layer Al variable thickness 20, 30, 60 µm
Type A targets (with tracers on both front and rear sides)
Type B targets (with tracers only on the rear side)
Targets J. Santos
4.8 ns 7.7 ns
1st shock Breakout
2nd shock Breakout
A60 Target
Pure Al 40um
4.5ns
0.2ns 0.2ns
Compression speed of Al = 4 x 106 cm/sec
Radiation temperature of Al = 4.5 eV
1000Jx0.44x0.5=220J
3.1 x 1013 W/cm2
2ω, 5ns, Φ425um
Flat top
1000x0.44x0.5J=220J
3.1 x 1013 W/cm2
2ω, 5ns, Φ425um
Flat top
4.5ns
0.2ns 0.2ns
CH
Cu Sn
Al
Ag
Al
Compression speed of Al = 1.3 x 106 cm/sec
Al
5um
Sn
10um Cu
10um CH
15um
Al
40um
Ag
5um
TYPE A Target
Radiation temperature of Al = 2.5 eV
Te
3.5
vj (1.5 – 4) 107cm/s, rj 0.015cm, ne 3 1019cm-3 , z = 3, A = 13 cs 1.5 106cm/s, M 10 – 27, Pe (1.2 – 3.3) 102, Re (2.4 – 6.5) 104 , 500ns/10ns 50.
Polystyrene - PALS. Dec. 2008
c
geometry 1
c
c 30 zones of CH feathered inward and outward
c
mesh 1 30 .0000 .0010
region 1 30 1 1.044
material 1 CH
eos 1032 1
eos 2032 1
eos 3032 1
c
c 1.315 um laser source
c
source laser 1.315 1
gauss 0.25e-9 1.5e+22 0.25e-9
c
pparray r rcm rho pres qtot te ti tr u erad deplas
Laser: 120 J 250ps 1,315nm (1w) Gaussian diameter: 0.2 mm 1.5 x 1015 W/cm2
Target: polystyrene (CH) density: 1.044 g/cc, thickness: 0.010 mm
Two T model (EOS)
Polystyrene - PALS. Dec. 2008
c
geometry 1
c
c 30 zones of CH feathered inward and outward
c
mesh 1 30 .0000 .0010
region 1 30 1 1.044
material 1 CH
eos 1032 1
eos 2032 1
eos 3032 1
c
c 0.6575 um laser source
c
source laser 0.6575 1
gauss 0.25e-9 1.5e+22 0.25e-9
c
pparray r rcm rho pres qtot te ti tr u erad deplas
Laser: 120 J 250ps 0.6575 nm (2w) Gaussian diameter: 0.2 mm 1.5 x 1015 W/cm2
Target: polystyrene (CH) density: 1.044 g/cc, thickness: 0.010 mm
Two T model (EOS)
Zone coordinates (expanding foil) Zone coordinates (expanding foil)
Compression speed = 2 x 107 cm/s
Compression speed = 4 x 107 cm/s
30 Mbar
40 Mbar
Mass density = 4.5 g/cm3 Mass density = 5.0 g/cm3
Electron T = 110 eV Electron T = 125 eV
Radiation T = 110 eV Radiation T = 125 eV
GEKKO XII VULCAN LULI2000 TITAN PALS
Exp. parameter
Target
material
shape
CH shell
sphere
CH foam
cylinder
Al foil
planar
Al foil
planar
CH foil
planar/cylinder
Laser
energy
intensity
time profile
12x400J@2w
4x1012 W
Gaussian
4x60J @2w
1.2x1013 W/cm
Flat top
1x 220J @2w
3x1013 W/cm2
Flat top
1x 170J @2w
1.3x1014 W/cm2
Flat top
1x 120J@2w
1.5x1015 W/cm2
Gaussian
Simulation Result
Stagnation
size (diameter) 80 um 40 um NA NA NA
Implosion
Speed (max) 6 x 107 cm/s 1.5 x 107 cm/s 0.13 x107 cm/s 0.25 x 107 cm.s 4 x 107 cm/s
Material
Density (max) 5 g/cm3 6 g/cm3 6 g/cm3 7 g/cm3 5 g/cm3
Electron
Temperature 800 eV 220 eV 2.5 eV 10 eV 125 eV
Radiation
Temperature 180 eV 220 eV 2.5 eV 10 eV 125 eV
A+M data is crucial to the simulations through EOS/opacity data
1. For the future energy production, fusion energy is also a major interest of KAERI as well as nuclear power plants based on fission reaction.
2. KAERI has been doing research on the atomic spectroscopy, establishing an A+M database (AMODS), extending areas of interests to A+M physics of High Energy Density Sciences. 3. For experiments on HEDS, KAERI has established a broad collaboration network with high energy laser facilities such as RAL (UK), LULI (France), PALS center (Czech Republic), LLNL (USA), ILE (Japan), CAEP (China), and domestic institutes like APRI/GIST (Petawatt laser facility). 4. A+M data would be needed more and more for use in plasma simulations of HEDS, EOS/opacity, astrophysics, and so on. KAERI will continue to be the main source of A+M data for fusion and fission applications.