Ammonia as a marine fuel: marine engineering, safety and

DNV GL © 14 April 2019 SAFER, SMARTER, GREENERDNV GL ©

14 April 2019

George Dimopoulos PhD, DNV GL Maritime R&D and Advisory

MARITIME

Ammonia as a marine fuel: marine engineering, safety and regulatory considerations

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Ammonia for Fueling Future Energy workshop, Lisbon 13 – 14 April 2019

DNV GL © 14 April 2019

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Outline

Ships and marine applications01

Ammonia as a marine fuel02

Regulatory perspective03

Technical & Safety considerations04

Way forward – maritime 06

Shipping & trade05

NH3 ?


Ships and Marine applications

5


Ships and the maritime operating environment

6

Isolated System Safety &

Reliability

Emissions Regulations

Marine environment

Operations Crew

Energy Efficiency

Space & Weight


Ships and the maritime operating environment

▪

▪ Regulatory & Compliance requirements

▪ Multi-fuel arrangements / multi-product energy systems

▪ Fuel vs. Cargo carrying capacity Energy density of fuel

▪ Space and weight constraints Decisive

▪ Cost of fuel storage

▪ Crew competence

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Regulatory framework - Emission to Air

8

2015

SECA0.1%S

SOxNOx1st January 2015. SOx Emission Controal Areas (SECA)

introduced in North America and Europe

2020

IMO0.5%S

SCR


Regulatory framework - Emission to Air

9

2050

50%

GHG

GHG /

CO2

IMO Goals: A 50% reduction of all GHG emissions from

maritime compared to 2008 levels.


Ammonia as a marine fuel

10


Ammonia as a marine fuel – Context for introduction

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Benefit case – Why?

Technical feasibility

Safety case

Regulatory regime

Operational considerations

Bunkering availability

Legal / commercial


Ammonia as a marine fuel

13

Is it allowed for marine use? NO

YES

MAY

BE


Ammonia as fuel – A kind product?

14

Environmental

hazard (GHS09)ToxicCorrosive


Ammonia properties

15

Specific Energy (mass basis)

Ammonia 18.6 MJ/kg

LPG 49.6 MJ/kg

Methanol 19.7 MJ/kg

Methane 55.6 MJ/kg

Ethane 51.8 MJ/kg

MDO 48.0 MJ/kg

Hydrogen 141.8 MJ/kg

Specific Energy (volume basis)

▪ Storage thermodynamic conditions

▪ Tanks type, properties & materials

▪ Ammonia:

– Better liquid density than LNG & LPG


Marine experience with Ammonia

16

Ammonia carrier vessels, (> 200 ships)

Ammonia refrigeration plants on board ship

Ammonia carrier


Regulatory perspective

17


Environmental & Compliance benefits from Ammonia as marine fuel

18

Sulphur CAP 2020 – No SOx emissions

IMO GHG 2050 targets – No CO2 emissions


Regulatory framework for ammonia – does it exist?

▪ Ships with low flashpoint fuels IGF

▪ Ships carrying liquefied gasses and use

them as fuel IGC

▪ IGF vs. IGC code

▪ Stakeholders:

– IMO: International Maritime Organisation,

– Flag Administrations,

– Port States,

– Classification societies

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Fuelling Carrying as cargo


Both codes

▪ Explicit prescriptive rules only for LNG as a fuel!!!

▪ All other fuels:

▪ Proving same level of safety: Risk-based approach + Studies

20

Principle of equivalence:

If acceptable to the Administration, other cargo gases may be used as fuel,

providing that the same level of safety as natural gas (IGC) / oil-fueled (IGF)

is ensured.

Leakage Accumulation Dispersion ExplosionRisk

assessment(s)


IGF code

▪ Ammonia is permitted

▪ Equivalent level of safety to be proved

▪ Fuel storage, handling and distribution systems as per IGC code

– Located in cargo area NOT in engine room

▪ IGC does NOT permit Ammonia as a fuel

▪ Interpretation required! (but easy to convince Flag Administration)

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16.9.2 The use of cargoes (as fuel) identified as toxic products shall not be permitted.


IGC code

▪ Ammonia is NOT permitted

▪ IGC code amendment is required to allow for Ammonia as a fuel

▪ Hence:

– Ammonia may be permitted for ships not carrying Ammonia

– Ammonia is NOT permitted for ships carrying Ammonia

▪ Proposal to Amend the above needs to be initiated immediately

▪ Ammonia carriers will be the first adopters, if any

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16.9.2 The use of cargoes (as fuel) identified as toxic products shall not be permitted.


Which requirements are covered in the code

23

Cargo Tank

Cargo Area

Hold SpaceCE

Covered by cargo requirements in the IGC

Code

IGC Code Ch.16

Cargo as fuel

OR

IGF Code (if approved)

IGC Code


Technical & safety considerations

25


Technology for Ammonia as a marine fuel

▪ Reciprocating Internal Combustion Engines (marine)

– Two-stroke, slow speed is (almost) available, dual-fuel

Diesel pilot – liquid gas injection

▪ Fuel valve trains for ICE available

▪ Fuel gas handling system concept available

▪ Storage concept available

▪ Fuel cells (marine): pilot / demonstration initiatives

26


Technical considerations

▪ Knock-out drums & vent masts,

pressure relieve system

▪ Fuel delivery / return valve-trains

and lines

▪ Engine control – gas stop

▪ Automatic purging & inerting of

system lines

▪ Nitrogen generation /use on board

▪ Ammonia / gas detection

▪ Ventilation

▪ Ammonia oil-contamination

27


Shipping & Trade

28


Ammonia shipborne trade

29



30



31


Ammonia port (potential) bunkering infrastructure

32


Way forward – maritime

33


Next steps

▪ Test and qualify the technology for Ammonia as marine fuel

▪ Perform Risk assessment and detailed studies

▪ Formulate a case for IMO amendment

▪ Class rules (consolidation)

▪ Crew competence requirements

▪ Competitive asset case ?

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George Dimopoulos Ph.D.

Principal Specialist

Head of R&D and Advisory, Piraeus

E-mail [email protected]

Mobile +30 6956 200947 | Phone +30 2104100200

mailto:[email protected]

Documents

Ammonia as a marine fuel: marine engineering, safety and