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Amita Shah, Suhas P Wani, PK Joshi, KV Raju,
TK Sreedevi , YS Ramakrishna and TeamInternational Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT)
Patancheru P.O. 502 324, Andhra Pradesh, India
Amita Shah, Suhas P Wani, PK Joshi, KV Raju,
TK Sreedevi , YS Ramakrishna and TeamInternational Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT)
Patancheru P.O. 502 324, Andhra Pradesh, India
Specific ObjectivesSpecific Objectives
To critically assess the impact of various watershed development programs in India
To identify the drivers of success from the bright spots in terms of targeted objectives, enabling policies and institutions contributing towards achieving greater impact
To develop suitable institutional and technical recommendations, policy guidelines and suitable database for sustainable and efficient management of the watershed programs
ApproachApproach
Convergence and consortium
Macro- and micro-level studies
Detailed analysis of secondary data
Detailed case studies
Use new science tools
Main Emerging MessagesMain Emerging Messages
Vast potential of rainfed agriculture needs to be harnessed
Farmers’ yields are lower by 2 to 5 folds than the achievable yields.
02468
19761979198219851988199119941997200020032007Year
Yield (t ha-1 )
Observed potential yield
Rate of growth82 kg ha yr-1 -1
Rate of growth23 kg ha yr
-1 -1
Carrying capacity21 persons ha-1
Carrying capacity
4.6 perso ns ha - 1
BW 1
BW 4C
Main Emerging Messages (Contd..)
Main Emerging Messages (Contd..)
Watershed development programs in India are silently revolutionalizing the rainfed areas and can become Growth Engine for inclusive and sustainable development in vast tracts of rainfed areas in India
Watershed development programs in India are silently revolutionalizing the rainfed areas and can become Growth Engine for inclusive and sustainable development in vast tracts of rainfed areas in India
Watersheds are Revolutionalising Drylands
Watersheds are Revolutionalising Drylands
Particulars UnitNo. ofstudie
sMean Minimum
Maximum
t-value
Efficiency B:C ratio Ratio 311 2.01 0.82 7.30 35.09
IRR Per cent 162 27.43 2.03 102.70 21.75
Equity Employment Persondays ha-1 y-1
99 154.53 0.05 900.00 8.13
SustainabilityIncrease in irrigated area
Per cent 93 51.55 1.28 204.00 10.94
Increase in cropping intensity
Per cent 339 35.51 3.00 283.00 14.96
Runoff reduced
Per cent 83 45.72 0.38 96.00 9.36
Soil loss saved
t ha-1 y-1 72 1.12 0.11 2.05 47.21
Crop yields in Adarsha Watershed Kothapally during 1999-2007
Crop yields in Adarsha Watershed Kothapally during 1999-2007
Crop 1998 base-line yield
Yield (Kg ha -1)
1999-2000
2000-
2001
2001-2002
2002-2003
2003-2004
2004-2005
20052006
2006-
2007
Ave-rage
yields
SE+
Sole maize 1500 3250 3750 3300 3480 3920 3420 3920
3635 3640 283.3
Improved Intercropped maizeTraditional inter-cropped Maize
-
-
2700
700
2790
1600
2800
1600
3083
1800
3129
1950
2950
2025
3360
2275
3180
2150
3030
1785
263.0
115.6
Improved inter-cropped pigeonpea
Traditional inter-cropped pigeonpea
190 640
200
940
180
800
-
720
-
950
-
680
-
925
-
970
-
860
190
120.3
-
Improved Sole SorghumTraditional Sole Sorghum
-
1070
3050
1070
3170
1010
2600
940
2425
910
2290
952
2325
1025
2250
1083
2085
995
2530
1000
164.0120.7
Intercropped Sorghum
- 1770 1940 2200 - 2110 1980 1960
1850 1970 206.0
Convergence
Collective action
Capacity building
PPP-business model to promote high-value crops
Technical Backstopping
Convergence
Collective action
Capacity building
PPP-business model to promote high-value crops
Technical Backstopping
Scaling-up of WatershedsScaling-up of Watersheds
Drivers of Collective ActionDrivers of Collective Action
Tangible economic benefits for individuals
Income-generating activities
High-value crops
Holistic approach – IGNRM approach
Tangible economic benefits for individuals
Income-generating activities
High-value crops
Holistic approach – IGNRM approach
Main Emerging Messages (Contd..)
Main Emerging Messages (Contd..)
Knowledge-based entry point activity is more effective for better and sustainable community participation than the regular cash back EPA currently adopted in the watershed programs
Knowledge-based entry point activity is more effective for better and sustainable community participation than the regular cash back EPA currently adopted in the watershed programs
Multiple benefits from watersheds for society Strategic research in the area of
quantification and economic valuation of such services
Strategies for development in low and high rainfall areas, emerging second generation problems
New tools in the area of social and biophysical sciences;
Policies for M&E and IA needs to be undertaken
Main Emerging Messages (Contd..)
Main Emerging Messages (Contd..)
Main Emerging Messages (Contd..)
Main Emerging Messages (Contd..)
Capacity building is the weakest link for scaling-up meaningful watershed programs
Capacity building is the weakest link for scaling-up meaningful watershed programs
Targeted interventions to benefit women and other vulnerable groups
New science tools Participatory approach ICT for CB Transparency
Targeted interventions to benefit women and other vulnerable groups
New science tools Participatory approach ICT for CB Transparency
Empowerment of Vulnerable Groups
Empowerment of Vulnerable Groups
1. Unify the efforts around a new paradigm which shifts the objectives from merely drought-proofing and agricultural production to: sustainably increasing agricultural productivity, reducing poverty, protecting the environment, and building human and natural resource resilience to cope with future challenges, including climate change
2. Common guidelines with a single effective national and state mechanism, better use of technology and a move from a subsistence to a business model by establishing market links and public private partnerships
Way Forward: Recommendations
Watershed policies and guidelines
Way Forward: Recommendations
Watershed policies and guidelines
3.To help meet the national goal to conserve, manage and efficiently use scarce water resources, watersheds need to be recognized as the most appropriate framework in which various agencies concerned with surface, ground and drinking water and sanitation can interface to a common purpose.
4. Macro watersheds of 1,200 ha and above have achieved impacts more effectively than micro-watersheds of 500 ha.
Way Forward: Recommendations Watershed policies and guidelines
Way Forward: Recommendations Watershed policies and guidelines (Contd
..)
5.We recommend the establishment of consortia comprising the key research and development institutions, Civil Society Organizations and the private sector. Secondly, the engagement of quality service providers to augment what can be achieved by individual programmes in capacity building, technical backstopping, and knowledge dissemination to improve performance. Finally, we recommend the implementation period be extended from five years to seven to eight years
Way Forward: Recommendations Watershed policies and guidelines
Way Forward: Recommendations Watershed policies and guidelines (Contd
..)
6.Knowledge-based entry point activities which deliver immediate tangible economic benefits, and so capture the attention and enthusiasm of the community and promotes collective action by building self sufficiency
7.The current funding of watershed programmes is insufficient to effectively embrace social, environmental, and sustainability objectives. The performance of watersheds would be greatly improved by attending to the following aspects of funding: • To provide new funds for seeding income-generating
activities, capacity development and CPR development• Timely release and flexibility to meet location specific
needs• For Monitoring and Evaluation including for the
application of new science tools
Way Forward: Recommendations
Watershed policies and guidelines
Way Forward: Recommendations
Watershed policies and guidelines (Contd..)
8. We recommend a sum of Rs.20,000/- hectare for integrated watershed development. In order to effectively deal with sustained income generation, capacity building, monitoring, and technology generation and to extend treatment coverage throughout each watershed will require additional funds. These may not entirely be new money
9. The Project Implementation Agency and Panchayati Raj Institutions, particularly the Gram Sabhas, should have clearer roles and responsibilities. Panchayati Raj Institutions should play an important role in the governance of watersheds and in post-project support
(Contd..)
Way Forward: Recommendations
Watershed policies and guidelines
Way Forward: Recommendations
Watershed policies and guidelines
10.The performance and sustainability of watersheds can be substantially improved by exploring the option of strengthening and supporting small area groups in place of user groups in their planning and execution
11.Mid-term evaluation, impact assessment after programme completion and post-project evaluation after four to five years will enable implementing agencies to make mid-course corrections and governments to adjust policy. M&E information should be put in the public domain
Way Forward: Recommendations
Institutional Arrangements
Way Forward: Recommendations
Institutional Arrangements
12.We recommend an assessment be made that takes in to account total environmental and socio-economic impacts. Such a broad assessment would best be conducted across different agro-ecologies together at sub-basin level supported by simulation modelling
Way Forward: Recommendations
Monitoring and EvaluationMonitoring and Evaluation
Way Forward: Recommendations
Monitoring and EvaluationMonitoring and Evaluation
13. Baseline information and needs-assessment in a uniform format must be undertaken before funds for works are released.
• Limited indicators • Participatory evaluation • Independent agency • New science tools
14. Cost-effective and sustainable watershed development. Use hydrological and environmental data from benchmark watershed for each agro-eco-region and district. This will also enable an assessment of impacts outside the watersheds. Such work needs adequate financial support
Way Forward: Recommendations
Monitoring and EvaluationMonitoring and Evaluation
Way Forward: Recommendations
Monitoring and EvaluationMonitoring and Evaluation(Contd..)
15.Although, watershed approaches seem to have universal application for effective management of natural resources, sustainable agricultural production and income generation; the comprehensive assessment showed that one size fits all approach did not work. Need different interventions for higher and lower rainfall regions.
Way Forward: Recommendations
TechnologyTechnology
Way Forward: Recommendations
TechnologyTechnology
16. The CA has identified a range of best-bet options, for major and widespread impact on poverty reduction, environmental improvement, agricultural productivity and resilience.
17.Widespread deficiencies of secondary and micro-nutrients are severely holding back crop productivity. At a stroke, government could increase crop yields by 30-80% with an initiative to diagnose soil health in rainfed areas and apply appropriate remediation
18.There is a need to build capacity within the research establishment to undertake effective technology development for poor people.
19.We recommend extending government’s emphasis on “Information and Communication Technology (ICT)” for the rapid transfer of appropriate information to the various stakeholders within a watershed and link farmers to markets
Way Forward: Recommendations
TechnologyTechnology
Way Forward: Recommendations
TechnologyTechnology(Contd..)
20.To date, water policy has focused on augmentation of supply, this now needs to be expanded to embrace water demand management and water use efficiency. There are a number of aspects: • Drinking water needs• Devise and implement policies to regulate groundwater
extraction • Ban the cultivation of high water requiring crops such
as paddy and sugarcane in watershed areas • Encourage cultivation of low-water requiring crops with
market incentives. • Promote efficient irrigation methods through water-
saving devices and the creation of community-based water assets
Way Forward: Recommendations
TechnologyTechnology
Way Forward: Recommendations
TechnologyTechnology(Contd..)
21.Advances in weather forecasting have created opportunities to reduce farming risks and mitigate the effects of climate change. The use of long-range weather forecasts for crop planning and of medium and short-range weather forecasts for crop management should become the norm
Way Forward:
Recommendations TechnologyTechnology
Way Forward:
Recommendations TechnologyTechnology
(Contd..)
22.Equity and gender concerns regarding women, the resource-less and those without adequate representation need to be brought to the forefront of watershed planning and execution.
• Emphasis on women’s active participation
• Gender concerns should form non-negotiable components of the initial phase
• Adequate representation of women and vulnerable groups in decision making committees
Way Forward: Recommendations
Gender and Vulnerable Groups
Way Forward: Recommendations
Gender and Vulnerable Groups
23. Common property resources can effectively be regenerated as pasture and biofuel and energy plantations and used to generate income when managed by vulnerable groups.
24. New income and market opportunities are emerging with watershed interventions. This calls for a comprehensive support for capacity building, credit and market links through increased and clearly defined financial allocations.
25. Once again, there are clear opportunities to use watershed programmes for improving co-ordination between government programmes dealing with employment, literacy and numeracy, sanitation, child care and nutrition.
Way Forward: Recommendations
Gender and Vulnerable Groups
Way Forward: Recommendations
Gender and Vulnerable Groups (Contd..)
Lead Authors
Suhas P Wani, PK Joshi, KV Raju, TK Sreedevi, Marcella D’Souza, Amita Shah, PG Diwakar, K Palanisami, S Marimuthu, YS Ramakrishna, Meenakshi Sundaram
Contributory Authors
AK Jha, GP Guyal, Mike Wilson, Piara Singh, P Pathak, Crispino Lobo, RC Sachan, Kiran Raverkar, FA Shaheen, Sachin Sinha, B Ramkumar, K Tirupataiah, Santhi Kumari, Sandeep Dave, Subhash Chandra, HN Singh, Abraham Samuel, J Joy, Suhas Paranjape, Sachin Oza, Viren Lobo, Suvendu, TK Bhati, Suresh Kumar
Lead and Contributing Lead and Contributing AuthorsAuthors
Ram Chandradu, Dharmishta Chowhan, Jyotsna Sitling, Prabhat Kumar, Shailendra Tewari, Banerjee, Kulkarni, Mandal, Chaya Datar, AVR Kesava Rao, Ch Srinivasa Rao, Kanchan Chopra, David Radicliffe, Michel Gluck, NK Sanghi, DK Marothia, KV Rao, MD Osman, Srinath Dixit, VN Sharada, B Venkateswarlu, PK Mishra, AV Padmanabhan, G Subba Reddy, GR Korwar, Shankar, DLN Rao, GV Ranga Rao, Suresh Pande, OP Rupela, S Desai, Peter, AK Mishra, Deep Joshi, SP Tucker, R Parthasarathy, S Nedumaran, Rosana P Mula, RL Shiyani, RS Dwivedi, Dadhwal, Tushar Shah, KN Reddy, RS Deshpande, Anupam Das, PV Veera Raju , Ravindra, TS Vamsidhar Reddy
Supporting AuthorsSupporting Authors
Participating Organizations Participating Organizations
Impact Policies Institutions Approach/case studies
NCAP NCAP Jungarh Agri Univ
Jungarh Agri Univ TNAU TNAU
TNAU WALMI, Bhopal WALMI, Bhopal
WALMI, Bhopal IGAU, Raipur IGAU, Raipur
ISEC, Bangalore NABARD NABARD
CRIDA ISEC, Bangalore ISEC, Bangalore
IEG, Delhi WASSAN WASSAN
ISRO CRIDA FES, Rajasthan
ICRISAT IEG, Delhi CRIDA
IWMI ICRISAT IEG, Delhi
WOTR IWMI ICRISAT
BAIF Rajiv Gandhi mission for watershed development, MP
GBPUA&T, Pantnagar
Pragna, Hyderabad GIDR, Ahmedabad WOTR
CSWCRTI, Dehradun BAIF
GIDR, Ahmedabad Pragna, Hyderabad
CAZRI, Jodhpur CSWCRTI, Dehradun
GIDR, Ahmedabad
CAZRI, Jodhpur
THANK YOU.THANK YOU.