American Reform

Education

Public schools throughout the US, but few finished

Kindergartens est. for working mothers

Schools very different for whites & blacks Excluded from high schools

Basic skills taught

Industrial Age

New emphasis on advanced skillsNew courses offered (drafting,

mechanics, etc.)Immigrants & school

Encouraged to finish school Became immersed in American lifestyle Catholics start to est. religious schools

Growth of Higher Education

1900- 2.3% of Americans attended college

#’s increasing due to industryResearch, law, medicine, social

sciencesIncrease for Blacks also

Est. schools (Fisk & Howard)

Race Issues

13th, 14th & 15th Amendments grant more rights

Early years- blacks able to exercise their rights… changes after Reconstruction (1877)

Many Southern white determined the limit the movements and rights Voting

Literacy testPoll taxGrandfather clause

Jim Crow Laws

Laws passed in southern states to limit the rights . . . Supreme Court doesn’t overturn these laws

Separate the races in all aspects of society . . . known as Jim Crow laws Old minstrels song “Jump, Jim Crow”

www.Psb.org

Library Of Congress

Plessy v. Ferguson

http://us.history.wisc.edu/hist102/weblect/lec02/02_05.htm

Discrimination

Occurred in all areas!Early 1900’s many blacks start to

move to N. cities ($$)Segregated neighborhoods, low

paying jobs (if any), difficult to join Unions

Booker T. Washington & W.E.B. Du Bois

Washington- wanted fellow blacks to obtain useful skills Tuskegee Normal & Industrial Institute

W.E.B. Du Bois- disagreed with Wash. Pushed for liberal arts ed. For future

leaders Est. Niagara Movement Talented 10th

Progressive Era

1900 reforms a hot issue (middle class)

Progressive Mov’t goals: Protect social welfare Promote morality Economic reform Fostering efficiency

Video!

1. Social Welfare

Attempts to help the poor (remember the settlement houses??)

Organizations- YMCA & Salvation Army est. community centers, soup kitchens, nurseries

Work to decrease the hours for women & children in factories

2. Promote social improvement

Reformers want people to take the initiative to change their lot

Prohibition- outlaw alcohol Feared American morals were declining 1874 Women’s Temperance Mov’t Entered saloons singing & preaching

about the evils Sometimes seen as anti-

Immigrant….why??

US Marshals destroying

alcohol

3. Economic Reform

1893 Panic & unequal distribution of wealth worries many

Turn to SocialismEugene V. Debs

org. American Socialist Party 1901

Muckrakers

Journalists try to expose the corrupt practices

Known as muckrakers Ida M. Tardell- History

of Standard Oil looks at Rockefeller’s practices

Upton Sinclair Video!

4. Efficiency

Factory work isn’t efficient b/c of long hours, fatigue, and fast work

Introduction of Assembly line Makes a product faster,

but wears down on workers

Henry Ford est. 8 hour work day to help the problem