American Civilization FINAL REVIEW

7/31/2019 American Civilization FINAL REVIEW

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American Civilization:

Review for Final Exam

June 17th

OR 18th

in Class!!


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From Earlier Lectures & Homework

KNOW:

A few causes of the American Revolution(acts/events)

Boston Massacre

Boston Tea Party

First President of the United States

AND.ANYTHING from any homework or

QUIZ (graded or not!!!)


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Louisiana Purchase (1803)

Port of New Orleans was a vital part of theAmerican economy. Jefferson, James Monroe,

Robert Livingston, were important figures.

Largely to avoid war with the United States,

France offered to sell the entirety of Louisiana

(827,000 square miles) to the U.S. for 15 million

dollars. (a small amount)

Doubled the size of the U.S.


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Lewis and Clark- 1803-1806

Meriwether Lewis & William Clark (official start ofexpedition 1804

Sent to explore newly acquired lands of the LouisianaPurchase.

Went as far west as Oregon and as far north as North

Dakota Had a mixed party (or Corps of Discovery)

including various European immigrants, a slave namedYork, and the Shoshone Indian Sacagawea

Discovered new flora & fauna, and a number of new

animals (previously unknown) such as the grizzly bear,bighorn sheep, and mountain goats.

Democratic, though at the end York and Sacagaweawere not given the credit they were due.


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Monroe Doctrine - 1823

Issued by U.S. President James Monroe

A message to the European Powers thatcolonization of the Western Hemisphere

(specifically North and South America)would not be tolerated. Monroe called fornon-intervention into the affairs of NewWorld nations by Europe.

Also pledged American restraint frominvolvement in European affairs


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Abolition

Abolition was the movement to end slavery and free theslaves.

William Lloyd Garrison was one of the most importantabolitionists.

Women played an important role in the abolitionist

movement. Emancipation became a moral issue for abolitionists.

A few prominent abolitionists were: David Walker,Frederick Douglass, Harriet Tubman, and William Lloyd

Garrison.Q: What were immediatists and gradualists ?


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The Underground Railroad

An underground (secret) organization that helped slaves escape

from the south to the north.

Stations included houses with hiding places, trapdoors, and secret

passageways.

Harriett Tubman was one of most famous organizers of theUnderground Railroad.

Q: Was this really a

railroad?


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Manifest Destiny

The belief that American expansion westward andsouthward was inevitable, just, and divinely ordained..

Labeled Manifest Destiny by editor John L. OSullivan in

1845

Texas and Oregon were two territories where this beliefbecame a reality


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Brook Farm & Ralph Waldo

Emerson (1841-1847) Brook Farm was a utopian community

West Roxbury, Massachusetts (close to Boston)

Inspired by transcendentalism or the belief that the spiritual wasmore important than the physical or material

Rejected materialism

Lived in rural communities, valued spirituality, manual labor,intellectual life, and play

Brook Farm and its ideals helped create one of the most importantliterary movements in the United States. This was known as theRomantic or American Renaissance period.

The most important writers of this period were:

Henry David ThoreauRalph Waldo Emerson

Herman Melville

Nathaniel Hawthorne


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John Browns Raid on Harpers

Ferry On October 16, 1859 the abolitionist John Brown led a group of 18

men (both black & white) in an attack on the federal arsenal locatedat Harpers Ferry, in Virginia

The intent was to incite a slave rebellion but the attack failed

Brown was caught, put on trial, and executed soon after the attack.

Brown, and his failed assault, came to be a symbol for theabolitionist movement. He was a holy warrior in the cause ofending slavery


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Uncle Toms Cabin

Published in 1852, the novel UncleTomsCabin, by Harriet BeecherStowe, portrayed the humanity and suffering of slaves...

By 1853 it had sold over one million copies.

Indicted the practice of slavery and its ill effects.

Helped gain more support for the abolitionist movement.


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Secession, Confederate States,

and Civil War Over the issue of slaverys legal status,

the nation became divided

December 20, 1860 marked the beginning of a series ofsecessions, with South Carolina passing the first

ordinance to secede. In February 1861 a separate government was formedout of the pro-slavery states

They were known as the Confederates States ofAmerica and at first included: Mississippi, Florida,

Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas. Jefferson Davis was elected as their president.

War officially began on April 12, 1861 at Fort Sumter inCharleston Harbor


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Union States and Confederate

States


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Emancipation Proclamation

A declaration that slaves

in the Southern (confederate)

states would be free.

Issued by Abraham Lincoln

On January 1, 1863

Paved the way for the 13th,

14th, and 15th Amendments


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13th Amendment

An amendment to the Constitution that

prohibited slavery, firmly outlawing the

practice. Involuntary servitude was now

against the law.

Passed in 1865

Congress now had the power to enforce

the Amendment


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14th Amendment

An Amendment to the Constitution that

granted citizenship to African-Americans,

predominantly former slaves.

Passed in 1866


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15th Amendment

An Amendment to the Constitution

granting the right to vote to African-

Americans.

Passed in 1869, put into law in 1870


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Reconstruction

A plan to rebuild the economy and

infrastructure of the parts of the United

States affected by the Civil War.

Q: How successful was Reconstruction?


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Negative Consequences & Issues Devastating Casualties due to illness

More Union troops died from illness than from battle field

wounds. (224,000 vs. 140,000)

Racism

Confederate Flag


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Black Codes

Rewritten slave codes which attempted to

put newly freed slaves back into a position

of inferiority.

Former slaves were forced to carry

passes, abide by a curfew, live in specified

housing, and enter into less desirable jobs


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National Park System

Purpose? To protect the naturallandscape and help the conservation

movement.

The First National Park was?YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK

1872 -Wyoming


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Machine Age

Thomas Edison 1878, perfected the light bulb for the mass market Henry Ford Ford Motor Company started operations in 1903

Q: What was one cause of Fords success?

Other inventions:

Cigarette Rolling Machine 1876 James Bonsack

Sewing Machine1850s perfected by Howe & Singer

Telephone1870s inventor disputed to Alexander Graham Bell


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Gilded Age The term Gilded Age was coined by the American

author Mark Twain (his real name was Samuel

Clemens)

Due to the extreme development and wealth which

began to spring up all over the country, the age was

seen to be gilded or covered with gold.Q: Was this wealth in the hands of the whole

population or a few elites?


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Robber Barons

Robber Barons or Captains of Industry

were wealthy and influential capitalists who

often owned many different corporations

and companies. Often their tactics were shrewd

and sometimes illegal or questionable

Q: Who were a few Robber Barons?

What were their industries?

John D. Rockefeller, Andrew Carnegie


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Monopolies

A monopoly iswhen one company

controls an entire

market for oneproduct.

Q: Examples?

oil

steel

Railroads


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Plessy v Ferguson

An 1896 Supreme Court decisionwhich legalized segregation with

the doctrine Separate but equal.

Q: what type of segregation was legal under

this doctrine?


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Muckrakers To combat unsanitary and corrupt

practices of industry andRobber Barons, muckraking journalists

Began to expose these dirty and corrupt

Practices. Upton Sinclair wrote The Jungle

(1906) to address the conditions in the Chicago

meatpacking industry.

Q: What changes were

made as a result of

The Jungle?Meat Inspection Act

The Pure Food & Drug Act


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Roaring Twenties/Jazz Age

Due to an increase in wealth and development anew culture of leisure developed including:

Baseball leagues, new dances, flappers, more

public acceptance of jazz music.

Organized crime also began to become more common,due mostly to Prohibition.


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Prohibition 18th Amendment

Passed in 1919, Prohibition outlawed the sale

and production of alcoholic beverages.

Q: What was one significant consequence

of Prohibition?

Q: When was this

Amendment repealed?

Organized crime!!

1933 with the 21st

Amendment


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Wizard Of Oz Originally intended as a political parable and indictment of the push for a

gold standard. (a promotion for the silver standard.)

Dorothy represents the common people

The Tin Man represents industrial workers

The Scarecrow represents farmers

The Lion represents William Jennings Bryan

In the original story Dorothys slippers are silver (ruby in the film).

The Wizard represents the government (behind the curtain).


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Margaret Sanger

Womens rights activistand advocate for birth control

For simply sending information

About contraception through the mail

She was indicted in 1914 for violating postal obscenity laws Founder of the American Birth

Control League (now, Planned Parenthood)


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19th Amendment

With this Amendment, womenwere at last given the right to vote!

1920


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Great Depression 1929

The Great Depression was a time of widespread

and extreme economic instability.

Many people lost their jobs

The main cause was the stock market crash ofOctober 29, 1929 known as Black Tuesday, as a

result of over-speculation and the calling in of

credit.


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Franklin Delano Roosevelts New

Deal

Mass implementation of

Public work programs

Fireside Chats Eventually helped

end the Great Depression


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Pearl Harbor

On December 7, 1941 Japan attacked theUnited States naval base at Pearl Harbor in

Hawaii.

2,403 casualties Congress voted

To declare war on

Japan, virtually

Unanimously, the

next day.


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World War II

In response to U.S. entryinto the war, Germany and

Italy declared war on the

U.S. The Second World War

was now underway.

Who were a few allies of the United States?

Who were a few of their enemies?

Great BritainFrance

Russia

Germany

Italy

Japan


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Atomic Bombs Hiroshima On August 6th 1945, the first atomic

bomb to be used in warfare was dropped on this

Japanese city by an American plane.

Nagasaki A second atomic bomb was dropped

on August 9th 1945, on this city.

In Hiroshima 130,000 people were killed, with

countless others affected by the nuclearfallout.

Nagasaki saw the deaths of 60,000 people.

Q: What effect did the

bombings have on thewar?

The war was ended.


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Cold War

A post-war, ideologicalstruggle to control spheres of influence

after World War II.

The two main sides of this war were

the West (US) and the East (USSR)

One of the first disputes of the Cold War

was in Poland over the nature of the government,

communist vs. democratic.

Rather than traditional fighting, the Cold War

consisted mainly of espionage, propaganda, andideological battles.

Q: Were there any other sides to this war?OR was it only the USA vs. USSR?

M C h i Th S d Wi h


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McCarthyism: The Second Witch

Hunt As a result of the Cold War and the red scarea climate of paranoia and finger-pointing sprang up

in the United States, in which millions of people were

investigated, accused, and/or arrested for being

suspected communists or communist

sympathizers.

Senator Joseph McCarthy was the

main leader of these witch hunts to find

Communists within the United States.

He routinely accused Americans from

all walks of life (including celebrities,

and politicians) of un-American activities

or Communist party membership.

Q: Why was McCarthyism considered awitch hunt?


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What Happens to a Dream

Deferred?

Civil Rights in Post-war America

Langston Hughes Rosa ParksMiles Davis

Martin Luther King Jr.


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Lennox Avenue Mural

What happens to a dream deferred?Does it dry uplike a raisin in the sun?Or fester like a sore-And then run?

Does it stink like rotten meat?Or crust and sugar over-like a syrupy sweet?

Maybe it just sags like a heavy load.

Or does it explode?

-Langston Hughes


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I, Too

I, too, sing America

I am the darker brother.They send me to eat in the kitchenWhen company comes,

But I laugh,And eat well,And grow strong.

Tomorrow,I'll be at the tableWhen company comes. . .

-Langston Hughes


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Harlem Renaissance Figures

Countee Cullen

Poet

Zora Neal Hurston

Novelist

Duke EllingtonMusician


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A Raisin in the Sun

Broadway play debuting in 1959 Written by Lorraine Hansberry

First play written by a black woman to

be produced on Broadway

Original cast included Sidney Poitier &

Louis Gossett Jr.

B B d f Ed ti


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Brown v. Board of Education

(1954)

This Supreme Court decision deemed the earlier doctrine of

separate but equal education unconstitutional.

The earlier case, Plessy v. Ferguson (1896), had established the

practice of separate but equal education for black and white

students.

But..was this immediately accepted?

P t t R b lli B tt


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Protest, Rebellion, Boycotts

Rosa ParksMontgomery Alabama 1955

Martin Luther King

Statewide Bus Boycotts Supreme Court outlawed Bus

Segregation as a result in 1956


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CORE SNCC & Freedom


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CORE, SNCC, & Freedom

Rides

CORE

SNCC

Freedom Ridesblacks and whites traveled together onbuses going through the South, to try to break the segregationpattern in interstate travel.

Q: How were Freedom Riders treated in the segregated South?

Congress of Racial Equality

Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee

SNCC Nonviolence and Civil


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SNCC, Nonviolence and Civil

Disobedience

The March on Washington


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The March on Washington

In Washington, D.C. in 1963, Martin Luther King

delivered his most famous speech to a crowd of

more than 200,000 people. I have a dream.


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Civil Right Acts 1964-1965

In August 1965, Lyndon Johnson signed into law the Voting Rights

Act, which provided federal registration of black voters to ensure

their protection.

But..at the same time the most violent

riots since the second world war were breakingout all over the United States!!

Black Militancy Malcolm X & The


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Black Militancy, Malcolm X, & The

Black Panthers


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From Ch. 31-33

KNOW:

Peace Corps (what is, why was it created,who created it, when?)

Fulbright Program (same info as above) Watergate Scandal

Pentagon Papers

Reaganomics Rodney King & Los Angeles riots


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Uncle Sam says:

To this PASS this examby studying hard, NOTby writing answers ontiny pieces of paper andholding them during theexam. (I heard Nathanhas excellent eyesight

Documents

American Civilization FINAL REVIEW