2010 River Civilization Review

8/9/2019 2010 River Civilization Review

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Farming and the Emergence

of Complex Societies10,000 1,000 BCE.


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Farming andFarming andcomplex societies?complex societies?

Where did theyWhere did they

come from?come from?

I thoughtI thought

we were stillwe were still

hunting andhunting and

gathering!gathering!


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Today10k years ago200k yrs ago

Big Era 2

and changesand changes

have alwayshave always

beenbeenand stilland still

arearepart ofpart of

human history.human history.

Big Eras 3-9Big Era 1

Farming andFarming and

complexcomplex

societies are thesocieties are the

result ofresult of

CHANGECHANGE


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200k yrs ago

Human Origins

Today10k years ago

Big Era 2


Homo erectus doing lunch

You willYou will

probably recallprobably recall

that lifethat life200,000 years200,000 years

ago life lookedago life looked

something likesomething like

this.this.


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10k years ago200k yrs ago

Human Origins

Today

Big Era 2


Homo sapiens at home

190,000 years later,190,000 years later,

around 10,000 B.C. lifearound 10,000 B.C. lifelooked more like this:looked more like this:


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1,000 years ago Today

Big Eras 4-9

10,000 years ago

Big Era 3

Big Era 2

Changes that occurred over time during the PaleolithicChanges that occurred over time during the Paleolithic

Age.Age.

1.1. Homo sapiensHomo sapiens appear.appear.2.2. Language develops.Language develops.

3.3. Habitats expand.Habitats expand.

4.4. Technologymultiplies.Technologymultiplies.

5.5. Wall painting andWall painting and

sculpture are created.sculpture are created.End of Big Era Two

(Beginning ofBig Era 3)


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Keep those changesKeep those changes

in mind, as we lookin mind, as we lookat life 9000 years laterat life 9000 years later

around1,000 B.C.around1,000 B.C.

1,000 years ago10,000 years ago Today

Big Era 3



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1,000 years ago10,000 years ago Today

Big Era 3



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Quite a few,Quite a few,

Huh?Huh?

Notice anyNotice any

Differences?Differences?


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Jot down someJot down some

notes on whatnotes on what

events you thinkevents you think

might havemight have

taken placetaken placebetween 10,000between 10,000

and 1,000 BCE.and 1,000 BCE.

HERE?HERE toto

So, how did weSo, how did we

get fromget from


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which reflects thewhich reflects theDOMESTICATIONDOMESTICATION ofof

and plantsand plantsanimalsanimals


Big Eras 4-9

10,000 years ago

Big Era 3

Big Era 2

One of the major changes isOne of the major changes is

reflected in this frieze on areflected in this frieze on a

wall in Mesopotamia (todaywall in Mesopotamia (todayIraq) :Iraq) :


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Have you herdHave you herdabout pastoralism?about pastoralism?

Domestication of plants and animals

was a monumental change.

It resulted in the new way ofIt resulted in the new way of

living we know asliving we know as

FARMINGFARMING

(AGRICULTURE)(AGRICULTURE)


Big Eras 4-9

10,000 years ago

Big Era 3

Big Era 2

which included bothwhich included both

PASTORALISMPASTORALISM

(herding sheep, goats, cattle,(herding sheep, goats, cattle,

horses, and camels),horses, and camels),

andand


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CropCrop--growinggrowing(cultivating domesticated(cultivating domesticated

plants),plants),

andand


Big Eras 4-9

10,000 years ago

Big Era 3

Big Era 2


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the development ofthe development of

FARMINGFARMING

COMMUNITIESCOMMUNITIES


Big Eras 4-9

10,000 years ago

Big Era 3

Big Era 2


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MesoamericaMesoamerica

AndesAndes AmazoniaAmazonia

Eastern North AmericaEastern North America

NewGuineaNewGuinea

ChinaChina

EthiopiaEthiopia

WestWestAfricaAfrica

Fertile CrescentFertile Crescent

Between about 12,000 and 1,000 BCE, farmingBetween about 12,000 and 1,000 BCE, farming

appeared INDEPENDENTLY in a number of places,appeared INDEPENDENTLY in a number of places,

possibly in all of the places marked in red on the map.possibly in all of the places marked in red on the map.


Big Eras 4-9

10,000 years ago

Big Era 3

Big Era 2

Nile valleyNile valley


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Prior to farming,Prior to farming,

population size in anypopulation size in any

one area was limitedone area was limitedby the availability of wildby the availability of wild

game, grain, berries,game, grain, berries,

seeds, and nuts.seeds, and nuts.

Farming and the large,Farming and the large,relatively dependablerelatively dependable

crops it providescrops it provides

allowed forallowed for

POPULATIONPOPULATION

INTENSIFICATIONINTENSIFICATION

That meansThat means

population increasespopulation increases

in certain areas.in certain areas.

Population in thosePopulation in those

areas became bothareas became both

larger and denser.larger and denser.


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At the same time,At the same time,

farmers in somefarmers in some

places were, in spiteplaces were, in spiteof population growth,of population growth,

able to produceable to produce

SURPLUS food.SURPLUS food.

What doesWhat does

SURPLUSSURPLUS

FOODFOOD

PRODUCTIONPRODUCTION

mean for amean for a

society?society?


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SURPLUSFOODSURPLUSFOOD

PRODU

CTIO

NPRODU

CTIO

N

means that notmeans that not

everyone has to groweveryone has to grow

food or tend animals.food or tend animals.

They can take on otherThey can take on othertasks. They cantasks. They can

specialize in some nonspecialize in some non--

farming task.farming task.


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This is calledThis is called

Job Specialization.Job Specialization.

Men and women mayMen and women may

become:become:

WeaversWeavers Stone MasonsStone Masons

PottersPotters

PriestsPriests

ScribesScribes

TradersTraders

Army officersArmy officers


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So, lets have aSo, lets have aquick review of thatquick review of that

last sequence oflast sequence of

events.events.


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Domestication of Plants and AnimalsDomestication of Plants and Animals

FarmingFarming

Surplus FoodSurplus Food SpecializationSpecializationPopulationPopulation

IntensificationIntensification

Complex Society,Complex Society,

also known asalso known as

CIVILIZ

ATIO

NCIVILIZ

ATIO

N


Big Eras 4-9

10,000 years ago

Big Era 3

Big Era 2


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Hint, hint!Hint, hint!

You might wantYou might want

to make a noteto make a note

of these as weof these as we

go along.go along.

Civilizations have a numberCivilizations have a number

of elements in common.of elements in common.


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CivilizationCivilization

Remember it.Remember it.Write it down.Write it down.

Did you catchDid you catch

that term?that term?

Can youCan you

definedefine

it?it?


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Elements of civilization include:Elements of civilization include:

Mohenjo Daro

Hammurabis

Law Code

Its the

law

Pharaohs

1)1) AdvancedAdvancedCitiesCities

2) Complex Institutions2) Complex Institutions

(Central governments )(Central governments )

And Law codesAnd Law codes


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1)1) AdvancedAdvanced

CitiesCities


(Central governments )(Central governments )

and law codesand law codes

Elements of Civilization include:Elements of Civilization include:

Can you identifyCan you identifythe societythe society

representedrepresented

by each of these twoby each of these two

writing samples?writing samples?

3) Writing and3) Writing and

record keepingrecord keeping


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3) Writing and3) Writing andrecord keepingrecord keeping

4) Specialized Jobs4) Specialized Jobs

Full-time monk

1)1)AdvancedAdvanced

CitiesCities

2) Central Governments2) Central Governmentsand law codesand law codes



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5) Advanced5) Advanced

TechnologiesTechnologies

Chariot

4) Specialized jobs4) Specialized jobs

Bronze Sword



CitiesCities

2) Complex Institutions2) Complex Institutions(Central governments)(Central governments)

and law codesand law codes



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Now, looking back

over this period oftime, lets review the

major changes.


Big Eras 4-9

10,000 years ago

Big Era 3

Big Era 2


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Domestication of Plants and AnimalsDomestication of Plants and Animals

FarmingFarming

Surplus FoodSurplus Food SpecializationSpecializationPopulationPopulation

IntensificationIntensification

Complex Society,Complex Society,

also known asalso known as

CIVILIZ

ATIO

NCIVILIZ

ATIO

N


Big Eras 4-9

10,000 years ago

Big Era 3

Big Era 2


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That translates into:That translates into:

FarmersFarmers

HerdersHerders

CitiesCities

Central governmentsCentral governments

ArmiesArmies

Monumental buildingsMonumental buildings

Written languageWritten language

Social hierarchiesSocial hierarchies

Complex belief systemsComplex belief systems

In 10,000 B.C. none of these existed in the world. By 1,000 B.C. they all did.In 10,000 B.C. none of these existed in the world. By 1,000 B.C. they all did.


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.

Not only has life changedNot only has life changed

culturally andculturally and

technologically, but alsotechnologically, but also

the rate of change hasthe rate of change has

accelerated.accelerated.

10k years ago

Art

200k yrs ago

Language

Big Era 2

Big Era 1

Today

Big

Eras4-9

1k years ago

Dogs, sheep. goats,horses, wheat,rice,Dogs, sheep. goats,horses, wheat,rice,

chiles,potatoeschiles,potatoesall domesticatedall domesticated

Plow farmingPlow farming

Law CodesLaw Codes

ChariotsChariots

Temple buildingTemple building

SailingtechnologySailingtechnology

CopperCopper

smeltingsmelting

AlphabetAlphabet

WheelWheel

WritingWriting

IrrigationIrrigation

RegulartraderoutesRegulartraderoutes

CalendarsCalendars

PotteryPottery

Bow & arrowBow & arrow

PyramidsPyramids

Walled citiesWalled cities

LettersandLettersand

envelopesenvelopes

360360--degreecircledegreecircle

BE3


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Make a fewMake a fewnotes andnotes and

discuss thisdiscuss this

question withquestion with

your teacheryour teacher

and fellowand fellow

students.students.

What factorsWhat factors

do you thinkdo you think

might accountmight account

for thisfor this

increasing rateincreasing rate

of change?of change?


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3,000 years ago

By 3,000 BCE, societies in Southwest Asia and Egypt

were developing elements of complex

societies(civilizations).

Are weAre we

supposedsupposed

to be takingto be taking

notes on this?notes on this?


Big Eras 4-9

10,000 years ago

Big Era 3

Big Era 2


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Early River ValleyEarly River Valley

CivilizationsCivilizations


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MesopotamiaMesopotamia means, The landbetween the rivers

The oldest civilization was found inthis region between the Tigris and

Euphrates Rivers in what is now Iraq.

This area was part of the Fertile CrescentFertile Crescent. Flooded yearly (unpredictable) leaving a thick mud behind called silt.

Farmers planted crops in rich soil

Resulted in plentiful harvests which allowed villages to grow


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Mesopotamian EnvironmentalMesopotamian Environmental

ChallengesChallenges UnpredictableUnpredictablefloodingflooding

No naturalNo natural

barriersbarriers Limited naturalLimited natural

resources.resources.

What problemsWhat problemswould couldwould could

things cause?things cause?


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Geographic FeaturesGeographic FeaturesEnvironmental Challenges forEnvironmental Challenges for

SumeriansSumerians Solution:Solution: DugDug irrigationirrigation

ditchesditches thatthat

carried river watercarried river waterto their fieldsto their fields

Led to production ofLed to production ofsurplus cropssurplus crops

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SumeriansSumeriansSolution:Solution:

BuiltBuilt city wallscity walls withwithmud bricksmud bricks

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SumeriansSumerians Solution:Solution:

TradedTraded their grain, cloth, & craftedtheir grain, cloth, & crafted

tools with people oftools with people of mtnsmtns & deserts& deserts In exchange, they received rawIn exchange, they received raw

materials like stone, wood, & metalmaterials like stone, wood, & metal

Cultural DiffusionCultural Diffusion:: process by which aprocess by which a

new idea or product spreads from onenew idea or product spreads from oneculture to another.culture to another.

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Development ofMesopotamianDevelopment ofMesopotamianCultureCulture

SumerianSumerian CityCity--StatesStates Small,Small,

independentindependentcitiescities w/w/surrounding villagessurrounding villages& farms& farms

Not unified,Not unified,

constantly at warconstantly at warw/ one anotherw/ one another

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RulersRulers

Military leaders that shared powerMilitary leaders that shared powerwith priestswith priests

Priests prayed to gods, controlled irrigationPriests prayed to gods, controlled irrigationsystemssystems

Ruler controlled standing armiesRuler controlled standing armies

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Military leaders eventually startedMilitary leaders eventually starteddynasties.dynasties.


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PolytheisticPolytheistic

Belief in more thanBelief in more thanone godone god

ZigguratZiggurat (Sumerian(Sumeriantemple)temple) was thewas thecenter of city lifecenter of city life

Priests conductedPriests conductedrituals & sacrificesrituals & sacrificesto city godsto city gods

Served as storageServed as storagefor grains, fabrics,for grains, fabrics,gemsgems

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Empire in MesopotamiaEmpire in Mesopotamia

Sargon of AkkadSargon of Akkaddefeated the citydefeated the city--statesstatesof Sumer. This createsof Sumer. This createsworlds firstworlds first empire.empire.

HammurabiHammurabi leads theleads thepeak of the Babylonianpeak of the Babylonianempireempire

Hammurabis code unifiesHammurabis code unifies

entire empireentire empire Is the oldest full originalIs the oldest full original

written text of law thatwritten text of law thatexists.exists.


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Hammurabis CodeHammurabis Code

Written inWritten inCuneiformCuneiform

282 laws that282 laws thatformed the basis offormed the basis ofthe Babylonian legalthe Babylonian legalsystemsystem

DifferentDifferentpunishments for richpunishments for rich& poor& poor

Eye for an eyeEye for an eye

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Now, looking back at

Ancient

Mesopotamia, canyou identify the

elements that made

it a complex society?


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ReviewReview

In what waysIn what wayswaswasMesopotamia aMesopotamia a

complex societycomplex society(civilization)?(civilization)?

46

5) Advanced5) Advanced

TechnologiesTechnologies


4) Specialized Jobs4) Specialized Jobs


CitiesCities


(Central governments)(Central governments)and law codesand law codes



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Ancient EgyptAncient Egypt

Gift of the NileGift of the Nile

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The Geography of EgyptThe Geography of Egypt

The most important thing to theEgyptians about The Nile was the

yearly flooding.

The Nile would flood each year in thespring. With the flood it would

deposit a rich silt, or soil on eitherside of the river.

The rich soil around the Nile wascalled the Black land. The desert was

called the Red Land.

Egypt had several naturalbarriers whichhelped toprotect it from invasion

These barriers gave Egyptians a sense of security that was lacking in

much of the ancient world.


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Environmental ChallengesEnvironmental Challenges

Problems:Problems:

Low watersLow waters in Nile resultedin Nile resulted

inin faminefamine b/c of poor cropsb/c of poor crops

Flooding = destroyedFlooding = destroyed

homes & cropshomes & crops

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Environmental ChallengesEnvironmental Challenges

Deserts:Deserts:

Acted asActed as barriers between Egypt &barriers between Egypt &other landsother lands

Forced Egyptians to live on a very smallForced Egyptians to live on a very smallportion of the landportion of the land

Reduced interactionsReduced interactions with otherwith other

peoples (limited cultural diffusion)peoples (limited cultural diffusion)

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Development of Egyptian SocietyDevelopment of Egyptian Society--Religion and PoliticsReligion and Politics

Pharaohs (GodPharaohs (God--Kings)Kings)

Considered gods on Earth whoConsidered gods on Earth who

ruled overruled over govtgovt, religion, & the, religion, & themilitarymilitary

This is known as aThis is known as a theocracytheocracy

**Comparison:Comparison: MesopotamianMesopotamiankings werekings were representativesrepresentatives ofofgods, but they themselves weregods, but they themselves werenot considered godsnot considered gods

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Development of Egyptian SocietyDevelopment of Egyptian Society--Religion and PoliticsReligion and Politics

PyramidsPyramids

Egyptians believed kings had eternalEgyptians believed kings had eternalspiritsspirits

Built pyramids as tombs forBuilt pyramids as tombs forpharaohspharaohs (resting places from which(resting places from whichtheir rulers could reign forever aftertheir rulers could reign forever afterdeath)death)

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Development of Egyptian SocietyDevelopment of Egyptian Society

Achievements in Science &Achievements in Science &TechnologyTechnology

Number systemNumber system

Form of geometryForm of geometry

Columns in architectureColumns in architecture CalendarCalendar

Medical ProceduresMedical Procedures

MummificationMummification

Process ofProcess of

embalming andembalming anddrying out thedrying out thecorpse so that thecorpse so that thesoul could return tosoul could return tothe body laterthe body later

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Development of Egyptian SocietyDevelopment of Egyptian Society

Writing SystemWriting System

HieroglyphicsHieroglyphics

Like SumerianLike Sumeriancuneiform, it usedcuneiform, it usedpictures topictures torepresent ideasrepresent ideas

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By about 1000By about 1000

B.C. there wereB.C. there were

several wellseveral well--establishedestablished

civilizations incivilizations in

AfroeurasiaAfroeurasia..

Documents

2010 River Civilization Review