AMERICAN ACADEMY OF PEDIATRICSCommittee on Infectious Diseases and Committee on Hospital Care

The Revised CDC Guidelines for Isolation Precautions in Hospitals:Implications for Pediatrics

ABSTRACT. The Hospital Infection Control PracticesAdvisory Committee of the US Centers for Disease Con-trol and Prevention and the National Center for Infec-tious Diseases have issued new isolation guidelines thatreplace earlier recommendations. Modifications of theseguidelines for the care of hospitalized infants and chil-dren should be considered specifically as they relate toglove use for routine diaper changing, private room iso-lation, and common use areas such as playrooms andschoolrooms. These new guidelines replace those pro-vided in the 1994 Red Book and have been incorporatedinto the 1997 Red Book.

ABBREVIATION. CDC, Centers for Disease Control and Preven-tion.

These new isolation guidelines developed by theHospital Infection Control Practices AdvisoryCommittee of the US Centers for Disease Con-

trol and Prevention (CDC) and the National Centerfor Infectious Diseases are specifically recommendedfor use in the care of hospitalized adults and chil-dren.1 Settings such as schools and child care centersare similar to hospital environments in which chil-dren share common space but differ in that the in-volved children are, for the most part, healthy. Theserecommendations, therefore, should not be appliedto those settings. These new guidelines are simplerand rely on very consistent strategies to prevent thespread of infection to uninfected hospitalized pa-tients. These new recommendations specifically statethat “No guideline can address all of the needs of themore than 6000 US hospitals, which range in sizefrom five beds to more than 1500 beds and serve verydifferent patient populations. Hospitals are encour-aged to review the recommendations and to modifythem according to what is possible, practical, andprudent . . . ”1 Therefore, with these new recommen-dations as a guide, each institution must create itsown specific isolation policies. These isolation poli-cies, supplemented by hospital policies and proce-dures for other aspects of infection and environmen-tal control and occupational health, coupled withcommon sense, will serve to create reasonable poli-cies for each unique medical center.

These new guidelines rely on the routine and op-

timal performance of an expanded set of universalprecautions, now called standard precautions, for thecare of all patients regardless of their diagnosis orpresumed infection status, and pathogen and syn-drome-based precautions, termed transmission-based precautions, for the care of patients who areinfected or colonized with pathogens spread throughairborne, droplet, or contact routes.

STANDARD PRECAUTIONSStandard precautions now apply to nonintact skin,

mucous membranes, blood, all body fluids, secre-tions, and excretions except sweat, regardless ofwhether or not they contain visible blood. Thesegeneral methods of infection prevention are indi-cated for all patients and are designed to reduce therisk of transmission of microorganisms from bothrecognized and unrecognized sources of infection inhospitals.

TRANSMISSION-BASED PRECAUTIONSTransmission-based precautions are designed for

patients documented or suspected to be infected orcolonized with pathogens that require additionalprecautions beyond the standard precautions neces-sary to interrupt transmission. These precautions ap-ply to airborne, droplet, and contact transmissions.The precautions may be combined for diseases thathave multiple routes of transmission. Whether singlyor in combination, they are always to be used inaddition to standard precautions.

Contact TransmissionContact transmission, the most important and fre-

quent mode of transmission of nosocomial infec-tions, is divided into two subgroups: direct-contacttransmission and indirect-contact transmission.

Direct-contact transmission involves a direct bodysurface-to-body surface contact and physical transferof microorganisms between a susceptible host and aninfected or colonized person, such as occurs when aperson turns a patient, gives a patient a bath, orperforms other patient-care activities that require di-rect personal contact. Direct-contact transmissionalso can occur between two patients, with one serv-ing as the source of the infectious microorganismsand the other as a susceptible host.

Indirect-contact transmission involves contact of asusceptible host with a contaminated intermediateobject, usually inanimate, such as contaminated in-struments, needles, dressings, or contaminated

The recommendations in this statement do not indicate an exclusive courseof treatment or serve as a standard of medical care. Variations, taking intoaccount individual circumstances, may be appropriate.PEDIATRICS (ISSN 0031 4005). Copyright © 1998 by the American Acad-emy of Pediatrics.

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hands that are not washed and gloves that are notchanged between patients.

Droplet TransmissionDroplet transmission, theoretically, is a form of con-

tact transmission. However, the mechanism of trans-fer of the pathogen to the host is quite distinct fromeither direct- or indirect-contact transmission. There-fore, droplet transmission is considered a separateroute of transmission in this guideline. Droplets aregenerated from the source person primarily duringcoughing, sneezing, and talking, and during the per-formance of certain procedures such as suctioningand bronchoscopy. Transmission occurs when drop-lets containing microorganisms generated from theinfected person are propelled a short distancethrough the air and deposited on the host’s conjunc-tivae, nasal mucosa, or mouth. Because droplets donot remain suspended in the air, special air handlingand ventilation are not required to prevent droplet

transmission; that is, droplet transmission must notbe confused with airborne transmission.

Airborne TransmissionAirborne transmission occurs by dissemination of

either airborne droplet nuclei (small-particle residue[5 mm or smaller] of evaporated droplets containingmicroorganisms that remain suspended in the air forlong periods) or dust particles containing the infec-tious agent. Microorganisms carried in this mannercan be dispersed widely by air currents, and may beinhaled by a susceptible host within the same roomor over a longer distance from the source patient,depending on environmental factors; therefore,special air handling and ventilation are required toprevent airborne transmission. Microorganismstransmitted by airborne transmission include Myco-bacterium tuberculosis and the measles and varicellaviruses.

These new guidelines provide summary tables for

TABLE 1. Transmission-Based Precautions for Hospitalized Patients*

Standard PrecautionsUse standard precautions for the care of all patients

Airborne PrecautionsIn addition to standard precautions, use airborne precautions for patients known or suspected to have serious illnesses transmitted

by airborne droplet nuclei. Examples of such illnesses include:MeaslesVaricella (including disseminated zoster)†Tuberculosis‡

Droplet PrecautionsIn addition to standard precautions, use droplet precautions for patients known or suspected to have serious illnesses transmitted

by large particle droplets. Examples of such illnesses include:Invasive Haemophilus influenzae type b disease, including meningitis, pneumonia, epiglottitis, and sepsisInvasive Neisseria meningitidis disease, including meningitis, pneumonia, and sepsisOther serious bacterial respiratory infections spread by droplet transmission, including:

Diphtheria (pharyngeal)Mycoplasma pneumoniaPertussisPneumonic plagueStreptococcal pharyngitis, pneumonia, or scarlet fever in infants and young children

Serious viral infections spread by droplet transmission, including those caused by:Adenovirus*InfluenzaMumpsParvovirus B19Rubella

Contact PrecautionsIn addition to standard precautions, use contact precautions for patients known or suspected to have serious illnesses easily

transmitted by direct patient contact or by contact with items in the patient’s environment. Examples of such illnesses include:Gastrointestinal, respiratory, skin, or wound infections or colonization with multidrug-resistant bacteria judged by the infection

control program, based on current state, regional, or national recommendations, to be of special clinical and epidemiologicsignificance

Enteric infections with a low infectious dose or prolonged environmental survival, including those caused by:Clostridium difficileFor diapered or incontinent patients: enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli 0157:H7, Shigella, hepatitis A, or rotavirus

Respiratory syncytial virus, parainfluenza virus, or enteroviral infections in infants and young childrenSkin infections that are highly contagious or that may occur on dry skin, including:

Diphtheria (cutaneous)Herpes simplex virus (neonatal or mucocutaneous)ImpetigoMajor (noncontained) abscesses, cellulitis, or decubitiPediculosisScabiesStaphylococcal furunculosis in infants and young childrenZoster (disseminated or in the immunocompromised host)*

Viral/hemorrhagic conjunctivitisViral hemorrhagic infections (Ebola, Lassa, or Marburg)

* Reprinted from Garner JS and the Hospital Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee.1† Certain infections require more than one type of precaution.‡ See Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.2

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different settings. A synopsis of the precautions andpatients requiring these precautions is presented inTable 1. Table 2 describes empiric precautions forclinical syndromes pending confirmation of diagno-sis. Table 3 outlines the specific procedures indicatedfor each type of precaution. Footnotes document theacceptable changes for children. Appendix A in theguidelines, which is not reproduced here, is the spe-cific recommendation on type and duration of pre-

cautions needed when the specific infection or con-dition is known.

PEDIATRIC CONSIDERATIONSThese guidelines are intended to be not only epi-

demiologically sound but also simple and readilyimplemented for the care of both adults and children.Practically, however, unique requirements of pediatriccare necessitate modifications of these guidelines, par-

TABLE 2. Clinical Syndromes or Conditions Warranting Additional Empiric Precautions to Prevent Transmission of Epidemiolog-ically Important Pathogens Pending Confirmation of Diagnosis*

Clinical Syndrome or Condition† Potential Pathogens‡ Empiric Precautions

DiarrheaAcute diarrhea with a likely infectious cause in an

incontinent or diapered patientEnteric pathogens§ Contact

Diarrhea in an adult with a history of recentantibiotic use

Clostridium difficile Contact

Meningitis Neisseria meningitidis Droplet

Rash or exanthems, generalized, etiology unknownPetechial/ecchymotic with fever Neisseria meningitidis DropletVesicular Varicella Airborne and

contactMaculopapular with coryza and fever Rubeola (measles) Airborne

Respiratory infectionsCough/fever/upper lobe pulmonary infiltrate in an

HIV-negative patient or a patient at low risk forHIV infection

Mycobacterium tuberculosis Airborne

Cough/fever/pulmonary infiltrate in any lunglocation in an HIV-infected patient or a patient athigh risk for HIV infection

Mycobacterium tuberculosis Airborne

Paroxysmal or severe persistent cough duringperiods of pertussis activity

Bordetella pertussis Droplet

Respiratory infections, particularly bronchiolitis andcroup, in infants and young children

Respiratory syncytial or parainfluenza virus Contact

Risk of multidrug-resistant microorganismsHistory of infection or colonization with multidrug-

resistant organisms\Resistant bacteria Contact

Skin, wound, or urinary tract infection in a patientwith a recent hospital or nursing home stay in afacility where multidrug-resistant organisms areprevalent

Resistant bacteria Contact

Skin or wound infectionAbscess or draining wound that cannot be covered Staphylococcus aureus, group A streptococcus Contact

* Infection control professionals are encouraged to modify or adapt this table according to local conditions. To ensure that appropriateempiric precautions are implemented always, hospitals must have systems in place to evaluate patients routinely according to thesecriteria as part of their preadmission and admission care. (Reprinted with permission from Garner JS and the Hospital Infection ControlPractices Advisory Committee.1)† Patients with the syndromes or conditions listed herein may present with atypical signs or symptoms (eg, neonates and adults withpertussis may not have paroxysmal or severe cough). The clinician’s index of suspicion should be guided by the prevalence of specificconditions in the community, as well as clinical judgment.‡ The organisms listed are not intended to represent the complete, or even most likely, diagnoses, but rather possible etiologic agents thatrequire additional precautions beyond standard precautions until they can be ruled out.§ These pathogens include enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli 0157:H7, Shigella, hepatitis A, and rotavirus.\ Resistant bacteria judged by the infection control program, based on current state, regional, or national recommendations, to be of specialclinical or epidemiological significance.

TABLE 3. Recommendations for Transmission-Based Precautions for Hospitalized Patients

Category ofPrecautions

Hand Washing forPatient Contact

Single Room Masks Gowns Gloves

Airborne Yes Yes, with negative-pressureventilation

Yes No No

Droplet Yes Yes* Yes, for those close topatient

No No

Contact Yes Yes* No Yes Yes

* Preferred but not required for crib-confined patients. Cohorting of children infected with the same pathogen is acceptable.

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ticularly concerning 1) use of gloves for routine diaperchanging, 2) private rooms and cohorting, and 3) com-mon-use areas such as playrooms and schoolrooms.

Diaper ChangingWhen dealing with infants and preschool-age chil-

dren who require routine diaper changing, the use ofgloves is not mandatory. The routine use of gloves,however, for diaper changing in hospitalized childrencould minimize the potential transmission of coloniz-ing microbes (eg, cytomegalovirus, Clostridium difficile,and Citrobacter freundii) to another patient who mightbecome infected. While exceptions to routine glove usein units such as the normal newborn nursery or outpa-tient surgical suites are acceptable, the lack of a uniformpolicy for glove use may be confusing and actuallyimpede implementation of recommended and consis-tent infection control practices.

Private Rooms and CohortingThe CDC guidelines recommend private rooms for

all patients requiring isolation precautions (airborne,droplet, or contact). For any patient with an infectionrequiring airborne precautions, a single room withnegative pressure ventilation is indicated. The guide-lines also recommend that patients who do not con-trol body excretions should be in single rooms. How-ever, because the majority of young pediatricpatients are incontinent, by definition, this recom-mendation is inappropriate for routine care of unin-fected children. Even with infection in settings suchas nurseries, intensive care units, and infant wards,single room isolation for droplet and contact precau-tions, although preferred, is not mandatory becausethese infants are confined to cribs or incubators.However, for young children who are not confinedto their cribs or incubators who require droplet orcontact precautions, single rooms are indicated be-cause young children are unable to limit the spreadof their secretions and excretions. The exception tothe need for a single room is for children infectedwith the same pathogen (such as respiratory syncy-tial virus) who can be separated by cohorts.

Common Use Areas (Hospital Schoolrooms, Playrooms,Etc)

Hospital playrooms and schoolrooms are uniqueto the field of pediatrics. Any child being treatedwith isolation precautions should be excluded fromthese general use areas.

RECOMMENDATIONSIn general, the revised CDC guidelines are en-

dorsed for the care of hospitalized infants and chil-dren.

Modification of these guidelines for the care ofhospitalized infants and children should be consid-ered specifically as they relate to glove use for rou-tine diaper changing, private room isolation, andcommon use areas such as playrooms and school-rooms.

These new guidelines replace those provided inthe 1994 Red Book and have been incorporated intothe 1997 Red Book.

Committee on Infectious Diseases, 1996 to 1997Neal A. Halsey, MD, ChairJon S. Abramson, MDP. Joan Chesney, MDMargaret C. Fisher, MDMichael A. Gerber, MDDonald S. Gromisch, MDSteve Kohl, MDS. Michael Marcy, MDDennis L. Murray, MDGary D. Overturf, MDRichard J. Whitley, MDRam Yogev, MD

Ex-OfficioGeorges Peter, MD

ConsultantLeigh G. Donowitz, MD

Liaison RepresentativesRobert Breiman, MD

National Vaccine Program OfficeM. Carolyn Hardegree, MD

Food and Drug AdministrationRichard F. Jacobs, MD

American Thoracic SocietyNoni E. MacDonald, MD

Canadian Paediatric SocietyWalter A. Orenstein, MD

Centers for Disease Control and PreventionN. Regina Rabinovich, MD

National Institutes of HealthBen Schwartz, MD

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

Committee on Hospital Care, 1996 to 1997James E. Shira, MD, ChairJess Diamond, MDMary E. O’Connor, MDJohn M. Packard, Jr, MDMarleta Reynolds, MDHenry A. Schaeffer, MDCurt M. Steinhart, MD

Liaison RepresentativesC. Stamey English, MD

American Academy of Family PhysiciansMary T. Perkins, RN, DNSC

Society of Pediatric NursesRob Maruca

American Hospital AssociationJerriann M. Wilson

Association for the Care of Children’s HealthEugene Wiener, MD

National Association of Children’s Hospital andRelated Institutes

Paul R. VanOstenberg, DDS, MSJoint Commission on Accreditation of HealthcareOrganizations

AAP Section LiaisonTheodore Striker, MD

Section on Anesthesiology

ConsultantRussell C. Raphaely, MD

REFERENCES1. Garner JS and the Hospital Infection Control Practices Advisory Com-

mittee. Guideline for isolation precautions in hospitals. Infect ControlHosp Epidemiol. 1996;17:53–80

2. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Guidelines for preventingthe transmission of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in health-care facilities,1994. MMWR. 1994;43:1–132

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DOI: 10.1542/peds.101.3.e131998;101;e13Pediatrics 

Committee on Infectious Diseases and Committee on Hospital Carefor Pediatrics

The Revised CDC Guidelines for Isolation Precautions in Hospitals: Implications

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P DIATRICSe l e c t r o n i c p a g e s

M a y 1 9 9 8

PEDIATRICS electronic pages is the Internet extension of the journal PEDIATRICS, providing original pediatric researchvia this emerging communications medium. Every month, 10–14 new peer-reviewed articles covering importantmedical advances are published in PEDIATRICS electronic pages. These articles are indexed in Index Medicus, MEDLINE,and PubMed, among other services. Abstracts of articles in PEDIATRICS electronic pages appear in every issue ofPEDIATRICS in this section, which is differentiated by special green pages. The complete original articles are onlyavailable on PEDIATRICS electronic pages.

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T a b l e o f c o n t e n t s a n d c u r r e n t a b s t r a c t s

e1 Control of Hyperbilirubinemia in Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase-deficient Newborns Using anInhibitor of Bilirubin Production, Sn-Mesoporphyrin T Valaes et al

e2 Effects of Exposure to Alcohol in Mother’s Milk on Infant Sleep J. A. Mennella and C. J. Gerrish

e3 Adverse Effects of High-dose Vitamin A Supplements in Children Hospitalized With Pneumonia C. B.Stephensen et al

e4 Attitudes of the Physician Membership of the Society for Adolescent Medicine Toward Medical Abortionsfor Adolescents N. H. Miller et al

e5 Do Missed Opportunities Stay Missed? A 6-Month Follow-up of Missed Vaccine Opportunities in InnerCity Milwaukee Children S. S. Sabnis et al

e6 Anabolic Steroid Use by Male and Female Middle School Students A. D. Faigenbaum et al

e7 Early Dexamethasone Therapy in Preterm Infants: A Follow-up Study T. F. Yeh et al

e8 Self-reported Adherence, Management Behavior, and Barriers to Care After an Emergency DepartmentVisit by Inner City Children With Asthma F. E. Leickly et al

e9 Valproate Therapy Does Not Deplete Carnitine Levels in Otherwise Healthy Children S. Hirose et al

e10 Symptomatic Splenic Hamartoma: Case Report and Literature Review T. C. Hayes et al

e11 School-age Follow-up of Prophylactic Versus Rescue Surfactant Trial: Pulmonary, Neurodevelopmental,and Educational Outcomes R. A. Sinkin et al

e12 Predictors of Mortality From Fires in Young Children S. J. Scholer et al

e13 Cat Scratch Disease Presenting With Peripheral Facial Nerve Paralysis R. S. Walter and S. C. Eppes

914 PEDIATRICS Vol. 101 No. 5 May 1998 electronic pages http://www.pediatrics.org

e1 ABSTRACT. Control of Hyperbilirubinemia inGlucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase-deficient New-borns Using an Inhibitor of Bilirubin Production, Sn-Mesoporphyrin. Timos Valaes, MD; George S. Drum-mond, PhD; and Attallah Kappas, MD. Background.Hyperbilirubinemia in new-borns with glucose-6-phos-phate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency is a serious clin-ical problem because of the severity and unpredictabilityof its course. An innovative approach to this problem issuggested by previous experience with Sn-mesoporphy-rin (SnMP), a potent inhibitor of bilirubin production, inmoderating neonatal hyperbilirubinemia caused by ABOincompatibility, immaturity, and unspecified mecha-nisms.

Objective. To compare the effectiveness of the pre-ventive and therapeutic uses of SnMP in amelioratingthe course of bilirubinemia of G6PD-deficient neonates.

Methods. Neonates born at the Metera MaternityHospital, Athens, Greece, and found to be G6PD-defi-cient by cord blood testing were stratified by sex andgestational age (210–265 days and >265 days) and ran-domized in pairs to receive SnMP (6 mmol/kg birthweight, intramuscularly) either on the first day of life(preventive use) or if and when the plasma bilirubinconcentration (PBC) level reached an age-specific thresh-old level for intervention (therapeutic use). In the case offailure of SnMP to control the rise of PBC levels, theprotocol defined precisely the threshold PBC levels forswitchover to phototherapy (PT) and, if necessary, ex-change transfusion. PBC was measured daily until a de-clining value was obtained and the case was closed.

Results. A total of 86 G6PD-deficient neonates wererandomized: 42 in the preventive arm and 44 in thetherapeutic arm. Of the latter, 20 (45%) reached PBClevels requiring therapeutic intervention and thus re-ceived SnMP. Regardless of the trial arm, none of the86 neonates required PT, whereas in a previous studyin the same population, 33% of G6PD-deficient neo-nates required PT. In the intrapair sequential analysis,the favored arm was decided on the criterion of the ageat closure of the case being shorter by at least 1 day.After plotting 30 untied pairs in the sequential analy-sis graph, the preventive use of SnMP proved to be thefavored arm, and the trial was stopped. At this point,there were 2 unpaired neonates, 12 tied pairs, 22 pairsin which the preventive use of SnMP was favored and8 pairs in which the therapeutic use of SnMP wasfavored. In the group analysis, infants in the preven-tive group, compared with those in the therapeuticgroup, had a lower maximum PBC level (8.2 6 3.1 and10.9 6 2.8 mg/dL, respectively), which was reached atan earlier age (63.5 6 34.8 and 82.2 6 24.7 hours, re-spectively) as well as a lower closing PBC level (7.2 62.9 and 9.6 6 2.5 mg/dL, respectively) and an earlier ageat closing (89.1 6 35.6 and 110.8 6 23.6 hours, respec-tively). Moreover, a PBC level of >8.0 mg/dL, a level atwhich jaundice is clearly visible, was not reached by52% of the neonates in the preventive arm and 16% ofthe neonates in the therapeutic arm.

Conclusions. In G6PD-deficient neonates, a singledose of SnMP administered preventively or therapeuti-cally entirely supplanted the need for PT to control hy-perbilirubinemia. The preventive use of SnMP offerspractical advantages in populations with a high enoughprevalence of G6PD deficiency to justify cord bloodscreening. Pediatrics 1998;101(5). URL: http://www.pediatrics.org/cgi/content/full/101/5/e1; G6PD-deficiency,hyperbilirubinemia, heme oxygenase, Sn-mesoporphyrin,neonatal jaundice.

e2 ABSTRACT. Effects of Exposure to Alcohol inMother’s Milk on Infant Sleep. Julie A. Mennella, PhD,and Carolyn J. Gerrish, PhD. Objective. To test the hy-pothesis that exposure to alcohol in breast milk affectsinfants’ sleep and activity levels in the short term.

Methods. Thirteen lactating women and their infantswere tested on 2 days, separated by an interval of 1 week.On each testing day, the mother expressed 100 mL ofmilk, while a small, computerized movement detectorcalled an actigraph was placed on the infant’s left leg tomonitor sleep and activity patterning. After the actigraphhad been in place for ;15 minutes, the infants ingestedtheir mother’s breast milk flavored with alcohol (32 mg)on one testing day and breast milk alone on the other.The infants’ behaviors were monitored for the next 3.5hours.

Results. The infants spent significantly less timesleeping during the 3.5 hours after consuming the alco-hol-flavored milk (78.2 minutes compared with 56.8 min-utes after feeding alcohol in breast milk). This reductionwas apparently attributable to a shortening in the longestsleeping bout (34.5 compared with 56.7 minutes for sleep-ing after breast milk alone) and the amount of time spentin active sleep (25.8 minutes compared with 44.2 minutesafter breast milk alone); the decrease in active sleep wasobserved in all but 2 of the 13 infants tested.

Conclusions. Although the mechanisms underlyingthe reduction in sleep remain to be elucidated, this studyshows that short-term exposure to small amounts of al-cohol in breast milk produces distinctive changes in theinfant’s sleep–wake patterning. Pediatrics 1998;101(5).URL: http://www.pediatrics.org/cgi/content/full/101/5/e2;alcohol, lactation, sleep, activity, development, infant be-havior.

e3 ABSTRACT. Adverse Effects of High-dose Vita-min A Supplements in Children Hospitalized WithPneumonia. Charles B. Stephensen, PhD; Luis MiguelFranchi, MD; Herminio Hernandez, MD; Miguel Campos,MD, PhD; Robert H. Gilman, MD, DTMH; and Jose O.Alvarez, PhD. Objective. To test the hypothesis thathigh-dose vitamin A supplements will enhance recoveryof children hospitalized for the treatment of community-acquired pneumonia.

Design. We conducted a randomized, double-blind,placebo-controlled clinical trial of high-dose vitamin Asupplements among children 3 months to 10 years of age(N 5 95) admitted to hospital with community-acquiredpneumonia in Lima, Peru. Children <1 year of age re-ceived 100 000 IU of water-miscible vitamin A on admis-sion to the hospital and an additional 50 000 IU the nextday. Children >1 year of age received 200 000 IU onadmission and 100 000 IU the next day.

Results. Children receiving vitamin A (n 5 48) hadlower blood oxygen saturation (the mean difference onday 3 in hospital was 1.1%), higher prevalence rates ofretractions (37% in the vitamin A group vs 15% in theplacebo group on day 3), auscultatory evidence of con-solidation (28% in the vitamin A group vs 17% in theplacebo group on day 3), and were more likely torequire supplemental oxygen (21% in the vitamin Agroup vs 8% in the placebo group on day 3) thanchildren in the placebo group (n 5 47). Adjustment forbaseline severity of disease and nutritional status didnot alter the association of vitamin A with increasedclinical severity, although the difference in blood ox-ygen saturation was no longer statistically significant.No differences were seen in duration of hospitaliza-

electronic abstracts http://www.pediatrics.org 915

tion or in chest x-ray changes 14 days after admission.No deaths occurred, and toxicity of vitamin A was notseen.

Conclusions. This study indicates that high-dosevitamin A supplements cause modest adverse effects inchildren recovering from pneumonia and should notbe used therapeutically in such patients unless there isclinical evidence of vitamin A deficiency or concurrentmeasles infection. Pediatrics 1998;101(5). URL: http://www.pediatrics.org/cgi/content/full/101/5/e3; vitamin A,pneumonia, children, Peru, respiratory, lung, retinol.

e4 ABSTRACT. Attitudes of the Physician Member-ship of the Society for Adolescent Medicine TowardMedical Abortions for Adolescents. Nancy H. Miller, MD;David J. Miller, PhD; and Laura M. Pinkston Koenigs, MD.Objective. To document the practices and attitudes ofthe US physician members of the Society for AdolescentMedicine (SAM) regarding adolescent abortion and con-traception, as well as physician willingness to prescribemedical abortion if approved by the Food and DrugAdministration (FDA).

Design. Cross-sectional questionnaire survey.Participants. The entire physician membership of

SAM (N 5 1001) was surveyed. A total of 713 physiciansresponded, with 668 usable surveys yielding an adjustedresponse rate of 70%.

Results. Of the respondents, 81% were trained as pe-diatricians; 58% had additional adolescent medicinetraining. Ninety-six percent prescribed contraception fortheir patients. Sixty-one percent of respondents identi-fied abortion as an option for pregnant adolescents in allcircumstances, whereas 4% believed abortion shouldnever be an option. Eighty-nine percent referred theirpatients for abortions; 90% were aware of medications toinduce abortions medically. If these medications (meth-otrexate and misoprostol, RU-486) were FDA-approved,42% would prescribe them for their patients; 34% wereunsure. Fifty-four percent believed if medical abortionswere routinely available, they should be available fromprimary care physicians.

Physicians were significantly more likely to considerprescribing medical abortions if the physician werefemale, offered postcoital contraception, performedNorplant insertions, referred adolescents for abortions,or performed postabortion medical checkups. Physi-cians were no more likely to consider prescribing med-ical abortions according to physician age, specialtytraining, or date of residency training. Religious affil-iation per se was not associated with likelihood ofprescribing medical abortions, but Catholic physicianswere significantly less likely to consider prescribingmedical abortions.

Conclusions. Virtually all SAM physician respon-dents (96%) reported that abortion for pregnant ado-lescents should be available under some circum-stances. Forty-two percent would prescribe medicalabortion if the medications were FDA-approved, sug-gesting that medical abortion would potentially beavailable to adolescents from a larger group of physi-cians than is currently available. Pediatrics 1998;101(5).URL: http://www.pediatrics.org/cgi/content/full/101/5/e4; adolescence, abortion, Society for Adolescent Medi-cine.

e5 ABSTRACT. Do Missed Opportunities StayMissed? A 6-Month Follow-up of Missed Vaccine Op-portunities in Inner City Milwaukee Children. SvapnaS. Sabnis, MD; Albert J. Pomeranz, MD; Patricia S. Lye,MD, MS; and Margaret M. Amateau, MD. Objectives. Todetermine 1) the frequency of missed vaccine opportu-nities (VOs) in inner city children <3 years of age; 2)whether the recommended vaccine(s) were givenwithin 6 months of the missed opportunity (MO); 3)whether these vaccinations were age-appropriate ac-cording to the guidelines of the Advisory Committeeon Immunization Practices; and 4) variables associatedwith MOs.

Design. Retrospective chart review with a nested ret-rospective cohort of children with MOs.

Setting. Two inner city practice settings in Milwau-kee: a community health center and an academic conti-nuity care practice.

Patients/Selection Procedure. A consecutive sampleof 710 visits of inner city children <3 years of age withVOs, seen between January 1 and March 31, 1995. A VOwas defined as any encounter when the child was vac-cine-eligible according to Advisory Committee on Immu-nization Practices guidelines.

Results. MOs occurred in 47% (330/710) of the VOs.Only 40% of the children with MOs received age-appro-priate immunizations within 6 months; 30% received thevaccinations beyond the age-appropriate time. The re-maining 30% either did not return or were not vaccinatedon return. The variables significantly associated withMOs were 1) age: children with MOs were older thanthose without, with a mean age of 15.5 months vs 10.9months; 2) minor febrile illness; 3) moderate/severe ill-ness; 4) acute illness encounters; and 5) patient’s beingseen at the community health center. Only 15.5% of allMOs were justified by the presence of moderate/severeillness.

Conclusions. VOs are frequently missed in inner citychildren. Most of the MOs were not justified by the validcontraindication of moderate/severe illness. Sixty percentof the children with MOs did not receive age-appropriateimmunizations within 6 months. These children are vul-nerable to vaccine-preventable diseases such as measlesand pertussis. Pediatrics 1998;101(5). URL: http://www.pediatrics.org/cgi/content/full/101/5/e5; immunization,vaccination, missed opportunities, children, pre-school.

e6 ABSTRACT. Anabolic Steroid Use by Male andFemale Middle School Students. Avery D. Faigenbaum,EdD; Leonard D. Zaichkowsky, PhD; Douglas E. Gardner,MA; and Lyle J. Micheli, MD. Background. The preva-lence of anabolic steroid use by high school and collegestudents has been reported in the literature. However,rumors persist regarding the use of steroids by youngerpopulations.

Objective. To assess the extent of steroid use by maleand female middle school students and to explore theirattitudes and perceptions about these drugs.

Methods. A confidential self-report questionnairewas administered to 466 male and 499 female studentsbetween 9 and 13 years of age (mean 6 SD, 11.4 6 0.9years) in 5th, 6th, and 7th grades from four public middleschools in Massachusetts. The number of students re-porting steroid use and differences between users’ andnonusers’ underlying attitudes and perceptions aboutthese drugs were evaluated.

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Results. The response rate was 82% (965/1175 eligi-ble). Results indicated that 2.7% of all middle schoolstudents reported using steroids; 2.6% were males and2.8% were females. When steroid users were comparedwith nonusers, 47% versus 43% thought that steroidsmake muscles bigger; 58% versus 31% thought that ste-roids make muscles stronger; 31% versus 11% thoughtthat steroids improve athletic performance; 23% versus13% thought that steroids make one look better; 23%versus 9% knew someone their own age who currentlytook steroids; 38% versus 4% were asked by someone totake steroids; 54% versus 91% thought that steroids werebad for them; and 35% versus 2% indicated that theywould take steroids in the future. Additional analysesdetermined steroid user involvement in sports andactivities.

Conclusion. The results of this study suggest that theproblem of illicit steroid use extends to children andyoung adolescents and that a segment of this populationis mindful of the potential physiologic effects of steroids.This information will be useful to pediatricians, sportauthorities, and school teachers whose guidance will be-come increasingly more important as steroid educationalinterventions for male and female middle school stu-dents are developed. Pediatrics 1998;101(5). URL: http://www.pediatrics.org/cgi/content/full/101/5/e6; anabolicandrogenic steroid, drug abuse, risky behavior, children,adolescents.

e7 ABSTRACT. Early Dexamethasone Therapy inPreterm Infants: A Follow-up Study. Tsu F. Yeh, MD;Yuh J. Lin, MD; Chao C. Huang, MD; Yung J. Chen, MD;Chyi H. Lin, MD; Hong C. Lin, MD; Wu S. Hsieh, MD;and Yu J. Lien, MA. Objectives. To study the outcomeat 2-year corrected age of infants who participated in adouble-blind controlled trial of early (<12 hours) dexa-methasone therapy for the prevention of chronic lungdisease (CLD).

Methods and Materials. A total of 133 children (70 inthe control group, 63 in the dexamethasone-treatedgroup) who survived the initial study period and livedto 2 years of age were studied. All infants had birthweights of 500 to 1999 g and had severe respiratorydistress syndrome requiring mechanical ventilationwithin 6 hours after birth. For infants in the treatmentgroup, dexamethasone was started at a mean age of 8.1hours and given 0.25 mg/kg every 12 hours for 1 weekand then tapered off gradually over a 3-week period.The following variables were evaluated: interim med-ical history, socioeconomic background, physicalgrowth, neurologic examinations, mental and psy-chomotor development index score (MDI and PDI),pulmonary function, electroencephalogram, and audi-tory and visual evoked potential.

Results. Infants in the control group tended to havea higher incidence of upper respiratory infection andrehospitalization than did the dexamethasone-treatedgroup because of respiratory problems. Although therewas no difference between the groups in somaticgrowth in girls, the dexamethasone-treated boys hadsignificantly lower body weight and shorter heightthan the control boys (10.7 6 3.0 vs 11.9 6 2.0 kg; 84.96 5.7 vs 87.5 6 4.8 cm). The dexamethasone-treatedgroup had a significantly higher incidence of neuro-motor dysfunction (25/63 vs 12/70) than did the controlgroup. The dexa-methasone-treated infants also had alower PDI score (79 6 26) than did the control group(87 6 23), but the difference was not statistically sig-

nificant. Both groups were comparable in MDI, inci-dence of vision impairment, and auditory and visualevoked potential. Significant handicap, defined as se-vere neurologic defect and/or intellectual defect (MDIand/or PDI < 69), was seen in 22 children (31.4%) in thecontrol group and 26 (41.2%) in the dexamethasone-treated group.

Conclusions. Although early postnatal dexametha-sone therapy for 4 weeks significantly reduces the inci-dence of CLD, this therapeutic regimen cannot be recom-mended at present because of its adverse effects onneuromotor function and somatic growth in male infants,detected at 2 years of age. A longer follow-up is needed.If early dexamethasone therapy is to be used for theprevention of CLD, the therapeutic regimen should bemodified. The proper route of administration, the criticaltime to initiate the therapy, and the dosage and durationof therapy remain to be defined further. Pediatrics 1998;101(5). URL: http://www.pediatrics.org/cgi/content/full/101/5/e7; preterm infant, early dexamethasone therapy, fol-low-up study.

e8 ABSTRACT. Self-reported Adherence, Manage-ment Behavior, and Barriers to Care After an Emer-gency Department Visit by Inner City Children WithAsthma. Frederick E. Leickly, MD; Shari L. Wade, PhD;Ellen Crain, MD, PhD; Deanna Kruszon-Moran, MS;Elizabeth C. Wright, PhD; and Richard Evans III, MD,MPH. Objective. The inability to adhere to a pre-scribed therapeutic program for the treatment of achronic disease may be responsible in part for contin-ued disease activity. This problem may be more of anissue in the treatment of asthma, a common, poten-tially lethal chronic condition in which the lack ofsymptoms may be interpreted as remission. Adherencewas one of the key areas of interest for the NationalCooperative Inner-City Asthma Study. The focus ofthis study was to identify those issues reported byfamilies that could adversely affect their adherence toan asthma care program. The identification of barriersto adherence could then form the basis of a successfulintervention program. This study describes barriers toadherence, asthma management behavior, and self-re-ported adherence.

Methods. Patients presenting during an acute at-tack of asthma at an emergency department (ED) wererecruited for this study. The medical record of the EDencounter was abstracted and compared with informa-tion that was obtained during a baseline interview 3 to5 weeks later. During the baseline interview, parentswere asked about health care behaviors related to ad-herence.

Results. There were 344 children 4 to 9 years of ageliving in inner city census tracts in the study. Four areasof adherence (medicine use, appointment-keeping, emer-gency actions, and asthma attack prevention) were inves-tigated. The parental report of medications prescribed atthe ED and the information on the abstracted ED reportagreed 94.9% of the time for the b-agonists, 86.8% forsteroids, and 69.4% for cromolyn. Among respondents,85.4% of parents reported that they are able to follow theED recommendations almost all of the time; side effectsof medicines were a concern for 81.1% of caretakers whowere adherent and for 89.5% of caretakers who werenonadherent. Doubts regarding the usefulness of medi-cations occurred in 34.4% of those considered adherentand 54.2% who admitted nonadherence. Medications

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were forgotten some of the time by 45.2% of the children,and 52.8% tried to get out of taking medicine. Appoint-ments for follow-up care were kept by 69% of those givenan appointment in the ED, by an estimated 60.0% ofthose who were told specifically to call for an appoint-ment, and by an estimated 25.2% of those who wereneither given an appointment nor told specifically tomake one. Only one third of parents report that they wereable to keep the child away from known asthma triggersnearly all of the time. Approximately half avoided aller-gens; however, only 37.5% reported avoidance of ciga-rette smoke. The use of preventive medicines occurred in23.5%. Using a medicine and taking the child to a physi-cian were reported as the first or second action during anacute attack of asthma by 72.1% of respondents.

Conclusions. Adherence to an asthma-managementprogram involves a number of areas: medication, ap-pointment-keeping, prevention, and applying an emer-gency plan of action. Barriers to adherence may exist inone or all four of these areas, leading to ineffective con-trol of asthma. Recommendations are made for improv-ing the patient-physician partnership to improve adher-ence. Pediatrics 1998;101(5). URL: http://www.pediatrics.org/cgi/content/full/101/5/e8; asthma, adherence, inner citychildren.

e9 ABSTRACT. Valproate Therapy Does Not DepleteCarnitine Levels in Otherwise Healthy Children. ShinichiHirose, MD; Akihisa Mitsudome, MD; Sawa Yasumoto,MD; Atsushi Ogawa, MD; Yukiko Muta, BS; and YasukoTomoda, MD. Objective. To determine whether chil-dren with epilepsy undergoing valproate (VPA) antiepi-leptic therapy and who are otherwise healthy have alower serum level of carnitine (CAR) and a higherplasma level of plasma ammonia than do normal chil-dren.

Methodology. A total of 45 children with epilepsy, 6.3to 21.7 years of age, who were treated solely with VPAand were free of abnormal neurologic findings or nutri-tional problems were randomly selected (VPA-treatedgroup). An age-matched control group (n 5 45) was se-lected from subjects without epilepsy (control group).Total (T) and free (F) serum CAR, serum VPA concentra-tion, and the plasma ammonia level were measured andanalyzed.

Results. Serum VPA concentration exhibited a weaknegative correlation with both T- (r 5 20.34) and F-CAR(r 5 20.41). The T-CAR levels were 55.7 6 12.4 and 57.6 612.1 mM, and the F-CAR levels 42.7 6 9.9 and 44.4 6 9.9mM in the VPA-treated and control groups, respectively.Thus, there was no significant difference in T- or F-CARlevels between the VPA-treated and control groups.Plasma ammonia levels were the same in the two groups:26 6 9.2 and 29.4 6 11.8 mM in the VPA-treated andcontrol groups, respectively. There was no significantcorrelation between blood ammonia and either T- (r 510.024) or F-CAR (r 5 20.026).

Conclusion. Children on a regular diet ingest a suffi-cient amount of CAR that more than meets their dailyCAR requirement. The level of neither T- nor F-CAR inpatients with epilepsy and without severe neurologic ornutritional problems being treated with VPA appeared tobe affected by VPA therapy. Because the blood CARlevel depends on nutritional condition rather than onblood VPA concentration, CAR deficiency caused byVPA is not likely to occur in this population. Theusefulness of supplementation of CAR for this type ofpatient with epilepsy, therefore, must be reevaluated

carefully. Pediatrics 1998;101(5). URL: http://www.pediatrics.org/cgi/content/full/101/5/e9; carnitine, val-proate, valproic acid, epilepsy, liver dysfunction, hyper-ammonemia, lipid metabolism, Reye’s syndrome,handicap, malnutrition.

e10 ABSTRACT. Symptomatic Splenic Hamartoma:Case Report and Literature Review. Teresa C. Hayes,MD; Howard A. Britton, MD; E. Bruce Mewborne, MD;Dean A. Troyer, MD; Victor A. Saldivar, MD; and IrvingA. Ratner, MD. An 11-year-old girl with low-gradefever, night sweats, thrombocytopenia, and an 8-yearhistory of progressive splenomegaly underwent anelective splenectomy. Pathologic diagnosis was multi-ple splenic hamartoma. The patient’s symptoms re-solved after the splenectomy. Since first described byRokitansky in 1861, ;140 cases of splenic hamartomahave been described in the literature. Most of thesplenic hamartomas were discovered incidentally. Aminority of these lesions were associated with hema-tologic symptoms such as pancytopenia, anemia, andthrombocytopenia. Only 20 of the reported cases ofsplenic hamartoma occurred in pediatric patients.However, compared with the adult patients, nearlyhalf of these cases in pediatric patients was associatedwith symptoms. Splenectomy and partial splenectomyhave relieved these symptoms. With advances in im-aging, splenic hamartomas are being discovered withincreasing frequency. A multimodal radiologicwork-up has enabled some cases of splenic hamartomato be diagnosed preoperatively. Inclusion of this be-nign entity in the differential diagnoses of symptom-atic splenomegaly in a pediatric patient is important inthe preoperative management and counseling ofthe patient and family. In patients who have discrete le-sions, consideration of this entity preoperatively may avoidtotal splenectomy. Pediatrics 1998;101(5). URL: http://www.pediatrics.org/cgi/content/full/101/5/e10; splenic hamartoma,pancytopenia, hypersplenism, splenomegaly, hemangiomas.

e11 ABSTRACT. School-age Follow-up of Prophy-lactic Versus Rescue Surfactant Trial: Pulmonary, Neu-rodevelopmental, and Educational Outcomes. RobertA. Sinkin, MD; Bonnie M. Kramer, PhD; Joan L. Mer-zbach, MSW; Gary J. Myers, MD; John G. Brooks, MD;Donna R. Palumbo, PhD; Christopher Cox, PhD; JamesW. Kendig, MD; Charles E. Mercier, MD; and Dale L.Phelps, MD. Background. Exogenous surfactant re-placement has improved survival and reduced pulmo-nary complications of prematurity. Improved earlyoutcomes for infants of <30 weeks’ gestation treatedwith a strategy of prophylactic versus rescue surfac-tant, if needed, were demonstrated in a multicenter,randomized trial conducted between 1985 and 1988. Wereevaluated a subset of survivors from this trial todetermine the pulmonary and neurodevelopmentaloutcomes at school age.

Methods. At 4.5 to 8 years of age, all survivors fromone of the three centers were located, and 96% wereevaluated. The original randomization included stratifi-cation by center and followed an intention-to-treat meth-odology in assessing the efficacy of prophylactic versusrescue treatment with surfactant. The follow-up test bat-tery included a health-assessment questionnaire, spirom-etry, 88% saturation test, neurologic examination, and theMcCarthy Scales of Children’s Abilities (MSCA) and the

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Conners’ Parent Rating Scale–48. Educational achieve-ment was determined by school class placement andteachers’ reports of achievement.

Results. Of the 192 children originally enrolled, 154survived. Evaluations were performed on 148 of theseinfants. An abnormal pulmonary history was found in45 (30%) of the children: 16 (22%) in the prophylacticgroup and 29 (39%) in the rescue group. Formal pul-monary function was evaluated in 81 children; 29 (78%)in the prophylactic group and 33 (75%) in the rescuegroup were considered abnormal. No significant dif-ferences were found between the two groups on eithercognitive or motor subscales of the MSCA, the Con-ners’ Parent Rating Scale– 48, the neurologic examina-tion, the education services received in school, or theteacher ratings of below-average academic perfor-mance. Intelligence scores measured on the MSCAwere low–normal for both groups. Some level of edu-cational assistance was being provided to 72 (49%) ofthe cohort studied, and both groups had below averageeducational performance and increased needs for edu-cational assistance.

Conclusions. Prophylactic surfactant administrationto infants of <30 weeks’ gestation was associated withfewer long-term clinical pulmonary complicationsthan assignment to rescue administration. Formal pul-monary testing at school age did not reveal significantdifferences between treatment groups in those infantswho could be tested. There also were no group differ-ences found on neurologic, cognitive, behavioral, oreducational assessments at school age. Pediatrics 1998;101(5). URL: http://www.pediatrics.org/cgi/content/full/101/5/e11; follow-up, newborn, premature, surfac-tant.

e12 ABSTRACT. Predictors of Mortality From Fires inYoung Children. Seth J. Scholer, MD, MPH; Gerald B.Hickson, MD; Edward F. Mitchel, Jr, MS; and Wayne A.Ray, PhD. Background. In the United States in 1994,fires claimed 3.75 lives per 100 000 child years and ac-counted for 17.3% of all injury deaths in children <5years of age.

Objectives. To conduct a historical cohort study thatuses maternal demographic characteristics to identifyyoung children at high risk of fire-related deaths, thusdefining appropriate targets for prevention programs.

Methods. The cohort consisted of children born tomothers who resided in the state of Tennessee between1980 and 1995. Information was obtained by linking birthcertificates, 1990 census data, and death certificates. Chil-dren were eligible for the study if they were <5 years ofage at any time within the study period and if key studyvariables were present (99.2% of births).

Birth certificates provided information on maternalcharacteristics including age, race, education, previouslive births, use of prenatal care, and residence (in stan-dard metropolitan statistical area). Child characteristicsincluded gender, gestational age, and birth type (single-ton/multiple gestation). Neighborhood income was esti-mated by linking the mother’s address at the time ofbirth to the 1990 census (block group mean per capitaincome).

The study outcome was a fire resulting in at least onefatality (fatal fire event) during the study period, identi-fied from death certificates (coded E880 through E889 inthe International Classification of Diseases, 9th rev). Wecalculated the fatal fire event rate corresponding to eachstratum of maternal/child characteristics. We assessed the

independent association between each characteristic andthe risk of a fatal fire event from a Poisson regressionmultivariate analysis.

Results. During the study period, 1 428 694 childrencontributed 5 415 213 child years to the cohort: there were270 deaths from fire (4.99 deaths per 100 000 child years)and 231 fatal fire events. In the multivariate analysis,factors associated with greater than a threefold increasein fatal fire events included maternal education, age, andnumber of other children. Compared with childrenwhose mothers had a college education, children whosemothers had less than a high school education had 19.4times (95% confidence interval [CI], 2.6–142.4) an in-creased risk of a fatal fire event. Children whose mothershad more than two other children had 6.1 times (95% CI,3.8–9.8) an increased risk of a fatal fire event comparedwith children whose mothers had no other children.Children of mothers <20 years of age had 3.9 times (95%CI, 2.2–7.1) increased risk of a fatal fire event comparedwith children whose mothers were >30 years old. Al-though both maternal neighborhood income and racewere associated strongly with increased rates of fatal fireevents in the univariate analysis, this association did notpersist in the multivariate analysis. Other factors thatwere associated with increased risk of fatal fire events inthe multivariate analysis were male gender and having amother who was unmarried or who had delayed prenatalcare.

The three factors associated most strongly with firemortality were combined to create a risk score based onmaternal education (>16 years, 0 points; 13 to 15 years,1 point; 12 years, 2 points; <12 years, 3 points); age(>30 years, 0 points; 25 to 29 years, 1 point; 20 to 24years, 2 points; <20 years, 3 points); and number ofother children (none, 0 points; one, 1 point; two, 2points; three or more, 3 points). The lowest-risk group(score <3) included 19% of the population and had 0.19fatal fire events per 100 000 child years. In contrast,highest-risk children (score >7) comprised 1.5% of thepopulation and had 28.6 fatal fire events per 100 000child years, 150 times higher than low-risk children.Children with risk scores >5 contributed 26% of childyears but experienced 68% of all fatal fire events. If thefatal fire event rate for all children had been equal tothat of the low-risk group (risk score <3), then 95% ofdeaths from fires would not have occurred.

Discussion. Maternal education, age, and number ofother children had strong and independent associationswith fire-related deaths among young children. Takentogether, these factors defined a steep risk gradient,where children in the highest-risk group had a fire-re-lated mortality rate that was 150 times that of the lowest-risk group. From a public health perspective, maternalfactors clearly define children who would be good can-didates for prevention programs. There is an urgent needto develop prevention programs that can be shown toreduce fire-related injury in high-risk children.Pediatrics 1998;101(5). URL: http://www.pediatrics.org/cgi/content/full/101/5/e12; wounds and injuries, fires, so-cioeconomic factors, risk factors.

e13 ABSTRACT. Cat Scratch Disease Presenting WithPeripheral Facial Nerve Paralysis. Robert S. Walter, MD,and Stephen C. Eppes, MD. Acquired peripheral facialnerve paralysis is a relatively common disorder that af-

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fects both children and adults. The most frequent non-trauma-related etiologies in otherwise neurologically in-tact patients are idiopathic (Bell’s palsy) and infectious,which includes otitis media, herpes zoster, Lyme disease,herpes simplex virus, Epstein–Barr virus, and Myco-plasma pneumoniae.1–5

Cat scratch disease (CSD) is typically a subacute, re-gional lymphadenitis caused by Bartonella henselae that

is seen in children and young adults. CSD most often hasa benign, self-limited course. However, 11% of CSDpatients may present atypically, most commonly withPerinaud’s oculoglandular syndrome or acute encepha-lopathy.6–11

We present a child with the first reported case of acutefacial nerve paralysis in serologically proven CSD withtypical lymphadenitis.

ADDITION

A sentence has been added to the American Academy of Pediatrics statement from the Committee onDrugs, “Drugs for Pediatric Emergencies,” published in the January 1998 edition of Pediatrics electronicpages, as article e13. The following should be added under the heading, “Propranolol,” after the dosage butbefore the note that was initially published:

Note: Some practitioners have used up to 0.15 to 0.25 mg/kg for the treatment of refractory infundibular spasm.The electronic version of this article will include links indicating this addition.

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DOI: 10.1542/peds.101.3.e131998;101;e13Pediatrics 

Committee on Infectious Diseases and Committee on Hospital Carefor Pediatrics

The Revised CDC Guidelines for Isolation Precautions in Hospitals: Implications

http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/101/3/e13located on the World Wide Web at:

The online version of this article, along with updated information and services, is

http://pediatrics.aappublications.org//content/101/5/914.full.pdf An erratum has been published regarding this article. Please see the attached page for:

. ISSN:60007. Copyright © 1998 by the American Academy of Pediatrics. All rights reserved. Print

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