America Claim an Empire Vaglio I. Global Imperialism Imperialism the policy in where stronger nations extend their economic, political, or military control over weaker territories. A. European Imperialism Europeans had been establishing colonies for centuries. By the 19 th c Africa was a prime target for European Expansion. The reason for Africa becoming a prime target is because they fit into the mold of mercantilism they provided raw materials and a market for finished products. Britain during the reign of Queen Victoria, built an empire that included a quarter of the worlds land and people. It was so large that it was explained as The sun never sets on the British Empire B. Asian Imperialism Generally the only Asian country to become Imperialist was Japan. They began to invade mainland China in the 1890s and finally succeeded in taking over Manchuria in the 1900s. II. American Imperialism Many Americans accepted the idea of Expansion overseas. In fact it was a popular idea among Americans because they already believed in 2 concepts that would support Imperialism. 1. manifest Destiny 2. Survival of the fittest Three factors fuel American Imperialism Economic Competition among Industrial nations 2. Desire for Military Strength 3. Belief in Anglos Saxon Superiority ( White Mans Burden) 1. Commercial/Business Interests U. S. Foreign Investments: American Foreign Trade: Commercial/Business Interests 2. Military/Strategic Interests Alfred T. Mahan The Influence of Sea Power on History: 3. Social Darwinist Thinking The White Mans Burden The Hierarchy of Race 4. Religious/Missionary Interests American Missionaries in China, 1905 5. Closing the American Frontier A. Thirst for New Markets Imperialism in the US had economic roots Advances in technology enabled American farms to produce more than Americans could consume (surplus) The US needed raw materials for factories and markets for finished products (mercantilism) Economists saw imperialism as a solution to the above situation By 1900 the US exported $1.5 billion worth of goods and services as opposed to $234 million in 1834, thus achieving a favorable balance of trade (e>n) B. Desire for Military Strength American foreign policy experts felt that it was necessary to follow suit with other countries and establish a strong naval presence Alfred T. Mahan was a strong supporter for a US Naval Fleet. In his book The Influence of Sea Power Upon History he urges the US to complete several key tasks. 1. US needed a navy to defend shipping and trading routes across the seas 2. US needs strategically placed naval bases so fleets could stop and refuel 3. Us needed to build naval bases in the Caribbean 4. US needed to construct the Panama Canal US needed to acquire Hawaii and several other Pacific- Islands III. US Involvement in Hawaii 1770s Initially American Merchants stopped here on their way to East India and China 1820s Christian churches and schools were built on the Islands Next came sugar merchants who eventually changed the Hawaiian Economy A. Hawaiis Economy In the mid 19 th c American Owned Sugar plantations made up three quarters of the Islands wealth In 1875 a treaty with the US allowed sugar to be sold in the US duty or tariff free! In 1887 white business leaders in Hawaii forced King Kalakua to change Hawaiis constitution so that it would only grant voting rights to the landed. This change basically gave control of the Hawaiian government to American Businessmen In 1887 the US government forced Hawaii into signing a treaty that allowed for the construction of PEARL HARBOR In 1890 the McKinley tariff upset American Businessmen in Hawaii it took away selling sugar duty free thus creating competition with other sugars American planters in Hawaii call for ANNEXATION B. TAKEOVER Hawaiian King Kalakua died in 1891 sister Liolukalani inherited the throne. She proposed a new constitution that would remove property qualification for voting which would have restored political power to the native Hawaiians. Business groups with the help of the US Ambassador John L Stevens organized a revolution. On Jan, 16 the USS Boston appeared in Honolulu. American marines moved ashore, took control of the government, and imprisoned the queen in her palace. Sanford B. Dole became the President of Hawaii and asked it to be annexed by the US. President Cleveland realized that this government was created by Stevens and ordered the queen to be returned to power. Stevens refused and Cleveland unwilling to use force finally recognized Hawaii as a Republic. However, he was unwilling to annex Hawaii McKinley succeeded Cleveland and favored annexation. August 12, 1898 Hawaii became and American State. U. S. View of Hawaiians Hawaii becomes a U. S. Protectorate in 1849 by virtue of economic treaties. Hawaiian Queen Liliuokalani Hawaii for the Hawaiians! U. S. Business Interests In Hawaii 1875 Reciprocity Treaty 1890 McKinley Tariff American businessmen backed an uprising against Queen Liliuokalani American businessmen backed an uprising against Queen Liliuokalani. Sanford Ballard Dole proclaims the Republic of Hawaii in 1894. To The Victor Belongs the Spoils Hawaiian Annexation Ceremony, 1898 The Spanish American Cuban War I. American Interests in Cuba --- By 1825, Spain, one of the most powerful colonial nations on earth had lost many of its possessions. However, the US, for a long time had interest in Cuba, which was still retained by Spain. In 1860 the Democratic platform was to make Cuba a slave territory of the US. A. Cuban Instability Puerto Rico and Cuba had strong cultural ties with Spain, However Cuba had a history of rebellion. In 1884 the US began investing millions of dollars in Cuban Sugar Cane plantations Cubas economy depended on Sugar and the US became their main investor US abolished the tariff/ duty on Cuban Sugar in 1884 but reestablished this policy in 1894 crushing the Cuban economy B. Second War for Independence Jose Marti a Cuban Poet and journalist exiled in NYC launched a revolution in 1895 He advocated the use of guerilla tactics to destroy property especially those owned by Americans By destroying American Property he was hoping to Provoke American Intervention and Achieve CUBA LIBRE II. Threat of War Escalates In 1896 Spain sent General Valeriano Weyler to establish peace in Cuba. He believed regular military tactics would not be successful against guerilla warfare so he forcefully moved the western, rural population of Cuba in concentration camps believing that much of the resistance came form the men in this region Spanish Misrule in Cuba Valeriano Weylers Reconcentration Policy A. Yellow Journalism Reporting that exaggerates the truth and news to lure readers William Randolph Hears & Joseph Pulitzer both owners of yellow journalism news papers reported that there were poisoned wells & children being thrown to sharks in these concentration camps thus deepening American Sympathy. This brings about the idea of War between Spain and the US. In 1897 McKinley takes over the presidency and tries to smooth things over by using diplomatic relations At first efforts appear successful Weyler returned to Spain, and Spain modified policies concerning concentration camps Yellow Journalism & Jingoism Joseph Pulitzer William Randolph Hearst Hearst to Frederick Remington: You furnish the pictures, and Ill furnish the war! B. The De Lome Letter 1898 Enrique De Lome Spanish minister the the US wrote a letter criticizing McKinley calling him weak. The letter was stolen and leaked to the NY Journal by a cuban rebel. Just a few days after the De Lome Letter was published McKinley ordered the USS Maine to Cuba to protect American lives and property Feb the USS Maine exploded and 250/ 360 American officers drowned. Nobody knew the cause of the explosion, yet the front page of the newspapers blamed Spain. De Lme Letter Dupuy de Lme, Spanish Ambassador to the U.S. Criticized President McKinley as weak and a bidder for the admiration of the crowd, besides being a would-be politician who tries to leave a door open behind himself while keeping on good terms with the jingoes of his party. Theodore Roosevelt Assistant Secretary of the Navy in the McKinley administration. Imperialist and American nationalist. Criticized President McKinley as having the backbone of a chocolate clair! Resigns his position to fight in Cuba. Remember the Maine and to Hell with Spain! Funeral for Maine victims in Havana WAR PHILIPPINES On April 20 th war breaks out between Spain and the US, even though Spain did not want war and agreed to all the requirements asked of them by the US! The first battle of the war took place in the Philippines, islands controlled by Spain, halfway across the globe form Cuba. May 1 st American fleet destroyed the Spanish navy in the Philippines. For the next 2 months Americans and Filipino rebels led by Emilio Aguinaldo fought to defeat the Spanish. Finally they surrender in August of 1898 at Manila Dewey Captures Manila! Is He To Be a Despot? CARIBBEAN Back in the Caribbean the US had successfully blockaded the island of Cuba. In June of 1898 American forces landed in Cuba. The army of 17,000 include 4 African American Regiments and a cavalry unit led by Leonard Wood and Teddy Roosevelt The most famous battle took place at Kettle Hill charge by the Rough Riders up the hill that cleared the way for heavy artillery and infantry San Juan Hill next day battle that sealed the victory over the Spanish On July 17 th Santiago surrendered and on July 25 th the US invades Puerto Rico TREATY OF PARIS Cuba would become independent 2.Spain would give Puerto Rico and the Pacific island of Guam to the US 3.The US would pay $20 million for the annexation of the Philippines The Rough Riders The Spanish-American War (1898): That Splendid Little War How prepared was the US for war? The Treaty of Paris: 1898 Cuba was freed from Spanish rule. Spain gave up Puerto Rico and the island of Guam. The U. S. paid Spain $20 mil. for the Philippines. The U. S. becomes an imperial power! The American Anti-Imperialist League Founded in Mark Twain, Andrew Carnegie, William James, and William Jennings Bryan among the leaders. Campaigned against the annexation of the Philippines and other acts of imperialism. Acquiring New Lands I. US Involvement in Puerto Rico not all Puerto Ricans wanted independence, some wanted to be granted statehood, while others hoped for self govt under the direction of the US A. Americans in Puerto Rico American Military forces landed in Puerto Rico July 25 th 1898 under the command of General Nelson A. Miles. He promised the Puerto Ricans that the purpose of American Forces was 1. Protect the Puerto-Rican Property 2. Bestow the blessings of liberal governments However, General Guy Henry was rude to the Puerto Ricans. He described them as children unable to rule themselves. (yellow peril) Henry was made governor of Puerto Rico Tried to Assimilate Puerto Ricans Reduced their access to alcohol and tobacco Reduced their freedom of press criticized openly B. Puerto Ricans Attitude Toward Independence 1. At first Americans were welcomed improvement over Spain 2. However many Puerto Ricans began to fear the Yankee Peril 3. Many campaigned for local self government and statehood 4. Others wanted the right to choose between independence and statehood C. Foraker Act Even though Puerto Ricans had dreams of independence, the US had an entirely different Agenda 1. Puerto Rico was strategically important because it allowed the US to have a presence in the Caribbean they could protect for the future building of the Panama Canal 2. Next the US passed the Foraker Act A. Denied citizenship to Puerto Ricans B. allowed President to appoint Puerto Rican Governor and members of the Upper House of Legislature Insular Cases Supreme Court ruled that the Constitution did not apply to people in territories Puerto Rico: 1898 Foraker Act Foraker Act. PR became an unincorporated territory. Citizens of PR, not of the US. Import duties on PR goods the Insular Cases. Constitutional rights were not automatically extended to territorial possessions. Congress had the power to decide these rights. Import duties laid down by the Foraker Act were legal! Puerto Rico: Jones Act. Gave full territorial status to PR. Removed tariff duties on PR goods coming into the US. PRs elected their own legislators & governor to enforce local laws. PRs could NOT vote in US presidential elections. A resident commissioner was sent to Washington to vote for PR in the House. II. Cuba becomes a Protectorate The war resolutions against Spain, Treaty of Paris, provided for an act called the Teller Amendment- it said that the US did not intend to control or annex Cuba. The Treaty of Paris guaranteed Cuban Independence. However 4 years after the treaty the US still occupied CUBA. Military Government Provided food Helped to cultivate land Set up elementary schools Improved sanitation and medical research eliminated yellow fever A. Cuban Constitution In 1900 the Cuban government wrote a constitution that did not specify the relationship between Cuba and the US 1901 US insists that Cuba add several provisions to its Constitution called the Platt Amendment Cuba could not make treaties that would limit its independence The US reserved the right to intervene in CUBA Cuba was not to go into debt US could buy or lease land on Cuba for naval or coaling purposes ** CUBA had to accept these terms or US troops would not be withdraw established a PROTECTORATE ** REASONS 1. Protect Economic Interest 220 million invested in CUBA 2. Build Guantanomo Bay (GITMO) Teller Amendment (1898) Platt Amendment (1903) 1.Cuba was not to enter into any agreements with foreign powers that would endanger its independence. 2.The U.S. could intervene in Cuban affairs if necessary to maintain an efficient, independent govt. 3.Cuba must lease Guantanamo Bay to the U.S. for naval and coaling station. 4.Cuba must not build up an excessive public debt. Cuban Independence? Senator Orville Platt The Spanish-American War (1898): That Splendid Little War III. Filipinos Rebel In the Philippines the native population was determined to acquire independence. Filipinos acted in outrage toward American annexation. Emilio Aguinaldo, rebel leader, felt that the US had betrayed the Filipino interests and trust by denying them Independence. Emilio Aguinaldo L eader of the Filipino Uprising. July 4, 1946: Philippine independence William H. Taft, 1st Gov.-General of the Philippines Great administrator. Our Sphere of Influence A. Philippine American WAR EVENTS OF WAR 1. January 1899, Aguinaldo declared the Philippines an independent nation, and wrote a constitution 2. February Aguinaldo led the rebels in arms against the US used guerilla tactics 3. US resorted to making the Filipinos live in designated zones that had poor sanitation, starvation, and rampant disease 4. The Philippine war with the US lasted until 1902 20,000 Filipinos died/ 4,000 Americans were killed, and the cost of war was an estimated $400 million Aftermath of War 1. Established a government much like that of Puerto Rico 2. Howard Taft became governor 3. Established programs to improve sanitation and Education 4. Thomasites 5. Philippines become independent July 4 th 1946 Stereotypes of the Chinese Immigrant Oriental [Chinese] Exclusion Act, 1887 IV. CHINA AND THE OPEN DOOR POLICY US Imperialists saw the Philippines as a gateway to the rest of ASIA. The US did not want to seek colonies on the Asian mainland. China, however was seen as a vast market for American Products. As Chinas 250 year old Manchu Dynast began to crumble, European powers and Japan began demanding trading rights. A. John Hays Open Door Notes By 1899, Japan, Russia, France, & Germany had established spheres of influence on the coastline of China. The US had no wish for gaining territory in China. However, many US economists feared that because of a war the US would lose its rights to accessing Chinese ports. To protect American Interest, and to help China John Hay, Sec. of State, issued a series of policies called the OPEN DOOR NOTES OPEN DOOR NOTES 1. The US called for Open Access to Chinese Ports 2. The elimination of special privileges for any trading nation 3. maintenance of Chinas Independence ** accepted by European Countries and Japan B. Boxer Rebellion In 1900 events in China Brought the US as well as other European/ Imperial powers together to stop a rebellion 1. Many Chinese opposed the entrance of Western influence to their country 2. A Secret society known as the Boxers rose in revolt to drive out the westerners 3. They killed hundreds of missionaries, foreigners, and Chinese converts to Christianity The Boxer Rebellion: 1900 The Peaceful Harmonious Fists. 55 Days at Peking. 4. In August 1900 and allied force of soldiers for Britain, France, Germany, Japan, and the US marched on the Chinese capitol and in 2 months silenced the revolt. Once the rebellion was over John Hay issued the 2 nd series of Open Door Notes in which he said it would be the duty of the US to safeguard for the world the principle of equal and impartial trade. ** These Policies reflected 3 American Beliefs Growth of the US economy depended upon exports US felt it had the right to intervene abroad to keep foreign markets open The closing of foreign markets threatened our survival The Open Door Policy Secretary John Hay. Give all nations equal access to trade in China. Guaranteed that China would NOT be taken over by any one foreign power. The Open Door Policy America as a Pacific Power Commodore Matthew Perry Opens Up Japan: 1853 The Japanese View of Commodore Perry Treaty of Kanagawa: 1854 Gentlemans Agreement: 1908 A Japanese note agreeing to deny passports to laborers entering the U.S. Japan recognized the U.S. right to exclude Japanese immigrants holding passports issued by other countries. The U.S. government got the school board of San Francisco to rescind their order to segregate Asians in separate schools Root-Takahira Agreement. Lodge Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine: 1912 Senator Henry Cabot Lodge, Sr. (R-MA) Non-European powers, like Japan, would be excluded from owning territory in the Western Hemisphere. Sewards Folly: 1867 $7.2 million Sewards Icebox: 1867 America as a World Power I. Teddy Roosevelt and the World McKinley was assassinated in 1901 makes Theodore Roosevelt President of the US former governor of NY and currently VP His platform was not to let European Imperialists dominate the Globe In 1905 Roosevelt will mediate a war between Russia and Japan A. Russo Japanese War A. Issue tension between Russia and Japan over Korea Russia controlled Manchuria located in China Japan had won Korea from China in 1895 right of conquest *** Russia wanted Korea Japan said lets not press the issue lets respect one another and our territory 1904 Japan attacked Russia destroyed their Pacific Fleet and then their European fleet Japan will secure Korea and take control over Manchuria Negotiations Roosevelt at the head 1 st meeting Presidential Yacht Japan wanted Sakhalin Islands and & $$$$$$$$$$$ Results Japan received half the islands and no $$$ B. Relations between the Japanese and the US continue Naval Dominance Exhibited Great White Fleet C. Panama Canal by the time Roosevelt became President the US had already achieved 3 of 4 goals set forth by Mahan (modern navy, naval vessels, Hawaii) 4 th Goal PANAMA CANAL 1850 Hay Pauncefote Traty Treaty of 1901 Two Possible Sites Panama & Nicaragua Influence of Philippe Bunau-Varilla Columbian Response and American Influence D. Construction of the Canal Time Costs Monetarily Physically Opening Date Us Latin American Relations US Apology Panama: The Kings Crown 1850 Clayton-Bulwer Treaty Hay-Paunceforte Treaty. Philippe Bunau-Varilla, agent provocateur. Dr. Walter Reed. Colonel W. Goethals Hay-Bunau- Varilla Treaty. Panama Canal TR in Panama (Construction begins in 1904) E. Roosevelt Corollary A. Reasons for Corollary 1.Financial factors brought the US further into Latin American affairs 2.Latin American Nations had borrowed $ from European bankers to build roads, rails, and internal improvements 3.US worried about Latins defaulting on loans this would bring Europeans back into the Western Hemisphere violation of the Monroe Dotrine 4.Big Stick Diplomacy European powers must not intervene in Latin America if there is any disturbance in Latin America the US will act as an International Police Power Example 1911 Nicaragua Rebellion in Nicaragua left the nation near bankrupt owed money to Britain President Taft arranged for US Bankers to loan the Nicaraguan government under Adolfo Diaz $ US in return got the right to collect taxes in Nicaragua and control the railway system People in Nicaragua revolt US places 2,000 soldiers in Nicaragua to put down the revolt until 1933 DOLLAR DIPLOMACY The Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine: 1905 Chronic wrongdoing may in America, as elsewhere, ultimately require intervention by some civilized nation, and in the Western Hemisphere the adherence of the United States to the Monroe Doctrine may force the United States, however reluctantly, in flagrant cases of such such wrongdoing or impotence, to the exercise of an international police power power. Speak Softly, But Carry a Big Stick! II. MISSIONARY DIPLOMACY Written by Woodrow Wilson was an extension of the Monroe Doctrine and the Roosevelt Corollary its purpose was to add a moral tone to the role of the US It stated that the US had a duty to deny recognition to any Latin American government that it viewed as oppressive, undemocratic, or hostile to US interests. A. Mexican Revolution American Interests had grown in Mexcio over the last few years during the reign of Porfirio Diaz Americans invested in oil wells, mines, railroads, and ranches Diaz was forced to resign in 1910 Francisco Madero comes to power in 1911 president unsuccessful After 2 years General Victorian Huerta took over and executed Madero Wilson refused to recognize Huerta missionary diplomacy Watchful Waiting April 1914 Mexican officials arrested a small band of US sailors in Tampico They were quickly released but Wilson used this as an excuse to intervene in Mexico US invaded Mexico at Vera Cruz 100 Mexican dead Negotiations failed Huerta s regime crumbles Carranza a nationalist leader came to power US troops are withdrawn B. Turmoil Continues Emilio Zapata and Pancho Villa led revolts against Carranza Villa was anti Carranza Zapata native Indian dedicated to reform American Miners go to Mexico to operate mines, Mexican government had promised to protect foreigners Americans were pulled of train executed Columbus, New Mexico many of Villas followers raided and killed several Americans US enters Mexico with soldiers John Pershing and an AEF 15,000 search for VILLA Results Tension between Mexico and US intensified US pulls out in WWI The Mexican Revolution: 1910s Emiliano Zapata Francisco I Madero Venustiano Carranza Porfirio Diaz Pancho Villa Wilsons Moral Diplomacy The U. S. should be the conscience of the world. Spread democracy. Promote peace. Condemn colonialism. Searching for Banditos General John J. Pershing with Pancho Villa in 1914. U. S. Global Investments & Investments in Latin America, 1914 U. S. Interventions in Latin America: s Uncle Sam: One of the Boys? The Cares of a Growing Family Constable of the World Treaty of Portsmouth: 1905 Nobel Peace Prize for Teddy The Great White Fleet: 1907 Tafts Dollar Diplomacy Improve financial opportunities for American businesses. Use private capital to further U. S. interests overseas. Therefore, the U.S. should create stability and order abroad that would best promote Americas commercial interests. The Imperialist Taylor