America at 1800America at 1800

Jefferson, Madison, and the Jefferson, Madison, and the War of 1812War of 1812

Quiz: JeffersonQuiz: Jefferson

1.1. How are Jeffersonian Democratic-How are Jeffersonian Democratic-Republicans different from Republicans different from Hamiltonian Federalists? Vision of Hamiltonian Federalists? Vision of society and View of Constitutionsociety and View of Constitution

2.2. Explain how the Kentucky and Explain how the Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions are a response Virginia Resolutions are a response to the Alien and Sedition Acts.to the Alien and Sedition Acts.

Quiz: Jefferson's Presidency Quiz: Jefferson's Presidency • America at 1800-1850 Massive Growth- in America at 1800-1850 Massive Growth- in

what areas?what areas?• Revolution of 1800- Federalists loseRevolution of 1800- Federalists lose

– Republican ValuesRepublican Values– Reduction of the Federal Government and Reduction of the Federal Government and

Federal Debt Federal Debt • ““Less is more”Less is more”

– The Supreme Court under John Marshall The Supreme Court under John Marshall – Marbury vs. MadisonMarbury vs. Madison– Louisiana Purchase Louisiana Purchase – Burr conspiracy Burr conspiracy – Neutral rights Neutral rights – Impressment Impressment – EmbargoEmbargo

PicturesPictures

PicturesPictures

Test itemsTest items

• Republican Vision/Jefferson/embargo/reduce the budgetRepublican Vision/Jefferson/embargo/reduce the budget• Revolution of Jefferson/overturn Federal policiesRevolution of Jefferson/overturn Federal policies• Jefferson/a great politicianJefferson/a great politician• Ended internal taxesEnded internal taxes• Government spendingGovernment spending• National debtNational debt• Jefferson and the courtJefferson and the court• Judiciary act of 1801Judiciary act of 1801• Mabry Vs. MadisonMabry Vs. Madison• Louisiana Purchase reasonsLouisiana Purchase reasons• Aaron BurrAaron Burr• War of 1812 causes, War Hawks/Clay/Calhoun/War of 1812 causes, War Hawks/Clay/Calhoun/• Tecumseh’s goalsTecumseh’s goals

Essay QuestionEssay Question

• The War of 1812 was foisted upon an The War of 1812 was foisted upon an unwilling nation by a Congress unwilling nation by a Congress controlled by a group of congressmen controlled by a group of congressmen called the “War Hawks” whose main called the “War Hawks” whose main goal was the conquest of Canada. goal was the conquest of Canada.

• Assess the validity of this statement Assess the validity of this statement using the documents and your using the documents and your knowledge of US Historyknowledge of US History

Republican Agenda 1790’sRepublican Agenda 1790’s

•Thomas JeffersonThomas Jefferson

•Not elitist like Not elitist like FederalistFederalist

•Believed in the Believed in the “Common Man”“Common Man”

•Reacting against the Reacting against the philosophy of the philosophy of the Federalists and Federalists and HamiltonHamilton•Pro-French, Pro-French, FrenchFrench Revolution as a great Revolution as a great movement toward movement toward democracydemocracy

•Believed in the strength of Believed in the strength of the small farmerthe small farmer

•Wants to reduce the size of Wants to reduce the size of the Federal Governmentthe Federal Government

•Regarding the National Regarding the National BankBank

–Federal Government had Federal Government had no authority to create the no authority to create the National BankNational Bank

•A strict interpretation of A strict interpretation of Constitution.Constitution.

•The constitution did not The constitution did not address or allowaddress or allow

•Hamilton said, the Hamilton said, the constitution allows all constitution allows all laws that are necessary, laws that are necessary, known as the known as the Elastic Elastic ClauseClause•Believed in concepts of the Believed in concepts of the States vs. Federal GovStates vs. Federal Gov

Sectionalism DevelopingSectionalism Developing

• Northeast- Northeast- Manufacturing=want to send Manufacturing=want to send goods Westgoods West

• WesternWestern Farmers agriculture=want to Farmers agriculture=want to send goods Eastsend goods East

• Problem of TransportationProblem of Transportation= roads, canals, = roads, canals, river transportation important-1800-1850 river transportation important-1800-1850 building transportation networks.building transportation networks.

• Problem: Problem: Spain controlsSpain controls mouth of mouth of Mississippi until the French reacquire Mississippi until the French reacquire Louisiana under Napoleon and US make Louisiana under Napoleon and US make the Louisiana Purchase-1803the Louisiana Purchase-1803

American GrowthAmerican Growth•New CenturyNew Century

•Census office 1801- Census office 1801- 5.3 million people 5.3 million people 1820= 9.5 mill1820= 9.5 mill

•33% ? growth rate 33% ? growth rate each decadeeach decade

•Rapid Economic Rapid Economic growthgrowth

•Commercial and Commercial and Geographic Geographic expansionexpansion

Cities- 1820Cities- 1820

•New York + 100,000New York + 100,000

•Philadelphia + Philadelphia + 100,000100,000

•75% Pop Rural75% Pop Rural

•5% in cities5% in cities

•20% in towns20% in towns

•People moving west People moving west in search of farm landin search of farm land

•Ohio, Mississippi Ohio, Mississippi ValleyValley

Jefferson Presidency 1801-Jefferson Presidency 1801-18091809

• Lawyer, diplomat, scientist, Lawyer, diplomat, scientist, philosopherphilosopher

• Interested in AgricultureInterested in Agriculture

• Supported innovations and Supported innovations and technologytechnology

• ““Where a new invention is supported by Where a new invention is supported by well-known principles, and promises to be well-known principles, and promises to be useful, it ought to be tried.”useful, it ought to be tried.”

How is Jefferson’s Election How is Jefferson’s Election “Revolutionary” or the Revolution of “Revolutionary” or the Revolution of 1800?1800?

• PeacefulPeaceful transfer of power- was not transfer of power- was not commoncommon

• It was a watershed for the Republic in that It was a watershed for the Republic in that the opposing political parties would the opposing political parties would cooperate with a change in leadershipcooperate with a change in leadership

• Some will say, changes Jefferson advocates Some will say, changes Jefferson advocates will be revolutionary.will be revolutionary.

• Jefferson as a common man- open to Jefferson as a common man- open to common peoplecommon people

• Wants to remove the Federalist program and Wants to remove the Federalist program and reduce the size of the Federal governmentreduce the size of the Federal government

Jefferson’s Social VisionJefferson’s Social Vision

• Wanted to see individuals own landWanted to see individuals own land

• Land was the key to democracy- Land was the key to democracy-

• didn’t believe that cities and industry didn’t believe that cities and industry were idealwere ideal

• Recognized manufacturing was Recognized manufacturing was necessarynecessary

• ““The cultivators of the earth are the The cultivators of the earth are the most valuable citizens”most valuable citizens”

Jefferson’s PlanJefferson’s Plan• Wanted to return governing Wanted to return governing power to the statespower to the states

• Economics-Economics-

• Thought Federalist enacted Thought Federalist enacted too many too many protectiveprotective tariffstariffs – that hurt farmer and favored – that hurt farmer and favored merchantsmerchants

• Hated the national debt- $112 million by 1801Hated the national debt- $112 million by 1801

• GallatinGallatin was his Secretary of Treasury- was his Secretary of Treasury- proposed proposed cutting spendingcutting spending to balance the to balance the budgetbudget

• Federal jobs, military, navy budget cutFederal jobs, military, navy budget cut

• End internal taxes/excise taxesEnd internal taxes/excise taxes

Quiz: Jefferson and the Quiz: Jefferson and the CourtCourt

1.1. Judiciary Act of 1801Judiciary Act of 1801

2.2. John MarshallJohn Marshall

3.3. Marbury v MadisonMarbury v Madison

4.4. Judicial ReviewJudicial Review

Speaking of “Midnight Speaking of “Midnight Judges”Judges”

• Republican from Kentucky called Republican from Kentucky called Adams’s tactics "the last effort of the Adams’s tactics "the last effort of the most wicked, insidious and turbulent most wicked, insidious and turbulent faction that ever disgraced our faction that ever disgraced our political annals." political annals."

Jefferson vs. The CourtJefferson vs. The Court

• A A Federalist lawFederalist law is passed, is passed, Judiciary Act 1801Judiciary Act 1801

• Created Created 16 new Federal judgeships16 new Federal judgeships

• Adams appointed a number of judges before he Adams appointed a number of judges before he left office (left office (Midnight AppointmentsMidnight Appointments))

• Jefferson pushes Jefferson pushes republican controlled congressrepublican controlled congress to repeal the act and not seat Federalist judgesto repeal the act and not seat Federalist judges

• However the Supreme Court is packed with However the Supreme Court is packed with Federalist and will rule against Republican Federalist and will rule against Republican issuesissues

John MarshallJohn Marshall Chief Justice 1801- Chief Justice 1801-1835 1835 linklink

1.1. Appointed as Appointed as Chief JusticeChief Justice during last days of Adams' term during last days of Adams' term

2.2. Most important Chief Justice in Most important Chief Justice in U.S. historyU.S. history; served for about ; served for about 34 years34 years

• Molded or Molded or developeddeveloped the the powerpower of the of the JudiciaryJudiciary

John MarshallJohn Marshall Chief Justice 1801-1835 Chief Justice 1801-1835 linklink

• Key leader, “non-Key leader, “non-partisan” partisan” FederalistFederalist

• Strengthened the Federal Strengthened the Federal Government- at expense of Government- at expense of statesstates

• Advanced the interests of Advanced the interests of the richthe rich

• Supported the legality of Supported the legality of contractscontracts

• Supported the concept of Supported the concept of Federal government Federal government supremacy over statessupremacy over states

– Dartmouth Case- overrode a Dartmouth Case- overrode a state courtstate court

Marbury vs Madison, 1803Marbury vs Madison, 1803 LinkLink

""Midnight judgeMidnight judge" William Marbury sued " William Marbury sued (on the behalf of several other judges) for the(on the behalf of several other judges) for thedelivery of his commission that was being held up by the new delivery of his commission that was being held up by the new

SecretarySecretary of Stateof State Madison.Madison.

Madison was ordered by Jefferson to withhold appointments of Madison was ordered by Jefferson to withhold appointments of Judiciary Act o 1801        Judiciary Act o 1801        

Marbury asked the Supreme Court should Marbury asked the Supreme Court should forceforce the president the president to give him his job.to give him his job.

The Judiciary Act of 1789 said Court had a the power to The Judiciary Act of 1789 said Court had a the power to compel the executive to act… compel the executive to act…

Marshall said 1789 Act Congress gave too much authority to Marshall said 1789 Act Congress gave too much authority to Court…Court…by giving the Courtby giving the Court the right to the right to enforceenforce appointmentsappointments (only the executive branch had right to (only the executive branch had right to enforce the law)enforce the law)

Ruling Ruling established a precedent established a precedent Supreme Court power to rule a law by Congress Supreme Court power to rule a law by Congress

unconstitutionalunconstitutionalJudicial ReviewJudicial Review (the concept that the Supreme Court can rule laws (the concept that the Supreme Court can rule laws unconstitutional)unconstitutional)

MarshallMarshall

• Marshall Said:Marshall Said:

• ““Marbury had a right to the Marbury had a right to the commission but- the court had no commission but- the court had no authority to order Madison to deliver authority to order Madison to deliver it.”it.”

Louisiana PurchaseLouisiana Purchase• 1801 France1801 France again again controls the Louisianacontrols the Louisiana

TerritoryTerritory• Jefferson wants to expand US territoryJefferson wants to expand US territory• Sends Sends James Monroe to FranceJames Monroe to France to Negotiate the to Negotiate the

purchase of New Orleans because French tried purchase of New Orleans because French tried to close the port to Western farmersto close the port to Western farmers

• Monroe signed the deal with Napoleon 1803Monroe signed the deal with Napoleon 1803• The deal created a The deal created a dilemmadilemma for Jefferson, he for Jefferson, he

believed in believed in strict interpretationstrict interpretation of Constitution, of Constitution, which means the government only does what which means the government only does what the Constitution says it should do.the Constitution says it should do.

• Contrast to Hamilton's Contrast to Hamilton's Elastic ClauseElastic Clause assertion assertion

Burr ConspiracyBurr Conspiracy

• Burr,Burr, a scoundrel, and traitor- Killed Hamilton a scoundrel, and traitor- Killed Hamilton in 1804 (Federalists essentially die with in 1804 (Federalists essentially die with hammy)hammy)

• Jefferson broke with Burr early-Jefferson broke with Burr early-

• Burr became involved with a group of Burr became involved with a group of Federalists to create a separate country 1Federalists to create a separate country 1stst with New York and NJ then later involving with New York and NJ then later involving Mexico. (to secede)Mexico. (to secede)

• Jefferson tries to have Burr prosecuted, Burr Jefferson tries to have Burr prosecuted, Burr eventually escapes to Europe.eventually escapes to Europe.

War of 1812 QuizWar of 1812 QuizChoose three of the following:Choose three of the following:

1.1. What was the EmbargoWhat was the Embargo– Who wanted it and why?Who wanted it and why?

2.2. Who were the “War Hawks”Who were the “War Hawks”3.3. List three mains causes of the War List three mains causes of the War

of 1812-of 1812-4.4. What role did Andrew Jackson play What role did Andrew Jackson play

in the War of 1812in the War of 1812

Winds of WarWinds of War

• Longtime problemLongtime problem of American merchant of American merchant ships being seized and sailors forcibly ships being seized and sailors forcibly impressed into service by British Navy, impressed into service by British Navy, continuescontinues

• 1793-1811 1,000 sailors were removed from 1793-1811 1,000 sailors were removed from US ships by BritishUS ships by British

• Jefferson/Republicans respond with the Jefferson/Republicans respond with the Embargo Act of 1807-Embargo Act of 1807- stopping all trade- stopping all trade-

• Results in immediate disasterResults in immediate disaster• American agriculture prices fall-over supply-American agriculture prices fall-over supply-• Smuggling begins and Jefferson tries to Smuggling begins and Jefferson tries to

suppress with Navy and Troopssuppress with Navy and Troops

Jefferson to MadisonJefferson to Madison

• Embargo didn’t workEmbargo didn’t work

• Jefferson never ended the national Jefferson never ended the national debtdebt

• Madison,Madison, Jefferson’s Secretary of Jefferson’s Secretary of State, in 1809-1816, is elected and State, in 1809-1816, is elected and Jefferson, before leaving office, asks Jefferson, before leaving office, asks Congress to repeal the Congress to repeal the EmbargoEmbargo and and replace it with replace it with Non-Intercourse ActNon-Intercourse Act

Madison 1809-1816Madison 1809-1816

• Republican, Jefferson’s Secretary of Republican, Jefferson’s Secretary of StateState

• Picked up where Jefferson left offPicked up where Jefferson left off

• Trying to deal with European Trying to deal with European conflictsconflicts– British interference with trade British interference with trade

continued-seizures and impressments continued-seizures and impressments – Western incitement of Indians Western incitement of Indians

Madison 1808-1816Madison 1808-1816

• Non-Intercourse Act 1809-Non-Intercourse Act 1809- in an in an effort to repair damage by the effort to repair damage by the embargoembargo

• Congress passes law to prohibit trade Congress passes law to prohibit trade with Britain and France, but allow with Britain and France, but allow trade with other countriestrade with other countries

• Americans want Americans want Neutral Trading Neutral Trading RightsRights

War of 1812War of 1812

– Causes Causes – Invasion of Canada Invasion of Canada – Hartford Convention Hartford Convention – Conduct of the war Conduct of the war – Treaty of Ghent Treaty of Ghent

– New OrleansNew Orleans

War of 1812 CausesWar of 1812 Causes

• War Hawks-War Hawks- American legislators advocated American legislators advocated war with Britain to regain American trade war with Britain to regain American trade and secure Western lands/ and even invade and secure Western lands/ and even invade CanadaCanada

• Speaker of the House Henry ClaySpeaker of the House Henry Clay of Kentucky of Kentucky

• Congressman John C. CalhounCongressman John C. Calhoun of South of South CarolinaCarolina

• Blamed Great Britain for inciting the Indians Blamed Great Britain for inciting the Indians in Ohioin Ohio

Ohio Indian TroubleOhio Indian Trouble

• White settlement of Ohio increasesWhite settlement of Ohio increases

• 1800=56001800=5600

• 1810= 24, 5001810= 24, 500

• 1820=147,000 1820=147,000

• Indian Tribes pushed West are angry Indian Tribes pushed West are angry about treaties and White settlementabout treaties and White settlement

Quiz: War of 1812Quiz: War of 1812

• Who was Tecumseh- what should we Who was Tecumseh- what should we know about him?know about him?

• Hartford Convention-Hartford Convention- – What was it?What was it?– What group participated in it?What group participated in it?– What did they want to do?What did they want to do?

FrontierFrontier

• Two Tribal leaders, The “Two Tribal leaders, The “ProphetProphet” and ” and TecumsehTecumseh

• Shawnee twin brothers- wanted their Shawnee twin brothers- wanted their people to resist the white invasion and live people to resist the white invasion and live separatelyseparately

• They try to form an Indian confederation They try to form an Indian confederation

• William Henry HarrisonWilliam Henry Harrison and the US Army kill and the US Army kill “Prophet” at the “Prophet” at the Battle of Battle of Tippecanoe Tippecanoe 18111811

• Americans believe the British are helping Americans believe the British are helping the Indians from forts in the Ohio valleythe Indians from forts in the Ohio valley

Madison Wins Election 1812Madison Wins Election 1812• June 1812 War is DeclaredJune 1812 War is Declared

• Federalist against the war but out Federalist against the war but out voted by Western and Southern voted by Western and Southern RepublicansRepublicans

• Americans Invade of CanadaAmericans Invade of Canada – Through DetroitThrough Detroit– Great Lakes Great Lakes Oliver Hazard Perry-Oliver Hazard Perry- defeats a defeats a

British fleet Lake ErieBritish fleet Lake Erie– But few lasting effectsBut few lasting effects

Presidential Election of 1812

Military IssuesMilitary Issues• British Invade through the British Invade through the

Chessapeake and Chessapeake and burn Washington burn Washington D.C.D.C.– Fort McHenry, Baltimore Harbor, Fort McHenry, Baltimore Harbor, Star Star

Spangled BannerSpangled Banner– Hero Andrew Jackson-Hero Andrew Jackson- defeats Creek defeats Creek

indians in the Mississippi area and then indians in the Mississippi area and then goes on to defend goes on to defend Jan. 1815Jan. 1815 New New Orleans from invasion- great victory will Orleans from invasion- great victory will bring him national prominencebring him national prominence

Hartford Convention 1814Hartford Convention 1814 (Connecticut) (Connecticut)

• Federalist opposition delegates from Federalist opposition delegates from New England meet to discuss New England meet to discuss complaints regarding the War and complaints regarding the War and the Republican leadershipthe Republican leadership

• Some argue for secessionSome argue for secession

• After the War Federalist are After the War Federalist are marginalized even more than before.marginalized even more than before.

Treaty of Ghent Treaty of Ghent

– Treaty of GhentTreaty of Ghent, (Belgium) signed , (Belgium) signed December 1814- December 1814-

– British evacuate the Ohio Valley, no British evacuate the Ohio Valley, no major consequencesmajor consequences

– Indians lose, usually move West , lose Indians lose, usually move West , lose large areas of land- in Northwestlarge areas of land- in Northwest

– Rush-Bagot Agreement-Rush-Bagot Agreement- de-militarized de-militarized the Great Lakesthe Great Lakes

Quiz: Madison’s Economic Quiz: Madison’s Economic PlansPlans

• Summarize the two major economic Summarize the two major economic initiatives Madison supported- initiatives Madison supported-

The The Madisonian PlatformMadisonian Platform•After the War there is a huge feeling of After the War there is a huge feeling of

NationalismNationalism- - – The idea of loyalty or devotion to a nation, The idea of loyalty or devotion to a nation,

or or – Pride in one’s country, usually excessivePride in one’s country, usually excessive

•Madison unveils a program to develop Madison unveils a program to develop the country through the leadership of the country through the leadership of the the Federal GovernmentFederal Government::

•Military, banking, protective tariffs, Military, banking, protective tariffs, internal improvements (roads, canals), internal improvements (roads, canals), and a national universityand a national university

Madison’s PlatformMadison’s Platform• MilitaryMilitary• Banking- Chartering the Banking- Chartering the Second Bank of the Second Bank of the

United StatesUnited States -first bank, time ran out and paper -first bank, time ran out and paper money issued caused inflation Bank is created money issued caused inflation Bank is created 1816- 1816- – became economically strongbecame economically strong– McCullah vs. Maryland-McCullah vs. Maryland- Marshall-ruled that the Marshall-ruled that the

Bank was legal and states could not tax it.Bank was legal and states could not tax it.• Protective Tariff-Protective Tariff- During Embargo, During Embargo,

manufacturing in Northeast develops, Brits manufacturing in Northeast develops, Brits produce more goods, cheaper, and fasterproduce more goods, cheaper, and faster

• Textile industrialists, (Lowell) support tariffTextile industrialists, (Lowell) support tariff• Even Even CalhounCalhoun of South Carolina, supported the of South Carolina, supported the

tarifftariff, because of nationalistic or patriotic reasons., because of nationalistic or patriotic reasons.