Amali 1

Pengenalan Anatomi

Institut Pendidikan Guru MalaysiaPJM3106 (PJ ELEKTIF)

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Anatomy

• Gross anatomy: the study of body structures visible to the naked eye (without a microscope)

• Microscopic anatomy: • Cytology: Analysis of the internal structures of

individual cells• Histology: examination of tissues (groups of

specialized cells that work together to perform a specific function.

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Anatomical Position

• Anytime you describe structures relative to one another, you must assume this standard position:

• Body erect• Feet slightly apart• Palms facing forward• Thumbs point away from body

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Anterior Landmarks

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PosteriorLandmarks

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Anatomical Locations

• Abdominal: abdominal region• Acromial: the point of the shoulder• Antebrachial: forearm• Antecubital: anterior surface of the elbow• Axillary: armpit• Brachial: upper arm• Buccal: cheek of the face• Calcaneal: heel of the foot• Carpal: wrist• Cephalic: head

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Anatomical Locations

• Cervical: neck• Deltoid: round part of the shoulder• Digital: fingers and toes• Dorsum: back • Femoral: thigh• Frontal: forehead• Gluteal: buttocks• Hallux: big toe• Inguinal: groin• Lumbar: lower back• Mammary: breast

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Anatomical Locations

• Mental: chin• Nasal: Nose• Occipital: base of the skull• Olecranal: elbow• Oral: mouth• Orbital: bony eye socket• Otic: ear• Palmar: palm of hand• Patellar: Kneecap• Pedal: Foot

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Anatomical Locations

• Pelvic: pelvis region• Perineal: area between anus and

external genitals• Plantar: sole of foot• Pollex: thumb• Popliteal: behind the knee• Pubic: genital region• Sacral: lower back between the hips• Scapular: shoulder blade• Tarsal: ankle• Thoracic: chest• Vertebral: spine

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Body Orientationand Direction

• These are relative positions• Proximal/distal

• Used to describe locations on the arms and legs

• GI tract

• Medial/lateral• Medial is closer to the

midline• Farther away from the

midline

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Body Orientation and Direction

• Dorsal: Back• Ventral: Front• Superior or Cephalad is

toward the head• Inferior or Caudal is

toward the feet• Anterior: most forward• Posterior: toward the

backside

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Planes of the Body

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• Dorsal cavity protects the nervous system

• Contains Brain and Spinal Cord

Dorsal Body Cavity

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Cavities

• Thoracic Cavity• Heart & Lungs

• Subdivided into the mediastinum and plural cavities

• Lower border is the diaphragm• Abdominal Cavity

• Stomach, Liver, Intestines• Pelvic Cavity

• Reproductive organs Bladder, Rectum

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Serous Membranes

• Serous Membranes have two layers

1. Parietal serosa lines internal body walls

1. Visceral serosa covers the internal organs

• Serous fluid separates the serosae

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Serous Membranes

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Serous Membranes of the Heart

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Quadrants

• RUQ• Liver

• LUQ• Spleen

• RLQ• Appendix

• LLQ• Sigmoid colon

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Abdominopelvic Regions

Lab Activity 2

Organ Systems

Martini Chapter 1, Pages 9-10

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Integumentary System

• Structures: Skin, hair, sweat and oil glands• Function:

• Forms external body covering• Protects deeper tissues from injury• Involved in vitamin D synthesis• Prevents desiccation, heat loss, and pathogen entry • Site of pain and pressure receptors

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Skeletal System

• Structure: 206 bones of the human body• Function:

• Protects and supports body organs• Provides a framework that muscles can use to create

movement• Hematopoiesis (synthesis of blood cells)• Mineral storage

• Bone contains 99% of the body’s store of calcium

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Muscular System

• Structures: The 600+ muscles of the body• Function:

• Locomotion• Manipulation of the environment• Maintaining posture• Thermogenesis (generation of heat)

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Nervous System

• Structures: Brain, Spinal cord,

and peripheral nerves.• Function:

• Fast-acting control system of the body• Monitoring of the internal and external environment

and responding (when necessary) by initiating muscular or glandular activity

• Information Assessment

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Endocrine System

• Structures: Hormone Secreting Glands• Pituitary, Thyroid, Thymus, Pineal,

Parathyroid, Adrenal, Pancreas, Small Intestine, Stomach, Testes, Ovaries, Kidneys, Heart

• Functions:• Long-term control system of the body• Regulates growth, reproduction, and nutrient

use among other things.

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Cardiovascular System

• Structures: • Heart, Blood vessels (arteries, veins, and capillaries)

• Functions:• The heart pumps blood thru the blood vessels.• Blood provides the transport medium for nutrients

(glucose, amino acids, lipids), gases (O2, CO2), wastes (urea, creatinine), signaling molecules (hormones), and heat.

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Lymphatic/Immune System

• Structures:• Lymphatic vessels, Lymph nodes, Spleen, Thymus,

Red bone marrow• Functions:

• Returning “leaked” fluid back to the bloodstream• Disposal of debris• Attacking and resisting foreign invaders (pathogens

i.e., disease-causing organisms)• Absorption of fat from the digestive tract

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Respiratory System

• Structures:• Nasal cavity, pharynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs

• Functions:• Constantly supply the blood with O2, and remove

CO2

• Regulate blood pH

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Digestive System

• Structures:• Oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, small intestine,

large intestine, rectum, salivary glands, pancreas, liver, gallbladder

• Functions:• Ingestion and subsequent breakdown of food into

absorbable units that will enter the blood for distribution to the body’s cells

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Urinary System

• Structures:• Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder,

urethra

• Functions:• Removal of nitrogenous wastes• Regulation of body’s levels of water, electrolytes,

and acidity

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Reproductive System

• Structures:• Male:

• Testes, scrotum, epididymis, vas deferens, urethra, prostate gland, seminal vesicles, penis

• Female:• Ovary, uterine tube, uterus, cervix, vagina, mammary

glands

• Functions:• Making Babies

Lab Activity 3

The Microscope

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Care of the Microscope

1. When transporting microscope, hold in upright position with one hand on the arm and the other supporting the base 

2. Only use lens paper to clean the lens. NEVER USE KIMWIPES.

3. Always begin the focusing process with the lowest-power objective and change to higher-power lenses as necessary. 

• Use fine focus only for adjustment

4. Use coarse adjustment knob only with the lowest power objective lens

5. Always use a coverslip with temporary preparations

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Putting Microscope Away

1. Remove slides from stage and place in appropriate place

2. Rotate the lowest-power objective lens into position

3. Move stage to the lowest position4. Turn down light brightness5. Turn off power6. Wipe microscope (not the lens) with

Kimwipes or alcohol wipe if needed7. Wrap the cord neatly around the base8. Lock the cabinet

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The End