AM GOV 2010 Joseph A. Losco Ralph E. Baker. FOREIGN AND DEFENSE POLICY Chapter 16

AM GOV 2010AM GOV 2010

Joseph A. Losco Joseph A. Losco

Ralph E. BakerRalph E. Baker

FOREIGN AND DEFENSE FOREIGN AND DEFENSE POLICYPOLICY

Chapter 16Chapter 16

As You ReadAs You Read

What are the major goals of American foreign What are the major goals of American foreign policy?policy?

Who are the principal actors in the foreign-Who are the principal actors in the foreign-policy-making process?policy-making process?

What are the tools foreign policy makers have What are the tools foreign policy makers have at their disposal?at their disposal?

3© 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

DEFENSE AND FOREIGN POLICY DEFENSE AND FOREIGN POLICY IN HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVEIN HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE

Defense policy involves strategic decisions Defense policy involves strategic decisions about the use of military force in national about the use of military force in national security.security.

Foreign policy encompasses all military, Foreign policy encompasses all military, diplomatic, economic, and security exchanges diplomatic, economic, and security exchanges that take place with other nations.that take place with other nations.



National defense and foreign policy change National defense and foreign policy change dramatically depending on American interests dramatically depending on American interests and the nature of the enemy.and the nature of the enemy. The Monroe Doctrine was a warning to European The Monroe Doctrine was a warning to European

powers that attempts to extend their systems into powers that attempts to extend their systems into the Western Hemisphere would be considered a the Western Hemisphere would be considered a threat to U.S. peace and safety.threat to U.S. peace and safety.

In the late nineteenth century, America sought to In the late nineteenth century, America sought to achieve economic expansion.achieve economic expansion.

The Open Door Policy declared support for equal The Open Door Policy declared support for equal access for foreign traders in China.access for foreign traders in China.



The Roosevelt Corollary asserted the right of the The Roosevelt Corollary asserted the right of the U.S. to intervene in its neighbors’ domestic affairs U.S. to intervene in its neighbors’ domestic affairs if they were unable to maintain order and national if they were unable to maintain order and national sovereignty on their own.sovereignty on their own.

The Truman Doctrine guided the U.S. policy of The Truman Doctrine guided the U.S. policy of containment by declaring the intentions of the U.S. containment by declaring the intentions of the U.S. to support free people who resisted subjugation by to support free people who resisted subjugation by armed minorities or outside pressures.armed minorities or outside pressures.



Mutually Assured Destruction was a Cold War Mutually Assured Destruction was a Cold War principle that presumed neither superpower would principle that presumed neither superpower would launch an attack if such an act would lead to its launch an attack if such an act would lead to its own destruction.own destruction.

A period of détente in U.S.-Soviet relations ended A period of détente in U.S.-Soviet relations ended with the Reagan administration’s arms buildup, with the Reagan administration’s arms buildup, which eventually was a factor in the collapse of the which eventually was a factor in the collapse of the Soviet Union.Soviet Union.



At the end of the Cold War, terrorism and the At the end of the Cold War, terrorism and the “war on terrorism” took center stage in “war on terrorism” took center stage in American national security policy and resulted American national security policy and resulted in the reorganization of the bureaucracy and in the reorganization of the bureaucracy and changes in intelligence gathering and military changes in intelligence gathering and military policy.policy.

The Bush Doctrine calls for preemptive use of The Bush Doctrine calls for preemptive use of force to prevent hostile acts even if the U.S. is force to prevent hostile acts even if the U.S. is uncertain about their time and place.uncertain about their time and place.


DEFENDING U.S. INTERESTS IN A DEFENDING U.S. INTERESTS IN A CONSTANTLY CHANGING WORLD CONSTANTLY CHANGING WORLD

The most important national security goal of The most important national security goal of any nation is maintaining security in the face any nation is maintaining security in the face of threats.of threats.

A nation’s national interests are comprised of A nation’s national interests are comprised of its military, economic, and ideological its military, economic, and ideological concerns about security.concerns about security.



Foreign policy is guided by the notion that each Foreign policy is guided by the notion that each nation is limited in the pursuit of its interests nation is limited in the pursuit of its interests only by the strength of its resources and the only by the strength of its resources and the countervailing power of other nations.countervailing power of other nations. Foreign policy realism is the belief that national Foreign policy realism is the belief that national

interests can be assured through a strong defense interests can be assured through a strong defense that will act as a deterrent.that will act as a deterrent.

Foreign policy liberalists believe that national Foreign policy liberalists believe that national interests are secured by building alliances that make interests are secured by building alliances that make conflict more costly than conflict.conflict more costly than conflict.



Foreign policy idealism emphasizes the promotion of Foreign policy idealism emphasizes the promotion of the American values of democracy, freedom, and the American values of democracy, freedom, and cultural diversity, and the belief that other nations will cultural diversity, and the belief that other nations will want to emulate our success in order to gain our want to emulate our success in order to gain our support.support.

Neoconservatism is a hybrid of the other theories Neoconservatism is a hybrid of the other theories and seeks the dual goals of enhancing military might and seeks the dual goals of enhancing military might and spreading support for democratic values around and spreading support for democratic values around the globe.the globe.

In reviewing foreign policy options, leaders often In reviewing foreign policy options, leaders often use complex mathematical tools like game theory.use complex mathematical tools like game theory.


MAKING FOREIGN POLICYMAKING FOREIGN POLICY

National security links diplomatic, economic, National security links diplomatic, economic, and military operations into a framework in and military operations into a framework in which to achieve a nation’s objectives.which to achieve a nation’s objectives.

The president and Congress share the The president and Congress share the constitutional authority for conducting such constitutional authority for conducting such policies.policies.



The executive branch is in charge of the day-The executive branch is in charge of the day-to-day operations of national security policy to-day operations of national security policy and relies on numerous agencies to provide and relies on numerous agencies to provide guidance.guidance. The National Security Council is made up of the The National Security Council is made up of the

president; vice president; the secretaries of state, president; vice president; the secretaries of state, defense, and treasury; the chairman of the Joint defense, and treasury; the chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff; the CIA director; and the Chiefs of Staff; the CIA director; and the president’s national security advisor (NSA).president’s national security advisor (NSA).



The Department of State is the chief diplomatic The Department of State is the chief diplomatic arm of the U.S. government.arm of the U.S. government.

The Department of Defense is responsible for The Department of Defense is responsible for maintaining U.S. troops’ combat readiness.maintaining U.S. troops’ combat readiness.

The Office of the Director of Intelligence oversees The Office of the Director of Intelligence oversees and coordinates intelligence gathering from sixteen and coordinates intelligence gathering from sixteen intelligence agencies.intelligence agencies.



Congress can play a key role in foreign and Congress can play a key role in foreign and defense policy in a variety of ways.defense policy in a variety of ways. A principal congressional foreign policy function A principal congressional foreign policy function

is to provide funding for various programs.is to provide funding for various programs. Foreign policy is limited by public opinion in Foreign policy is limited by public opinion in

as much as policies must attract popular as much as policies must attract popular support in order for them to succeed.support in order for them to succeed.


TOOLS OF FOREIGN POLICYTOOLS OF FOREIGN POLICY

There are a variety of ways that nations can There are a variety of ways that nations can influence the actions of others.influence the actions of others.

Military power is a powerful resource that is Military power is a powerful resource that is both an offensive weapon and a potent both an offensive weapon and a potent deterrent.deterrent.

Diplomacy is the peaceful use of incentives Diplomacy is the peaceful use of incentives and deterrents to build alliances and support in and deterrents to build alliances and support in order to avoid warfare. order to avoid warfare.


TOOLS OF FOREIGN POLICYTOOLS OF FOREIGN POLICY

The United States uses loans and grants in the The United States uses loans and grants in the form of military aid, economic assistance, form of military aid, economic assistance, humanitarian assistance, and assistance to humanitarian assistance, and assistance to multinational organizations in order influence multinational organizations in order influence the policies of other nations.the policies of other nations.

The U.S. works with many international The U.S. works with many international organizations in order to share information and organizations in order to share information and resources, influence world opinion, and resources, influence world opinion, and develop solutions to world problems.develop solutions to world problems.


CONFRONTING THE FUTURECONFRONTING THE FUTURE

After the fall of the Soviet Union, the United After the fall of the Soviet Union, the United States remained the only superpower in what States remained the only superpower in what became a unipolar world.became a unipolar world.

Threats to U.S. and world stability include Threats to U.S. and world stability include terrorism, nuclear weapons, and regional terrorism, nuclear weapons, and regional conflicts.conflicts.

The roots of terrorism include extremist The roots of terrorism include extremist ideology, feelings of powerlessness, and lack ideology, feelings of powerlessness, and lack of economic opportunity.of economic opportunity.



Because terrorism is a tactic, nations find it Because terrorism is a tactic, nations find it difficult to defend against.difficult to defend against.

Despite various nuclear treaties, there are eight Despite various nuclear treaties, there are eight nations that have nuclear weapons, including nations that have nuclear weapons, including some that are located in some of the world’s some that are located in some of the world’s most volatile regions.most volatile regions.

One of the biggest threats is the prospect of One of the biggest threats is the prospect of non-nation-state actors gaining access to non-nation-state actors gaining access to nuclear material.nuclear material.



Globalization ties nations together so that Globalization ties nations together so that upheavals in one region are liable to have upheavals in one region are liable to have impacts elsewhere.impacts elsewhere. In the Middle East, a solution to the establishment In the Middle East, a solution to the establishment

of a permanent Palestinian state could likely ease of a permanent Palestinian state could likely ease tensions, but neither side has been able to bring tensions, but neither side has been able to bring negotiations to a conclusion.negotiations to a conclusion.

Africa is plagued by its lack of economic and Africa is plagued by its lack of economic and modernization progress and the persistence of ethnic modernization progress and the persistence of ethnic and tribal conflicts.and tribal conflicts.



China’s commercial growth has enabled it to China’s commercial growth has enabled it to flex its military and economic muscle, flex its military and economic muscle, including the use of its financial clout to including the use of its financial clout to finance U.S. debt.finance U.S. debt.


CIVIC ENGAGEMENT AND CIVIC ENGAGEMENT AND FOREIGN POLICY TODAYFOREIGN POLICY TODAY

Americans pay more attention to domestic policy Americans pay more attention to domestic policy versus foreign policy.versus foreign policy.

NGOs send volunteers and money all over the world NGOs send volunteers and money all over the world to help build civil societies and infrastructure in the to help build civil societies and infrastructure in the developing world.developing world.

For the most part governments do not play an active For the most part governments do not play an active role in NGO governance or operation.role in NGO governance or operation.

As a component of soft power, goodwill can be built As a component of soft power, goodwill can be built for a nation by NGOs.for a nation by NGOs.


Military Costs of Major U.S. WarsMilitary Costs of Major U.S. Wars


United States Department of StateUnited States Department of State


U.S. Department of DefenseU.S. Department of Defense


Member Agencies of the Member Agencies of the Intelligence CommunityIntelligence Community


Congressional Actions Influencing Congressional Actions Influencing War TerminationWar Termination


Different Perspectives on Different Perspectives on Defense ExpendituresDefense Expenditures


Military ExpendituresMilitary Expenditures


U.S. Economic and Military U.S. Economic and Military Assistance to the WorldAssistance to the World


© 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Hot or Not?Hot or Not?

Does the U.S. have the right to Does the U.S. have the right to intervene when genocide occurs intervene when genocide occurs anywhere in the world?anywhere in the world?

31

Get InvolvedGet Involved

You can check out hundreds of opportunities to You can check out hundreds of opportunities to volunteer abroad at websites like VolunteerAbroad (volunteer abroad at websites like VolunteerAbroad (http://www.volunteerabroad.com/search.cfm) and ) and Idealist.org (Idealist.org (http://www.idealist.org). Carefully ). Carefully check out these opportunities, however, to make check out these opportunities, however, to make sure that they are legitimate, that they make good sure that they are legitimate, that they make good use of the skills that you have to offer, and that the use of the skills that you have to offer, and that the organization represents the ideals that you support. organization represents the ideals that you support. Many colleges and universities maintain guidance Many colleges and universities maintain guidance and placement offices that can help you answer and placement offices that can help you answer these questions. these questions.


Get InvolvedGet Involved

There are also hundreds of humanitarian volunteer There are also hundreds of humanitarian volunteer opportunities available through USAID (opportunities available through USAID (http://www.usaid.gov/), a federal government agency that ), a federal government agency that provides service around the globe. provides service around the globe. You should understand, however, that in addition You should understand, however, that in addition to providing assistance, USAID serves to promote to providing assistance, USAID serves to promote American foreign policy objectives and receives American foreign policy objectives and receives overall foreign policy guidance from the Secretary overall foreign policy guidance from the Secretary of State. In this way, the agencies of USAID are not of State. In this way, the agencies of USAID are not as independent as NGOs.as independent as NGOs.


SummarySummary

What are the major goals of American What are the major goals of American foreign policy?foreign policy?

Foreign policy seeks to secure our nation’s Foreign policy seeks to secure our nation’s defense and to promote our economic and defense and to promote our economic and ideological interests.ideological interests.


SummarySummary

Who are the principal actors in the foreign- Who are the principal actors in the foreign- policy-making process?policy-making process?

The president plays the primary role in foreign The president plays the primary role in foreign policy making through executive agencies that policy making through executive agencies that include the National Security Council, the include the National Security Council, the Department of State, the Department of Department of State, the Department of Defense, and the intelligence community, Defense, and the intelligence community, among others. However, major roles are also among others. However, major roles are also played by Congress, non-governmental played by Congress, non-governmental agencies like think tanks, and the public.agencies like think tanks, and the public.


SummarySummary

What are the tools that foreign policy What are the tools that foreign policy makers have at their disposal?makers have at their disposal?

Foreign policy makers employ military power, Foreign policy makers employ military power, diplomacy, and foreign aid in advancing U.S. diplomacy, and foreign aid in advancing U.S. interests. They also seek to forge ties with interests. They also seek to forge ties with other nations and with multinational other nations and with multinational organizations to obtain mutual objectives.organizations to obtain mutual objectives.


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AM GOV 2010 Joseph A. Losco Ralph E. Baker. FOREIGN AND DEFENSE POLICY Chapter 16