ProfDrAytacSayginGumuskesenAssistantProfDrFahriYemiscioglu

Res.Assoc.OnurOzdikicierler

EgeUniversity,FoodEngineeringDept.,Turkey

AlternativeTechniquesforEdibleOilRefining

Oils&FatsInternational(OFI)Turkey2014Istanbul,13‐14May2014

CompositionCompositionofofOilsOilsandandFatsFats

MajorComponent(%95‐99)Triglycerides

MinorComponents(%1‐5)

TriglycerideDerivatives

Glycerol

FreeFattyAcids

Mono‐andDiglycerides

Non‐TriglycerideDerivatives

Phospholipids

Sterols

Pigments

Vitamins

Antioxidants

OxidationProducts

TraceMetals

Hydrocarbons

QualitativeQualitativeOObjectivesbjectivesofofOilOilRefiningRefining

• Completeremovalorreductionofundesiredconstituentstotolarablelimitstopreservequalityattributesofoils.

• Removalofcontaminantsforfoodsafety(PAH,pesticides,etc.)

• Maximumretentionoftocopherolsandsterolsinrefinedoils

• Preventionofundesiredreactions(conjugation,transformationetc.)togetherwitheliminationofprocesscontaminants(3‐MCPDandesters)

QuantitativeObjectivesofOilRefiningQuantitativeObjectivesofOilRefining

• Obtainingrefinedoilwithhighyields.

• Lowoverallenergylossforrefiningsystem.

• Reengineeringofrefiningwastesincludingminimisingwaterconsumption

ConventionalConventionalPrinciplesPrinciplesofofRefiningRefiningOperationOperation

• Miscelleformation–Centrifugation

• Saponification–Centrifugation

• Adsorbtion‐Filtration

• SteamDistillation

BackdrawsBackdrawsofofConventionalConventionalRefiningRefiningApplicationsApplications

• HighEnergyConsumption

• Excessivewaterneedandwasteproduction

• Contactwithchemicals

• HighTemperatureApplication

NovelNovelTechniquesTechniques

• NovelTechniques

– Newtechnologies/modifications

– Newapproaches

EnzymaticEnzymaticTechniquesTechniques

• EnzymaticDegumming

• EnzymaticDeacidification

EnzymaticEnzymaticTechniquesTechniques

• EnzymaticDegumming– Specifiedenzymesbreakphospholipids(phosphatidylcholine(PC)andphosphatidylethanolamine(PE))intowater‐solubleandoil‐solublefragments,reducingtheirabilitytoformanemulsion.Lessemulsionmeanslessoillossduetoentrainedoil,andlowergumcontentenablescleanerseparationofoilandheavyphases,withmoreefficientremoval.

EnzymaticEnzymaticTechniquesTechniques

• EnzymaticDegumming

EnzymaticEnzymaticTechniquesTechniques

• Deacidification

(Makascietal.1996)

MembraneMembraneTechniquesTechniques

• PhospholipidRemoval–Micro‐nanofiltration

• Deacidification– Removalofformedsoapstock

– Liquid‐liquidextraction

• Removalofpigmentsandwaxes

ClassificationofMembraneSeparation

MembranApplicationinOilrefining

RefinedOil

Crude Oil

Seed Preperation

Solvent Extraction

Solvent Recovery

Water/Phosphoric acid Degumming

Deacidification

Bleaching Dewaxing

Deodorization

Phospholipids

Soap StockAlkaline

Pigments

Hexane

Distillate

Seed Preperation

UF

NF/RO

RO

Solvent Extraction

RO

Phospholipids

Oil + Solvent

FFA + Solvent

FFA

Deodorization

Refined Oil

Solv

ent

Solv

ent

NanotechnologyNanotechnology

• Definition:Nanotechnology(sometimesshortenedto"nanotech")isthemanipulationofmatteronanatomic,molecular,andsupramolecularscale.(Wikipediadefinition)

NanotechnologyNanotechnologyininOilOilRefiningRefining

Deacidification

•Generatedbypassageofaliquidthroughaconstriction.

Mechanicalandchemicaleffects

‐Formationofveryfineemulsions

‐Increasedsurfacearea

‐Strongshearforces

‐Activationofatoms,molecules

‐Formationofradicals

‐Initiationofchemicalreactions

Nano-reactor

NaOH

Greytatal.,2011,102nd,AOCSAnnualMeeting,Cincinnati,OH

SupercriticalSupercriticalFluidFluidExtractionExtraction

Examplesontheuseofsupercriticalfluidsinvegetableoilrefininginclude;a)Refiningofpalmoil(Ooietal.1996)b)Refiningofoliveoil(Brunettietal.1989;Gonçalvesetal.1991;Bondiolietal.1989)c)Degummingofsoybeanoil(Listetal.1993)d)Deacidificationofricebranoil(Dunfordetal.2000;Dunfordetal.2003)e)Extraction‐fractionationanddeacidificationofwheatgermoil(Zacchietal.2006)

Supercriticalfluidscanbeusedtoextractanalytesfromsamples.Themainadvantagesofusingsupercriticalfluidsforextractionsisthattheyareinexpensive,extracttheanalytesfasterandmoreenvironmentallyfriendlythanorganicsolvents.ForthesereasonssupercriticalfluidCO2isthereagentwidelyusedasthesupercriticalsolvent.

MolecularMolecularDistillationDistillation

• Deacidificationprocessinoilrefiningwasinvestigated;– Physicalrefiningusingmoleculardistillation;

• specifiedvaluesofphosphorus,peroxidesandFFAcontent,withgoodtocopherolpreservation.

MinimizationMinimizationofofEnergyEnergyLossLoss

• Exergy:Exergyistheportionofenergythatcanbeconvertedintousefulwork.Itisanewdevelopedconceptswhichaimstodistinguishbetweenquantityofenergyandqualityofenergy.Quantityofenergyisabasictoolthatcanbemonitoredthroughbasiccalculationsconsideringfirstlawofthermodynamics.Qualityofenergyisanewconceptthatcanbedefinedbyusingsecondlawofthermodynamics.

WasteWasteTreatmentTreatment

• Recoveryofpigmentsfromspentearth,– Afewstudiesusingmembranetechnology

• Recoveryofwaxesfromcoldneutralisationsoaporwinterizationwaste

• Recoveryofbioactivecompounds(phytosterols,squalene,tocopherolsetc.)fromdeodorizerdistillates.– Somedevelopmentsforsqualenerecoveryandstudiesespeciallyusingsupercriticalfluidextractionandmoleculardistillation.

FUTUREPROJECTIONS

• Processdesignwithlimiteduseofchemicals/lessenergyconsumption

• Environmentfriendlyprocesses

• Focusonprocesscontaminantsandfoodsafety

• Moreeconomicandsafepackagingmaterialsandtechnologies

• Coldpressedoils/SCFEoils

Thank you for yourattention…