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aumente em outros 10 milhes de toneladas. Bno e maldio Agbogbloshie estao final de dispositivos eletrnicos. Antes que de acabar l, eles passam por vrios intermedirios, que ganham um bom dinheiro. O Pnuma avalia em cerca de 17 bilhes de euros o faturamento obtido com transferncia e explorao de lixo eletrnico em todo o mundo. "No devemos esquecer que estes dispositivos so uma importante fonte de renda para muitas centenas de milhares de pessoas", ressalta Matthias Buchert. H muitos anos ele estuda a cadeia de abastecimento de sucata eletrnica. "Temos nesse negcio pessoas muito experientes e qualificadas, que pegam televises, celulares e computadores para consertar e reutilizar." Para muitos, os dispositivos recondicionados so os nicos que tm meios para adquirir. O problema surge quando os aparelhos no so mais reparveis. "Faltam, ento, estruturas bsicas para eliminao e reciclagem dos dejetos", lembra Buchert. A consequncia so pilhas de lixo fumegantes, como as de Agbogbloshie, em Gana. Muito lixo da Alemanha A Alemanha um dos maiores produtores de sucata eletrnica. Cada alemo produz uma mdia de 21,6 quilos de dejetos eletrnicos por ano em Gana, essa quantidade de apenas 1,4 quilo. Embora a exportao de dispositivos eletrnicos defeituosos seja proibida, cada vez mais navios carregados com lixo eletrnico deixam os portos alemes. O Pnuma calcula que "at 90% do lixo eletrnico global seja eliminado e negociado ilegalmente". Por isso, a entidade pede que os governos imponham proibies a esse tipo de exportao. "Isso no uma tarefa fcil e requer pessoal suficiente e bem treinado", comenta Buchert. H alguns anos, ele estudou o embarque de dispositivos defeituosos no porto de Hamburgo. "Carros e caminhes velhos so abarrotados de dispositivos eletrnicos. Mas tambm so carregados contineres inteiros", diz, acrescentando ser muito difcil descobrir o que lixo e o que ainda est funcionando. Solues alternativas O ministro alemo do Desenvolvimento, Gerd Mller, admitiu, durante uma visita a Agbogbloshie, que a Alemanha tem uma parcela de responsabilidade pelas consequncias ambientais e de sade: "A maioria dos aparelhos eletrnicos descartados na Europa, tambm da Alemanha, vem parar aqui, legal e ilegalmente." Em maro, o governo da Alemanha formulou um projeto de lei que inverte o nus da prova.

Exportadores de eletrnicos tm que provar que os produtos so realmente teis. "Uma simples declarao de que o aparelho funciona no mais suficiente", informa Buchert. A lei ainda precisa ser aprovada por ambas as cmaras do parlamento alemo. As autoridades tambm consideram outras solues para reduzir o lixo eletrnico. Uma delas prev que no ato da compra se pague um depsito sobre o aparelho, a ser devolvido quando o consumidor se desfizer dele num estabelecimento autorizado. O sistema seria semelhante ao j adotado para garrafas e latas, por exemplo.

por kelcardoso, fonte: Opovo

Avalie esta notcia

08/05/2015 09:30:14 ONU alerta sobre risco do lixo eletrnico e uso indiscriminado de produtos qumicos'X ?$% &' ,\] /5\]3Z-?#$\[%&'(#$%&')'+ (8) ,\] /5\]3Z/-?X#X\[/*-'4+\]F3ZG/-.F5G]]19\]-#9/Z-* 3 Z , 3-F\]G + 3 / / / Z,/34,T-+T/5+\/X\[]X\]]3\]/]1-F']3\]/5G+-Fa/4]9191-./]/59/3/5-G

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Veina svjetskog elektronikog otpada se odlae ilegalno Matija Pavli | pet 15.5.2015| 07:02

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Economique, puisque la filire de gestion des DEEE, de la collecte la valorisation finale, est assise sur au minimum 410 milliards de dollars d'aprs le rapport.

Humain enfin, parce que le traitement des dchets cr des emplois, et que sans une dmarche volontaire du consommateur pour faire son tri correctement, rien n'est possible.

Seulement voil, le rapport met le doigt l o a fait mal : Comme dans tout secteur conomique de grande ampleur, il y a des opportunits pour des activits illgales diffrents niveaux de la chane de gestion des dchets. Dans la course aux profits, les oprateurs peuvent ignorer les rglementations sur les dchets et exposer des gens aux substances toxiques. Sur une chelle plus grande, le crime organis peut s'adonner de la fraude fiscale et du blanchiment d'argent.

Les chiffres et les faits A la base du problme soulev par ce rapport, il y a un chiffre : 41,8 millions. C'est le nombre de tonnes de DEEE gnres dans le monde en 2014. Chiffre qui semble condamn augmenter et pourrait grimper 50 millions d'ici 2018 selon le rapport Bald de l'Universit des Nations Unies. Seulement 10 40 % de ces dchets seraient convenablement recycls et stocks, d'aprs diffrentes estimations compiles lors d'une enqute d'envergure conduite par le Bureau des Nations Unies sur les Drogues et le Crime (ONODC). A l'inverse donc, 60 90 % des dchets chapperaient aux filires officielles de traitement. Soit tout de mme entre 25 et 38 millions de tonnes ! A 450 euros la tonne, comme le jaugeait Interpol en 2009, a nous fait entre 11 et 17 milliards d'euros de valeur potentiellement cre. A qui le trafic profite ? Un peu tout le monde en fait. Aux socits qui rceptionnent des DEEE et peroivent des paiements pour effectuer des traitements qu'elles ne feront pas, aux acteurs qui russissent valoriser les matriaux moindre cots car sans respecter les rgles environnementales contraignantes, ou encore aux nombreux broker ou vendeurs qui expdient des produits de deuxime main pour une bouche de pain (mais toujours plus que ce que eux les ont pays). D'aprs un ouvrage de Jim Baird, il y aurait 200 300 % d'conomies possibles en confiant son recyclage des filires illgales. Des services municipaux ou socits de gestion des dchets seraient alors toujours gagnants en payant pour qu'on les dbarrasse de leur dchets au lieu de s'occuper de leur traitement.

Comment cela est-il possible ? La Convention de Ble signe par 181 Parties vise rglementer les mouvements transfrontaliers de dchets dangereux et exige de ses Parties qu'elles veillent ce que ces dchets soient grs et limins d'une manire cologiquement rationnelle. En clair, on n'exporte pas ses DEEE comme des cravates, et surtout pas vers des pays sans la moindre infrastructure pour rceptionner, dmanteler, dpolluer et revaloriser lesdits dchets. La pratique frauduleuse courante que relve le rapport de l'UNEP consiste tiqueter ses conteneurs diffremment, comme des produits d'occasion, pour sortir du champ des DEEE. Ou encore broyer ses DEEE et les mixer avec des dchets jugs non dangereux donc autoriss (plastiques, papier, mtal, etc.).

Dans le pire des cas, ce sont des organisations criminelles qui rcuprent les dchets : elles utilisent les importations pour faire du blanchiment d'argent, puis se dbarrassent des cargaisons dans la nature (mer et ocans, enfouissement sauvage, dcharges ciel ouvert). Et dans le meilleur des cas, ce sont des petites entits familiales ou des gigantesques hubs de dmantlement asiatiques qui vont tenter de rcuprer ce qu'il y a rcuprer (mtaux prcieux notamment) mais sans respecter les rgles de scurit sanitaires et cologiques. Le rapport prcise toutefois qu'il est difficile de savoir quelle part des dchets devient quoi. Les exportations se font principalement destination de l'Afrique (Cte d'Ivoire, Ghana, Nigria, Congo) et de l'Asie (Chine, Inde, Pakistan, Hong-Kong, Indonsie, Bangladesh).

Chez nous, tout consommateur paye une co-contribution chaque nouvel achat de produit lectronique. Cette co-contribution est suppose financer 60 % la filire en charge du traitement des DEEE (les co-organismes), les 40 % restants venant de la revente des matriaux rcuprs. Mais le rapport voque galement toute une filire informelle. Comme les waste tourists , ces acteurs qui chinent du matriel de seconde main pour l'envoyer des proches ou associs dans dans pays moins dvelopps, ou encore des sites Web qui offrent un peu de monnaie contre un vieil appareil mais aussi des organisations caritatives qui se dtournent parfois de leur mission.

Alors qu'il semble difficile de contrler ces flux chelle plantaire, et mme si la solution prventive prconise par le rapport de faciliter le retour des envois illgaux de dchets l'expditeur et ses frais est sduisante, la meilleure chose que nous puissions tous faire, notre niveau, pour limiter la casse, c'est de consommer intelligemment. Autrement dit, de manire plus raisonne, en tirant sur la corde tant que les produits le permettent ou en veillant offrir une deuxime vie ceux dont on se spare.

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Was tun mit Elektroschrott? Die illegale Entsorgung von Elektroschrott ist eine Gefahr fr Mensch und Umwelt, vor allem in Afrika und Asien. Denn dort wachsen die Mllberge ein Problem ohne Lsung?

Brennende Fernseher und Khlschrnke oder durch giftigen Mll verseuchte Flsse gehren zum Alltag vieler afrikanischer oder asiatischer Stdte. Sie sind die Folge des weltweit steigenden Elektronikkonsums. Denn das, was anderswo auf der Welt weggeworfen wird, landet meist hier. Die UN beziffern die Menge des weltweiten Elektronikmlls in einer Studie ihres Umweltprogramms (UNEP) auf etwa 42 Millionen Tonnen jhrlich: Wir sind konfrontiert mit einem beispiellosen Tsunami aus Elektroschrott, erklrte UNEP-Direktor Achim Steiner bei der Verffentlichung des Berichts Waste Crimes, Waste Risks von 2015. Der Export von kaputten elektronischen Gerten ist in vielen Lndern auch in Deutschland eigentlich verboten. Aber laut Ergebnissen der Studie werden bis zu 90 Prozent des weltweiten Elektronikmlls illegal gehandelt und entsorgt. Damit wird viel Geld verdient. Wenn man die Gerte nicht mehr reparieren und verkaufen kann, werden sie hufig einfach verbrannt, um darin enthaltene Metalle zu schmelzen. Das schadet der Umwelt und der Gesundheit.

Auch aus Deutschland kommen groe Mengen Elektroschrott. Jeder Deutsche produziert laut der Studie etwa 21,6 Kilogramm im Jahr. Das Problem ist auch der Politik bekannt. Deshalb bert die deutsche Regierung seit Mrz 2015 ein neues Gesetz. Wenn es verabschiedet wird, mssen Exporteure von elektronischen Gerten in Zukunft beweisen, dass die Ware auch tatschlich funktioniert. Das ist aber nicht genug, meint Matthias Buchert vom ko-Institut Darmstadt. Er fordert strkere Kontrollen. Auch ber andere Lsungen wird diskutiert, zum Beispiel ber eine Pfandabgabe fr elektronische Gerte. Buchert selbst arbeitet aktuell an einem Projekt in Ghana und gypten. Dabei arbeiten Firmen dort mit deutschen Recyclingfirmen zusammen. Die Betriebe sammeln schwierig wiederverwertbare Elektronikteile und schicken sie dann zum Recycling nach Deutschland: Das funktioniert in Anstzen ganz gut, aber die Herausforderungen bleiben gigantisch, so Buchert. Glossar Elektroschrott alte, kaputte elektrische Gerte oder Teile davon illegal nicht erlaubt; per Gesetz verboten Entsorgung, -en (f.) hier: das Wegbringen von Mll verseucht vergiftet etwas weg|werfen hier: etwas in den Mll tun landen hier umgangssprachlich fr: irgendwo hinkommen etwas auf etwas beziffern etwas in Zahlen ausdrcken jemanden mit etwas konfrontieren hier: jemanden vor ein Problem stellen Tsunami, -s (m.) gemeint ist hier: eine groe Menge von etwas, die schnell wchst laut hier: nach Aussage von schmelzen durch groe Hitze flssig werden etwas verabschieden hier: (ein Gesetz) beschlieen Exporteur, -e/Exporteurin, -nen jemand, der Waren in ein anderes Land verkauft

Pfandabgabe, -n (f.) die Gebhr fr einen Gegenstand, die man wiederbekommt, wenn man es zurckgibt Recycling (n., nur Singular) die Technik, mit der man aus gebrauchten Gegenstnden, neue Materialien herstellt wiederverwertbar so, dass man etwas mehrmals benutzen kann in Anstzen in Anfngen; teilweise; zu einem kleinen Teil Herausforderung, -en (f.) hier: die schwierige Aufgabe gigantisch umgangssprachlich fr: sehr gro Fragen zum Text 1. Was stimmt nicht? Nach Ergebnissen der Studie Waste Crimes, Waste Risks a) werden etwa 90 Prozent des Elektroschrotts der ganzen Welt illegal entsorgt. b) werden in Afrika jedes Jahr 42 Millionen Tonnen elektronischen Mlls produziert. c) wirft jeder Deutsche im Durchschnitt 21,6 Kilo Elektronikmll pro Jahr weg. 2. Kaputte elektronische Gerte aus Deutschland werden a) in Afrika oder Asien oft wieder repariert und weiterverkauft. b) zum grten Teil in Deutschland recycelt. c) verbrannt, damit sie der Gesundheit nicht schaden. 3. Das neue Gesetz der deutschen Regierung a) verbietet den Export von Elektroschrott. b) bestimmt, dass Kunden in Zukunft beim Kauf eines Elektrogertes eine Gebhr fr die Entsorgung zahlen mssen. c) regelt, dass man bei Exporten beweisen knnen muss, dass die Gerte noch funktionieren. 4. Groe Mllberge gehren zum Alltag in Afrika oder Asien. a) groer Stdte b) groen Stdten c) groen Stdte 5. Sie sind die Folge des elektronischer Gerte auf der ganzen Welt. a) steigender Konsum b) steigenden Konsums

c) steigendem Konsum Arbeitsauftrag Die wachsende Menge von elektronischem Mll ist ein groes Problem. Die deutsche Regierung hat bereits darauf reagiert. Wie sind die Gesetze in eurem Land? Im Text werden Mglichkeiten genannt, die helfen knnen, das Mllproblem zu lsen. Was denkt ihr dazu? Habt ihr noch andere Ideen? Diskutiert im Kurs.

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Laptop-Gehuse in Guiyu, China. Bis zu 90 Prozent des Elektro- und Elektronikschrotts werden illegal entsorgt oder weiterverkauft. (Bild: Baselactionnetwork (CC BY-ND 2.0))

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The FAO training guide, made available to the Ghana News Agency on Monday, said many were directly exposed to toxic chemicals while working on the farm; but children are also exposed when they help with family chores or play and through the food they eat and the water they drink.

It said children were far more sensitive to pesticides than adults and exposure could result in acute poisoning and sickness immediately after contact; but often, it also had longer-term, chronic impacts on their health and development.

The guide said limiting pesticide use and the promotion of non-toxic alternatives were important for reducing exposure, but education was equally crucial.

The FAO and ILO's new visual guide dubbed; Protect Children from Pesticides provides an easy accessible training tool.

It helps agricultural extension workers, rural educators, labour Inspectors and producer organizations in teaching farmers and their families on how to identify and minimise risks at home and on farms; they also learn how to recognize and respond to signs of toxic exposure.

It said the user-friendly guide had three main modules: how children were exposed to pesticides, what the health risks were and why children were particularly vulnerable, and what could be done to reduce those risks.

"The tool was initially developed in Mali, where it is now widely used by extension workers, farmer field schools, labour inspectors and producer s", said Rob Vos, Director of FAO's Social Protection Division.

"Its use is also expanding in Niger and other African countries. We are seeing growing interest from other regions. The guide is not only raising awareness that something must be done, but also showing what needs to be done, he said.

The effort to adapt the visual guide and promote its wider use is being supported by the Rotterdam Convention, a multilateral treaty to promote shared responsibility in relation to imports of hazardous chemicals.

The FAO and the United Nations Environment Programme jointly serve as the Secretariat for the convention.

"This is a good example of how the normative work of a convention can contribute to reaching out to the most vulnerable groups and make a difference to their lives" according to Christine Fuell, FAO's Coordinator for the Rotterdam Convention.

"The colourful illustrations are built on local knowledge and refer to very concrete and real situations, such that, they also appeal to children, raising their own awareness of the risks posed by pesticides, she said.

The guide indicated that: Children are particularly vulnerable to pesticide exposure for various biological and behavioural reasons.

It said children breathe in more air than adults and so take in more dust, toxic vapours, and droplets of spray; and relative to their body weight, children need to eat and drink more than adults, and if food was contaminated, they absorb more toxins.

The surface area of a child's skin per unit of body mass is greater than that of an adult and their skins are more delicate.

All these factors can lead to greater absorption of chemicals, and children's organs are less able to detoxify pesticides because they are not yet fully developed, according to the guide.

Young children often play on the ground, put things in their mouths and were attracted to colourful containers, all common behaviours that increase risk, the report stated.

GNA

# The Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO) in partnership with the International Labour Organization (ILO) has developed a new visual guide to protect children from pesticides. With the help of a new training guide, extension workers in Africa and elsewhere would be engaging with rural communities to reduce children's exposure to toxic pesticides used in farming. Nearly 100 million boys and girls between five and 17 years old are engaged in child labour in agriculture, the ILO statistics revealed. The FAO training guide, made available to the Ghana News Agency on Monday, said many were directly exposed to toxic chemicals while working on the farm; but children are also exposed when they help with family chores or play and through the food they eat and the water they drink. It said children were far more sensitive to pesticides than adults and exposure could result in acute poisoning and sickness immediately after contact; but often, it also had longer-term, chronic impacts on their health and development. The guide said limiting pesticide use and the promotion of non-toxic alternatives were important for reducing exposure, but education was equally crucial. The FAO and ILO's new visual guide dubbed; Protect Children from Pesticides provides an easy accessible training tool. It helps agricultural extension workers, rural educators, labour Inspectors and producer organizations in teaching farmers and their families on how to identify and minimise risks at home and on farms; they also learn how to recognize and respond to signs of toxic exposure. It said the user-friendly guide had three main modules: how children were exposed to pesticides, what the health risks were and why children were particularly vulnerable, and what could be done to reduce those risks. "The tool was initially developed in Mali, where it is now widely used by extension workers, farmer field schools, labour inspectors and producer s", said Rob Vos, Director of FAO's Social Protection Division.

"Its use is also expanding in Niger and other African countries. We are seeing growing interest from other regions. The guide is not only raising awareness that something must be done, but also showing what needs to be done, he said. The effort to adapt the visual guide and promote its wider use is being supported by the Rotterdam Convention, a multilateral treaty to promote shared responsibility in relation to imports of hazardous chemicals. The FAO and the United Nations Environment Programme jointly serve as the Secretariat for the convention. "This is a good example of how the normative work of a convention can contribute to reaching out to the most vulnerable groups and make a difference to their lives" according to Christine Fuell, FAO's Coordinator for the Rotterdam Convention. "The colourful illustrations are built on local knowledge and refer to very concrete and real situations, such that, they also appeal to children, raising their own awareness of the risks posed by pesticides, she said. The guide indicated that: Children are particularly vulnerable to pesticide exposure for various biological and behavioural reasons. It said children breathe in more air than adults and so take in more dust, toxic vapours, and droplets of spray; and relative to their body weight, children need to eat and drink more than adults, and if food was contaminated, they absorb more toxins. The surface area of a child's skin per unit of body mass is greater than that of an adult and their skins are more delicate. All these factors can lead to greater absorption of chemicals, and children's organs are less able to detoxify pesticides because they are not yet fully developed, according to the guide. Young children often play on the ground, put things in their mouths and were attracted to colourful containers, all common behaviours that increase risk, the report stated.

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mines by working to better inform people of how to dispose of their e-waste. As well as the Basel Convention, for which the Geneva meeting is the 12th Conference of Parties, the eleven-day 2015 Triple COPs: Setting the Scene for Sustainable Management of Chemicals and Waste, Worldwide will also cover the Seventh Conference of Parties to both the Rotterdam and the Stockholm Conventions. Over 1,500 delegates are expected to take part in the talks, which aim to improve three international conventions contributing to global controls on hazardous chemicals and waste. The Executive Director said the three Conventions were not about stopping the use of chemicals but about providing a clear platform from which to inform policy-makers of science that can inform decisions to help protect citizens from toxicity and about signalling to the market that alternatives are needed. He pointed out how materials used in production of various items are becoming ever more present in peoples daily lives, and he said people were becoming increasingly a repository for the chemical footprint of the 21st century, often in ways that damage health. Annually, one million people die from occupational poisoning, Steiner said, referring to the effects of the use of chemicals on peoples bodies. He added, This is something that is, in this day and age, not only unnecessary its really intolerable. And this is why the sound management of chemicals is something that has brought Governments, civil society but also the private sector and the chemical industry together. The Executive Secretary of Basel, Rotterdam and Stockholm Conventions, Rolph Payet, echoed Steiners concerns about the number of people dying from occupational poisoning and described the wide reach of chemicals, with DDT found in polar bear and fat because of its transport in water and in the air. While the number of those dying from occupational poisoning was notable, he also pointed to the silent crisis, whereby the accumulation of chemicals in peoples bodies was possibly slowly killing them. Clayton Campanhola, the Executive Secretary of Rotterdam Convention and a representative of the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), said the agency was particularly focused on the prevention of use and safe disposal of obsolete pesticides. About 500,000 tonnes of obsolete pesticides scattered around the developing wold posed serious risks to people and environment, he said. Credit: ITU

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U.N. RELEASES NEW VISUAL GUIDE TO PROTECT CHILDREN FROM PESTICIDES

May 15, 2015 Source: U.N.'s Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) news release With the help of a new training guide developed by FAO and the International Labour Organization (ILO), extension workers in Africa and elsewhere are engaging with rural communities to reduce children's exposure to toxic pesticides used in farming. Nearly 100 million boys and girls between 5 and 17 years old are engaged in child labour in agriculture, according to ILO statistics. Many are directly exposed to toxic chemicals while working on the farm. But children are also exposed when they help with family chores or play, and through the food they eat and the water they drink. Children are far more sensitive to pesticides than adults. Exposure can result in acute poisoning and sickness immediately after contact. But often, it also has longer-term, chronic impacts on their health and development. Limiting pesticide use and promotion of non-toxic alternatives are important for reducing exposure, but education is equally crucial. Protect children from pesticides!, FAO and ILO's new visual guide, provides an easy accessible training tool. It helps agricultural extension workers, rural educators, labour inspectors, and producer organizations in teaching farmers and their families how to identify and minimize risks at home and on the farm. They also learn how to recognize and respond to signs of toxic exposure. The user-friendly guide has three main modules: how children are exposed to pesticides, what the health risks are and why children are particularly vulnerable, and what can be done to reduce those risks. Growing interest "The tool was initially developed in Mali, where it is now widely used by extension workers, farmer field schools, labour inspectors, and producer organizations", said Rob Vos, Director of FAO's Social Protection Division. "Its use is also expanding in Niger and other African countries. We are seeing growing interest from other regions. The guide is not only raising awareness that something must be done, but also showing what needs to be done." Not all situations are the same. The guide is not only available in several languages (currently in English, French, Portuguese and Spanish, and a Russian version will be available soon), but also adapted to different regional contexts, including Eastern Europe, the Caucasus and Central Asia, Latin

America and the Caribbean and Asia Pacific. The graphics and illustrations are adapted accordingly as well. Support from the Rotterdam Convention The effort to adapt the visual guide and promote its wider use is being supported by the Rotterdam Convention, a multilateral treaty to promote shared responsibility in relation to imports of hazardous chemicals. FAO and the United Nations Environment Programme jointly serve as the Secretariat for the convention. "This is a good example of how the normative work of a convention can contribute to reaching out to the most vulnerable groups and make a difference to their lives" according to Christine Fuell, FAO's Coordinator for the Rotterdam Convention. "The colourful illustrations are built on local knowledge and refer to very concrete and real situations, such that they also appeal to children, raising their own awareness of the risks posed by pesticides." Why children are at greater risk Children are particularly vulnerable to pesticide exposure for various biological and behavioural reasons. They breathe in more air than adults and so take in more dust, toxic vapours, and droplets of spray. Relative to their body weight, children need to eat and drink more than adults, and if food is contaminated, they absorb more toxins. The surface area of a child's skin per unit of body mass is greater than that of an adult, and their skins are more delicate. All these factors can lead to greater absorption of chemicals, and children's organs are less able to detoxify pesticides because they are not yet fully developed, according to the guide. Young children often play on the ground, put things in their mouths and are attracted to colourful containers, all common behaviours that increase risk.

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Source:Recycling Today Country:UNITED ARAB EMIRATES State:Dubai Published:5/25/2015 Views:25 Clicks:1

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Source: United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) Published:May 18, 2015

Key decisions adopted at the meeting include the listing of four new chemicals under the Stockholm and Rotterdam Conventions.

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