All-inorganic White Light Emitting Devices Based on ZnO Nanocrystals Von der Fakult¤t f¼r

All-inorganic White Light Emitting Devices Based on ZnO Nanocrystals

Von der Fakultät für Ingenieurwissenschaften

Abteilung Elektrotechnik und Informationstechnik

der Universität Duisburg-Essen

zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades

Doktor der Ingenieurwissenschaften

genehmigte Dissertation

von

Ekaterina Nannen

aus

Vologda

1. Gutachter: Prof. Dr. rer. nat. Gerd Bacher

2. Gutachter: Prof. Dr. rer. nat. Roland Schmechel

Tag der mündlichen Prüfung: 21.09.2012

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C"FA7$@ %C D EDD@ 8BC D <LDC DBBE B&

CBD1<23A6C@DDCCB<&F4FEBECDEDDBD

B B C DCBE C:B B B EEC 1CE : 7B3@ C

DEC " C DDB 1B3 B DCB 1EEC3 DEC B C

C" BCCB C DDB 1B3 B DCB 1EEC3

BCDFA7$@$7B$$C

AB CB DB

ADBEBDDCB

)

C.5ECE&C(ECBB&CBDEBDBDB&C&BEBBEDCF13D:DCE&EB'ECBBC&BED@:13(ECBCBBC&BEEDBCB&CBDB1E3(ECBCBBEBCBBCBBEDCD@CA%CF

(ECBB&CBDEDD:DDCCBCB&ECBED

D &BEB&BE DD@ C& C EC E& B'ECB D

DBC D :FA7 C / C*B& C D&B DD C DC C

B& CBD@ C D E BED 7E DCB& B CBECE

BBEDCD:CC&DC(CB8BCEBECCFA)@7 @76C

"&DA'BAACC

ECB D B BBEDCD EB D &BC B*CB EDDD@

:E EB EE BC B B& !A A+B+4C C D B& A A+$@ 6)@ 7@ 7+C

CB C "EF : B B*CB EDDD EB EBD. EC

(ECCBCECBDA#6@$)CBBEB*CBA7CF

BEDEC(ECCBCECBD@D:BB<&F 13@ECBDBC

EBECBB C &CCCB&EDC@ B'EC C BCE DCCD C

DC C EC@ EEC C& ECE 1DEC

ECBD3F!CCEC"BC@CDCB&BBEDCB&D&

B&CEBC(ECBECB@:EEBEBC"F

D EDD D :DC B ED EDEE DD :C EE

" "ED D B CFA#6C ?B C ED C BBEDC DD@ C

CCE :0:CEEB&(BCDB C"@DBE D

B":BBEDC"ED@:E:D&&DCCCBCDDCD

EBD@"BBDCCFA+$@7#C

AB CB DB

ECBDEBEEBDDBAD

4

D. 135ECE& C EC(ECCBEBD BDB&C B&BE A. ECB D EEC C ECE @ EB& C B(ECB&BECBBEC:CCDD8BCC"EBCBCCCBF13 5ECE & C "B B*CBEBD B D B & CBBEDC.ECB(CECBC;/BACCA/CB&B@DCB&BCBBCC"EBCB@A$4CF

BC B*CB EBD@ C DE "B B*CB

D0CE B <& F 13@ :D EBC DBC ? C FA7@ $4C C :D

D&&DCCCC"DCE0BBEDCDD&B&@BECBEB

(CECC"BEBBBEDCBCBDBCCEBECB

BB&B&BBEDC@DD:BB<&F 13@ECB&BECBB

CC DC DCBCB&B&BBDE BCCDF ECBD B

DCCB*CB"BCDCC"CCDDEB(ECBD@

:ECBC"EB@EBCCB&CCCB BDEBEFA+ @7@

$4C D&&DC ECE "B B*CB EDD EB E &BC CD

E& E D@ B C E" C B C "D C D&B

EBDCBCD E& B'ECB B E CBDC CC CE C BBC

EBDCBD B DECB& C CD@ DCB CD B ECEC

BBDCECDFA$4C

ADBEBDDCB

&EEABEACEBACCA

C

5" E& E CBDC EBDD EB EBD C (B C ;

" C BBEDC DF DC BBC BD BEBC C C@

DBBEBCB&BCBCE&ED15E08CB3@C

"EB& C CDEBEC EBCEC CBC CBBB&

CBE DDB B C CB DE E& &B@ B& C DE

E&CEBCDF!CEBCCEEBCCCCE&CBDC

:CBE(ADCECD@DDBCB&CECB"C&B&DFB

C C B@ CBB& C BBC EBD EB &" C C

EBE "BC C"EBE@DBE C CB& ECDEB CB

BC B BBEF CCE DECB C BCB

EBDD D EBE C BC C BBC B DC C C

D;EECDCEBCEDBB&DEDF<CDDC

CCEDCDECEBDDD:DCDCB&HDCCDI

&B&CBCE:CBC:B&DECBDF

&DFA$ABA

; " B B 'BECB EB DE C 5E0

8CBA$ C.

exp 1S

T

UI I

nU

= −

@1F)F3

:C B& C EBC C& C @ C "C&@ C "D D

DCCB EBC@ C C "C& B C C EC 1D 0B:BD

8CECDDBEEBC3DEC"FD8CBD"B

CDDCBE&EDB@C1CCECE3B

CEBCB&BCBBBEB&CE&CBDC@:CCEEBCB&

EBDDABCBDCBAD

#

C EDDD C 0:B C B C "D D BCB

DDDCE&E&BCBBEBCBF

E. B C C ; EECDCE 13 B CD "C" 1E3 D : D CD D

&CEC13:CCEDBB&"C"13F

<&F#D:DB(CC;E"13BCD"C"1E3B

B DEF !C & CB& "C&D@ C EC C DCCB EBCD

EDB&&BCEBCC&CDB(BBCBBEB

CD@DD:BB8CB1F)F3F@:BCBC&C

CDEBCC&CDCCDBECBCD@

BBBEDD"BC&"C&B&@DD:BB<&F#13F

EDBB& D C E" 1<&F# 133 ED EBD8BC EBDCBC

"BC&"C&&BFCCBDBDEBCCBD

C C ; " CE BC C D&CE CD C ;

EECDCEDF

EF

0 2 4 6 8 10

0

10

20

30

40

50

Deri

vative

[I]

Voltage U (V)

0 2 4 6 8 10

0

10

20

30

40

50C

urr

en

t I (m

A)

Voltage U (V)0 2 4 6 8 10

-10

-8

-6

-4

-2

0

2

4

ln(I

)Voltage U (V)

0 2 4 6 8 100.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

4.0

4.5

5.0

Derivative

[ln

(I)]

Voltage U (V)

AAB AAB

AABAAB

AB CB

DB B

ADBEBDDCB

+

&"E#BEACEBACCAC

CBDCCDCBBEDCDDCBCDBE

ECD@BCEDBDECDCCD@A$#C:ED8CDCCCD

C&BEDBDF!D@DCCADDB&BE1D3

EBECD:C" CBA DC:B&BE D&BE D

:CADCCC;" DBBC B""&BECD

BECEEBCECDF@CE&CBDCDC(BC

;"CDCBCCADFA @#CBDCEDD@C

EBC C& C"E EB (BB CC BBC B&D

"C&D BCEBDD B E"D@ C CE C C D&B C

DBADC:BCB&DEBD.A#@$+B$6C

3 C B'ECB C & : C D :CB C "E EB DC C

:EBCB'ECCECDBCCEBCBDCDC

CE&B'ECBCDCECD@:EBCC;"F

$3CH0&I@:EEED:BCECDEBDE&DCB

EB CBDC C& C DF >BE@ C EBC BDC D C C

H0ICDCB""CDF

DCEDDDBCDDCCB&BDC;"FB

CD C C EC@ C B EBDD CC EBD C (B C

B'ECBBCBDCCE&ED:CBBBEDCDBCEF

&"DA$BABFEEAB

?BCEBCC&C"EDCCB'ECBCE&C

ECCCBC0CDCB""CD@CDEB'ECB

CEBC1A3FA$+CDCDCCBCECEBCA

EBCBDDDDCB.

( ) ( 0)U

E x E xd

= = = @1F)F$3

:CB&C"C&BCDCBEC:BCECDF

EBDDABCBDCBAD

%

F.5B&B&DBCB& C5ECC0ECC:B CC DEB C BC DEBECF ψ D:D C DCB& C CBC @ : C

(CB qEx− 13FB'ECBCECBD"=C&CB&C0DE"

CCBEDDB1&B3BCBBB&13EDDDF

DCEBD B'ECBD A"DB CBE

DDB B <: CBBB& ECDFA#6@ $+@ )7@ )C DECE

CEBDD D DBC B C ( CCDEBEC B

<&F+F @ EEB& C C 5ECC0CC@ CC:C C :0

BECB M

φ D B B EBCEC 1FF DBE BCE DCCD3 :C C

DEBEC :C B ECB BC Sc

χ B& CBC C

ECBDCBCCBCDEBEC:C&CB M Sc

φ φ χ= − F

CCBCD"CBEDC"&E& q CCDCBE

DCB& B C CCEC" & E2

016r

qF

xπε ε

−= @ :C 0ε B

rε B& C

CC"C "E B DEBEC DEC"F ?B C (CB ECE

E D @ C CC &C : E C eff

Bφ 1C DE

5ECC0EC3F

EACCA()

C EC"C B& C ECB 1E& E3 " C B&

1: C EC D C B& D BC CBC3 D E

CBE2EDB5ECC0DDB13FEDD DDECED:B

Mφ

Bφ

Scχ

eff

Bφ

ψqEx−

2

016 r

q

xπε ε

−

ADBEBDDCB

6

B<&F+ B&BFCCBBCEBCBDCTE

J BCDEDEB

DEDA)C

* 2 exp BTE

B

J A Tk T

φ = −

@1F)F)3

: T DCC@B

k DC/*BBEBDCBC@ *m DCEC"ECB

DD@ h D ,BE0KD EBDCBC B2 *

*

3

4B

qk mA

h

π= D C 2EDB EBDCBCF JB

EBDCBCBE:B&@CBBCEBCBDC

EB(DDA)C

* 2 * 2exp expeff

B SCBTE

B B

EJ A T A T

k T k T

φ βφ −= − = −

@:C

3

04SC

r

qβ

πε ε= F1F)F43

CE;E"DBCEBDDD:BB<&F%13:C

CD"C"1E3BBDEF

. B C C CBE DDB 13EECDCE 13 B CD "C" 1E3 D

:DCDEECDCEHDCIC ln( )I "DF U 13:CCEDBB&"C"13F

0 2 4 6 8 10

0

10

20

30

40

50

Cu

rre

nt I

(mA

)

Voltage U (V)

0 2 4 6 8 10-5

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

De

riva

tive[I

]

Voltage U (V)

FDF

0 1 2 3-14

-12

-10

-8

-6

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

ln(I

)

(U)0.5

0 1 2 34.9990

4.9995

5.0000

5.0005

5.0010

De

riva

tive[ln

(I)]

(U)0.5

AAB B !

B !AAB

DB B

CBAB

EBDDABCBDCBAD

$7

B EECDCE C D C& CCBBE C

DCB& EBC BDCF ,ECE@ C "BE C BCB& C ;

"EBD BC C BEECDCE C ln( )J "DF E C

ln( )I "DF U C@DD:BB<&F%13FEBDCBCDEBBCC

EDBB&"C"C@DD:BB<&F%13F

AAA#DA$BA(D)

?BCECED&B&@CE&EDEBCBBEC

C C EBECB B C& C CBC F EDD D DECE

D:BB<&F+BFADDE@CDCB&EBCBDCEBDE

DCBBB&C&CEEB&C<:B.A)$C

32 exp

8FN

B

qJ E

h E

κ

π φ

= −

@:C

* 3/28 2

3B

m

qh

π φκ = F1F)F 3

B CD ED CEBCBDCDBCBB C CC@CBB C

&CBCECE@DCB&B

2 2exp expFN FN

bJ E J U

E U

κ ∝ − ⇔ ∝ −

@:b DEBDCBCF1F)F#3

<&F6D:DCE ;EECDCE C CBBB&BC B

DE13:CCD"C"1E3F

<:CBBB&BCB&C;"EBBC

C BBBE C ; EECDCED C "E B CC

1CCBBCDBCDD3BCBBEC;E"

BC1CE0BDDBBC;DBCDD3F!BCBECB

C CBBB& D " C B EECDCE C2

lnI

E

"DF1

E C

2ln

I

U

"DF1

U C 1C DE <:@ <C3@ D EB DB

<&F6 13F D C E" D EBDCBC 1<&F6 133 BBD B C

&CCCBCF

ADBEBDDCB

$

. B C C CBBB& ; EECDCE 13 B CD "C" 1E3 D: D CD

EECDCE<:C13:CCEDBB&"C"13F

:B&CCBCD:DDBECDBCEBD

CEDDE<:CBF&BCBEBCBB

CEBDCB CB&DCCB CECBDB C<& C

CEEBCECFA)7@))C

( )3/2*2 2 **

1

2

8 24 21 1sin exp

2 3BB B

TI

B

mq k T m k TmJ E

h E qh qh E

π φπ π

φ−

= ⋅ ⋅ − ⋅

1F)F+3

<: CB 1F)F 3 EB " C 8CB 1F)F+3 D

DE:CCEDF

0 2 4 6 8 10

0

10

20

30

40

50

Curr

ent I (m

A)

Voltage U (V)

0 2 4 6 8 10

0

10

20

30

40

50

De

riva

tive

[I]

Voltage U (V)

0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0-200

-180

-160

-140

-120

-100

-80

-60

-40

-20

0

20

ln(I

/U2)

1/U

0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0-74.90

-74.92

-74.94

-74.96

-74.98

-75.00

-75.02

-75.04

-75.06

-75.08

-75.10

De

rivative[ln

(I/U

2)]

1/U

F"AB

#$A$%"&

#$A$%F"'

(B&

F"'

(B

EBDDABCBDCBAD

$$

&""*E#BFEEAB(*)

?B C ECD D E& ED CB EB CBDC C

C@ C E& EECD B CC 1DE E& D EC3@ BCB&

C B'ECB BC B 8 D E :C B EBC B BB

BECE ( )E x x∝ BDCCA$%@)4CFEBCBCDEDD

E DE E& C 15A3 EBCF D C DE E& C

EBECB : " B C C $7C EBC D"B& ,DDBKD

8CB@:ECDCEECECCEE&BDC@BEBCBC

8CB@ :E DCCD CC C DCDCC EBC BDC DC "&BEDD

A) B)%@ $%CF 5A EBECB D : &B " C

DECB C E& CBDC C& EDCB B D DCD

A) B)%C B C C C DE C ; " &BE CD A$6C@

:EEEBECE BC&BEECBEDFA$%@)6C;

" CE C5A EBCD:D DD" BBBEDCDF

A @#@% @%6@77@7#@#@47C

B5AEBCBDCC&CCDC:CCBCBDE

ED@BCDDCBECEEBCECCC@DDECCC

9B:A)4@) C.

2

0 3

9

8SCL r

UJ

dε ε µ= @1F)F%3

: µ DCBBBCCF

D::BBEB"C&:D DCBDCC BA5EDCD A)+C

B D B 8BC D" B B &BE CD B BBEDCB

"EDFA77@#@4@4$CCE;E"CED5AEBECBD

DECE D:B B <&F7 13F B CD ED@ C EECDCE

&CECDCDBCBBBE:CD$F

ADBEBDDCB

$)

. 5ECE C ;E" EDBB& C C5AEBECB:CBB C

DC13BBDC:CB(BBCDCCBCDCCD13F

B C BE CECD CDCCD:CB CB& C DC@ C

:D (CBFA4)C DE C C EBC 1A3 BDC EB

"8CB1F)F%3BEBDCBB(BBCB&DCCB

CCDCCD ( )f W A4)C@:ED1BEDECBCBDC3BD

( ) exp CT

B T B T

W WNf W

k T k T

−=

@1F)F63

:T

N D C BDC C CD@T

T D C EECDCE CC C

DCCB 1& CB C DBC CC3 BC

W D C & C

EBECBBFDCB&ADCBDEDA4)C

( )

1 11 0

2 1

2 1

1 1

ll ll r

TCL C l

T

ll UJ q N

l l N d

ε εµ

+ +−

+

+ = + +

@1F)F73

:CC

N B&CEC"BDCDCCDBCEBECBBB TT

lT

= B&

CECB&CCBC:BC"&CB&B T

k T BCC

B&B

k T FEB"BBCBCCBCDCBD

1

2 1

l

TLC l

UJ

dµ

+

+∝ F1F)F3

I U

2I U

xI U

I U

2I U

EBDDABCBDCBAD

$4

BEDA@CCCEBCBDCDE@ECC5AEBC@

C C E& EC B C CDF BEDB& C "C& DCD B B

BED B'EC E& ED@ :E C C B CDF

ECBC CDDCD B @:: I Uα∝ BED BEBCF!C

DEBC&D@CCD1CDECDC@<

A)%C3 B EBD8BC@ C EBC ED 5A@ D DECE D0CE B

<&F7 13F DD EBCCB DE E& C ECD EB

BC B &CE C C ; E"F B CD ED@ C ;

EECDCE : : B C@ : C D C E" 8D C

EEBC 1lα = + CCE::BBEF

BEDDCE5ABAEBCDC":ECED@C;"

CE(CDDC BE1 1α = 3DE11 1.5α< < 3EBECB@A @

7#@#@4$CCDDEBCB&CCCCDCCD@D

CC 5A = A EBECB ED BBCA44C@ D D0CE B C :"C&

&B<&F7F

A&E CBDC BBBCE DDCDEB@ BDC EDD@DE

C BCE DEE&C EBC DDB& B& ECBD@

:BDCEDDC<DBCE:CBCB&CCB"C&@

DCCAEBECBBCDC;"FA%@ @6 @7#@#@47@4 @4#CB

DEDD@CBDCBC:BBCCDCCDC0DE:BCD

DBEDFDEDDEB&CEDBB&DBC&CE

CFA$6@)C

DEB;"@BECB

( ) 4 13TCLI U a U b U c U= ⋅ + ⋅ + ⋅ 1F)F$3

BDCDCBEBC:::1FJ4BFJ)3EBCCBD

1:CEBDCBCD@BE3:DEDBBCCB<&F1&B3BB13

B&CE13DE:CCEDBB&"C"D1EB3FBC

&CEC@CDB&EBBCD1E0@BE"D3DBC

C DCC C DCB& BECB :CB C "C& B&@ : C

EBCCBDBBC1<&F133F"C"CEBBCD@D:BB

<&F 13 D EBDCBC@ EDBB& C C D C B DCC B

<&F1E3F"C"CDCB&E"EDEBDCBC"B

C " : "C&D@ : C E EBCCB D " BBCF !C &

"C&D@ : C :: BBE :C C (BBC 4 BCD C

ADBEBDDCB

$

EBECB 17F C7F%B CM(D B<&F 133@BDCBECEB& C

"C"CCEBDCBC"41<&F133EBD"F

.E1E03@B::EBCCBD:CC(BBCαN413BαN)13

D:DCDCB&DCBECBD1&B3BB13B&CE13DE:C

CEDBB&"C"D1E@3F

BDC@HCIDCCEB&(BBC4C)F&C

C C D : C " 4 B C & "C&D C B " C

(BBC1)3DBCCE@C&EEB&CCCB<&F13

C&(BBCEBCCBEDBBCF@ C D8CDEC"

C:EBEDBDBCCBDCCDCBCDB&:CBC&

"C&B&:BCDCC:BCECDCCDDCCBDEC"BC

BDCCBCDBCCEF

0 2 4 6 8 10

0

10

20

30

40

50

Ohmic

TLC U4

TLC U13

Resulting

Cu

rre

nt I (m

A)

Voltage U (V)

0 2 4 6 8 10

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

De

riva

tive

[I]

Voltage U (V)

-0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0

-1.5

-1.0

-0.5

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

log

(I)

log(U)

-1.0 -0.5 0.0 0.5 1.00

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

De

riva

tive

[lo

g(I

)]

log(U)

F"AB

"B

#$A$%"B&

#$A$%"&

EBDDABCBDCBAD

$#

&"&DABEFBE#C

!DEDDEBECBEBDDEBEBCC@C&DDBCBD@C

C E& CBDC C& BBEDCB "EF B&@ : C

EBCCB C DC B CB EBD EB B B& B&EC B

ED"BECCBCB@DECBCC&FA$+@$%C

"C& B& CD BCC &@ CE C:B A B 5A=A

EBECB@DCB&BDB"ED&BBBDBDBEBE""

: B& CB& "C&D@ DCD "B C : CB& B&FA$+C

@C8BCCC"CCB&C;E"D@DE:CBC BCC

&@EB&DEC"@ DBEBCCB(BCD8

EBCCCBC;"D:DC(CECBCCBC

CD C B"" CD DE D C@ CB CBC@ B'ECB

&C@"&B&CCDCCDBCDFA$+@$%C

A.BCC;E"D13DBC5E08CB1&B3@CBEDDB

13BCBBB&1E03 C&CB&D:D CE&CEBECB13

BCEDBB&"C"D13F

!DEBDB <&F$@ D:B&D ;E"DDB C8CBD

1F)F3@1F)F43@1F)F#3B1F)F$3@CDB"DBEC:BBCC;

E"D CEBDD 13B C"C"D 13B :DB B

DEF"CDD@C;E"DEBB*8CC"FAECDCECD

0 2 4 6 8 10

0

10

20

30

40

50 pn-Diode

TE

TI

TCL

Cu

rre

nt (m

A)

Voltage (V)0 2 4 6 8 10

0

10

20

30

40

50

pn-Diode

TE

TI

TCL

De

riva

tive

[I]

Voltage (V)AAB AAB

EF

"

")

EF

"

")

CBAB

ADBEBDDCB

$+

C BCEBDD B C BC HDCICD C ; E" EB

E B BC C B""BC CE EBD :CB C "C&

B& : C D D&BEBC B& C CDF < CD D@ D

E"D EDBB& C C BC EBDD@ D BCE " 1<&F$

133@CCBECHDCICD:CCEDBB&"C"D:F

B.5&CECC;E"DCECCBEDDB13@CBBB&

B'ECB1E03@CE&CEBECB13BB1&B313:CCEDBB&

"C"D13F

<&F)D:DD&CECCCE;E"DC BCE

CBDC EBDD 13 B C "C"D 13F E BE C:B C

BC ;E"D D "BC <&F) 13@:C C E"D D:B&

EBDCBC@ BCBE BEDB& "@ EB& B 1B 3 B

DC B 1CD3 " B C & "C& B&F B C C B@ C

" C"C"D 1<&F) 133 D EBCF? C"C"

E"CBEDEBDCBC":CBEDB&"C&@B

(C BCBD ED " C BC "C& B&F A D C B

EBD D:B& BCBD BED B C &"C& B&@ : C

AEBECBCA1<&F3DD:DC:EBB

CCBDCBB&C:BCEBA1FJ43BCC:BCA1FJ4

BFJ)3&D@DBECC:DF

0 2 4 6 8 10-8

-6

-4

-2

0

2

4 TE

TI

TCL

pn-Diode

ln(I

)

Voltage (V)0 2 4 6 8 10

0

1

2

3

4

5 TE

TI

TCL

pn-Diode

De

riva

tive

[ln

(I)]

Voltage (V)

F"B

#$A$%F"B&

EBDDABCBDCBAD

$%

C.,CCBC&CEBC13BCD"C"13DBECBCD8

C C "C& CBE DDB 13@ CBBB& B'ECB 1E03@ CE&C

EBECB13BB1&B3F

<&F4CDCBC&CEBC"DFCD8CC"C&

CCE;E"D13CBCECBDCEBDDBC"C"D

13@DBCECBCCEBCCBCC;EECDCEFB

DCDBB"BC13"C:"C&B&@:CC

EBDDDEEB"DC"C&BEDDFC

CEDBB&"C"D13ED:DEBDCBCC"C:

"C& B&F E"D EDBB& C B B A " D: B

BED C DD C & "C& B&@ : C D C E"

BCBDEDD"C:"C&B&F

<&F D:D &CE C C CE ; E"D 13 C

BCE CBDC EBDD B C "C"D 13@ D BCE C

BCCDEE&=CE&CEBECBFDDC@B

AE"D1<&F 133BEDBCBD:CBEDB&"C&@:C

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C";EECDCEDF

0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0-14

-12

-10

-8

-6

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0

2

4

6

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TI

TCL

TE

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0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.00

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

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$6

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E. <:C C ;E"D CE CBE DDB 13@ CBBB&


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-0.4 -0.2 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0-3

-2

-1

0

1

2

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log

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log(U)0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

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-8

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ED CDEEB C"D CD&B CD C C

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1<&F# 13@ E0 E"3F ? C DCB <:C

1<&F# 133 DE D:D B " C DEDD

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D&BCEBCD:CCDECBDEBCCDF

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)$

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<&$F13F DCEC D ED C: BCBCCB& (&B ED

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?CBCEDC@B(&BCDCCB&:C*BECDB

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*CBF <C@ C -B B D D:D DCB& BE EECF

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0.616i

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))

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BCECBBEBFB&X

E @:EDDCDEDDD

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(ECB ,b XE FA)#C

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4*

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R C(ECBE2&B&F

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BB& B& ( ), 1 60 meVb X

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B&C)77G@DCB&B(ECBECDCBB&CBDCBDC

CCFA)#@ )+@ 4C D & (ECB BB& B& 0D -B "

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Bα -BDCC BC

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DCDBCCBCDEB(ECBE(D1/A3FBB&B

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E BC 1 B*3 B 1M3 B EEC 1!M3 B (ECBD

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EDBB&(ECB1DC!3@ECEECDCEBB&B&

C(ECBE( ,b BECE FA)#@)+C

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E( C ;@ : BC B (ECBD 17M3 :C BB&

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CEBBEECB(ECBDBDD:BB<&$F)F

!CBEECDCED@:EEBD"B:CC-B,DEC

B C J; DEC B&@ C C: ECB DCCD 153 C 7MD B C

B&CB CE BB ED 13 C B B (ECBDF 5

CBDCBD B""C"EBCBBCBB(ECB@ "B&

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A)#C

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E E E m E E E E m E m= − − ⋅ = − − ⋅ = 1$FF 3

:C m B& CB CBBDCC CBDCB 1CE C43F B

&B@CCBDCBCBCDDBBCBDCED:CCBED

m FB&DCBC:BC1X

E 3B(ECB1BEC

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B C EDBB&BB E 1 , ,,LO X LO BECE E 3 D B C B& pE + C

+);1BBB&3FA$+@)#@)+@4+@#+C

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+7;A 6@#+@#%@+)C@C&"D)F+;B::DE"

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: D* B D DCCB C BBDCECD D : D & BC

ECD DCB& C DBCDD CD B BED DE C " CF

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CC C BCBDC EDD &DD" E C C BCBDC

(ECBDCCDDECBF/ABDDCCCDC:B

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)+

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#+CABD8BC@C(ECBDDBEDCBBCBC

CC@:CDCBC:B!B/(ECBE0DDEBBC

DEC D" C CCD & CB #7GFA#+C (ECB D C

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BC -B BBDCECD :C BBE DE C " C A 6@ +)B++C@

:E EB E CE : CCD 1C~)F) C )F)4;3 C

CCFA+4@+ C!C&C(EC&BCDB@DC8BCD"

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DCDCD(BCB CD CBDCB (ECBDBC CDE

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B CB C C BCE CBDCBD@ BEECC 1!,3

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: CCD A)#@ )+C :C B : CD !, CBDCBD D&C "

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/2CCBDCBDB-BC:CCB<&$F)DCEC

CCCB&B&CDD!,CBDCBDF

""BEBFBBEACBACA,A

2 CC , DEC CB EBCB BC B (ECBE BB&

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EC C DDB EB DCB& BC C " DDB EECDCED

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CCC7F$B7F4 FA4@4$C

B &B@ ECC CBDCBD B DEBECD EB EDD D C

B1</3BBCB1//3CBDCBDF</@BCCBDCBD@

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B 1A/3 C C EEC " ( )0,e A @ D DECE D:B B <&$F4 C

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E =A

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;/@DEC"FA%7B%$C

1 g D kinE E E E= − − 1$FF#3

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2

4C

DA

eE

rπε= F1$FF63

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E C

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r "D1CE:473@

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(CA%7C

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E P E P P Pβ= + F1$FF73

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; E B :@ A%)B%#C :E D BEDD :C BEDB&

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#%@+)@%6@67C,C@CDDCCDCB&BBECBBE

BC CBDCBD B C &:C EBCBD C BBDCECD B D 1F&F

C@CC@CDDD(&BB*BE@CEF3BCDC&:C

CCBC@ DE BBB& B BC CDDFA#$C B CB@ C:D

DD" CC B DC CDCD CECDDBC:BBC

-B DD@ C BC EBCB C D CD B EBEBCCB C

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BC C C 0 C C & DE C " C@ A 6@ #+C D C

EBEDBD C CBDCBD B -B 0 EDCD BC EC

E C-BBBDCECDF!D EBD8BE@BCEC "DB C

EBEBCCBD : D" DCECD :C BC DE C "

CDFA#+@6C5CCDDDCCED"CBDBDCDB

C&BCBCBCBCECCCBDCBDB-BF@B

&B :B& CDBCECD EB EBD.-BB"EBED 1;-B@

;3@ BCDCCD 1-B@3 B BCDCD 1-B@-B3F DECD EB D DB&

B* 1BEC R B RR DEC"3 B C E(D:C

E CF DDB DCB& C BC BC ECD B -B D

DEDD :@ BC C0B& BC EEBC CBDCBD ED BCBCB

BEC BDEBCEBCD 0E@ CBCD A)+CFE@-B

DDB B C "D B& EB " BC "C@ &B: B

BBDDB&DCCD&BDF

;CDDBDCBDDBBEFA67CCD&BDCECCCC

BCDCC -B ECD 1-B3 B@ B DC EDD@ C D D" :B EDCD :

DBCD*DCCCB-BEEBCBDFDC8BCD"CB

DDB:D B D 0 EDCD -B A6$@ +@ 6)C@: B ED

BBDCECD0BB:DBD@CDDDBD"@:0A64@6 CB

8BE C CC A+)CF B EBC@ : CD BBCE

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D" CBDCBD:CEEB&BED 0-B D 1DCEC C

DDB,CD-B

47

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1C3B8BCCD1DD3D*B$FF

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)F 477 CBBB&@-B@;/A/B""-BC;/CBDCB

A#$CA# C

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$F% 447 :0@BBA@-BC;-B;/ A6+C

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$F%$$F 6 4474%7 ?0 A64C $

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4

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CCF

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CA/CC B*(&B"EBE **OV A$ CDBE *

OV EBEBDD

BDCA$#C@BCBC(&B"EBECC;/A#)CFCCC:EB

C0EC CDCD:B&BDDBD@ DEC"@:C

BCBCBCBDBF&FCCBCCB*BFA6C

CECD0-BBBCDCC(&B13D:D(&BBCDC1-B3:

D DF 2EBC@ D D "BE BEEC EBCB

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4$

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B = B"BBCD B C , CD C CED 1F&F BBB& B

BCEBCBD3@CDCBCCDCC:CBBEDCDCD&B1CE3

BECCCCBCBCDBCCED:CBCDDC

CC(ECBBEC&B&ECDF

,CBDEBE5ECDE

#7

C EB EBE CC EDB C , EECDCED BC

BBEDCB -B DD B C EEC BCCCB C EDBB& ,

DEC@ B BD C BD BCE (ECCB EBCBD@ &B 1CE3 C

BBEDCDBCCE0BDDEBEBCCBF

&&%BBA3EFAFAB!E

(ECCB:BDCBBC,"-BBBEDCD@BCE

CDCED1<&)F4133D&B&CDEDDBCC

ED C & -B BBEDCDF <&)F D:D C , C -B BBEDC

DBECB&B5DDCCCCECCDDB&

-BBBEDCDF

BD.*,BCBDCC&-BBBEDCCBC(ECCBBDCDF

,DECC:(ECCBBDCDBCC"DDDB

C F$F44; B D: " :0 /2 EBCCBF !C & (ECCB BDCD

BBE0 BJ; B&BCD C DDB C&C:C ECC

0BCB&CF$F%4;F?C/2D:DBDCB&&DC

:C (ECCB :@ C ECC DDB BDCCD DC

F#77; EEB B:B& C DDB :C C (

1.6 2.0 2.4 2.8 3.2 3.6

Energy (eV)

No

rma

lize

d P

L in

ten

sity


#

1<?>3F#+7;CF4 7;:CBC(ECCBB&C:BF?=E$

BF#?=E$F

DC EC C DDB:C BEDB& (ECCB : EB "

C: DD DBD. C 0 DCD B EEC 1!,3 C

CBDCBA$# CCDDBDDCCCBDCBD@:CDDB

DCDCEB&BCEEECBBCDCCDC&(ECCB

:DFA$76C

DC C!, CBDCB D CE:CB C B& D" CBD

;1DAC$FF$@8CB1$FF733:BC(ECCBBCBDCDEB&)

C7D&BCFA+)@%+@$# CD"DCDCB&BC

:CBCD"DCCECC0BCDBCEDF5 C

EBEBECCCDCB&ECCEBCCBCC,DECDCD

DDCBCECCCBDCBD@DBECCD

BD B <&)F F ! & (ECCB BDC DCD B & EECB C

BDEBC EC DCCD :C & B&D@ EDB& C " DC C

ECCDDBF!ED0CC,DECCBC(ECCBBDCD

DCECDCBB:CCB""CBDCBDF

400

300

200

100

0

3.53.02.52.01.5

-4000

0

4000

200

100

01 2 3

4

5

6 7

1000

800

600

400

200

0

3.53.02.52.01.5

-40-20

02040

800600400200

0

1

2

3

45

67

40

30

20

10

0

3.53.02.52.01.5

-2-1012

30

20

10

0

1

23

45 6

7

BE.,DEC-BA1E03C)BC(ECCBBDCD@D:DCC13

CDCBDCBD1C3@C"CBCCC&BDEC1C3

BCEDBB&CBDCBD1:C3F

<&)F#D:DC,DECC:13@F)?=E$3@13@F#7?=E$3B

& 1E3@ F#?=E$3 (ECCB : BDCDF !C : (ECCB BDC@ C

,CBDEBE5ECDE

#$

B&CE : CBDCBD B C 1FF% ;3 B C &B 1F$F)$;3 DEC

B& EB EF !C C (ECCB@ C D C DC 0 C

F$F#4; ED BBEF !C & (ECCB :@ C DEB B&CE

&CBDCBCF$F%4;BCD CDDBDECBCBCC

/2DDBF

BCDCC"B&BBCECCCBDCBD@C

EBCCBDBCDCECF&FCCB&C,DEC@D

(D:B<&)F#F>@:B&DECBD:BEDDCC

C,DEC:CBBCDDCCD.CCBDCBD:

DD C " 9DDB 0 :C C :C B C DEC DCB

BB&EBDCBC(ECCB:BDCDCCDCCF

EBCCBD C EC C CBDCBD B C "D B& 8C

"DCBC(ECCBBDCD.CIIBCFF% ;:CEDBB&

:CF$$7;@CH&BIBCF$F)$;1F$+7;3@BCECC

EBCCB@ EBDDCB& C DC C: CBDCBD A67C C H $I C F$F#4;

1F$$7;3BHICF$F%4;1F%7;3F

/2 0 D:D B DC B&& DC C & (ECCB BDCD D

:D&BBDCEDB&B:B&DDFDDEB

B CC C DC $ 9DDB 0D. C D B C F)F)); 1:C

F 7;3B:BCF)F$+;1:CF6 ;3FDD&BBCC/2

DDBCC:BCCBDCBD:DEBCCCBBC,

DCBAC)F4F

C &"CB C " C B C DJ; B&@:E EBC

EEC EBCBD EC B /2 CBDCBD@ DEDD "@ B

CBE0&BH"CI0CF)F$;1F$7;3BCBCEC

C"C@C&CDBCD:EBCCB@BBEB&CE

DCCD0CCDCCDC(ECCBBDCDF(DCBE

CD CBDCB:D" ECBDEBE DEC C-BAD 1D

AC4F)F43F

(ECCB:BBC,DBCD EB D &"D BCB

CC&BC B""CBDCBDF C D:0B:BCCC,BCBDC D

EC:CC(ECCB:BDCC::.A 6@$#$C

kI P 1)F)F3F


#)

BEDC(ECCB"CB&@C:ECED BCB&ZE[$

CBB(ECBDDBDBBCB&7[EZCCB

1</3 B BCB 1//3 C" EBCBDFA 6@ $#$@ $##@ $#+C

DD&BCDB"C(ECBECBDCBDEB(B

CEBDCB CECCBC:BBC(ECBEBECC

EBCBCD A$#+CD:DD&&DCB&CCB(ECBD

ECBD BDFA$##CD"CB C DBBBE

C CBDCB BCBDC B C (ECCB : EB BCC D C (ECBE

&BCDCBDCBFA 6@$#$@$#+C

BF.&CECCBCBDCC,BCB&CDCBDCBDB

CEDBB&EFCCBD&DCCF

<&)F+ 13 D:D C 0 BCBDC C , B C DEC B& C

EDBB& D CBDCBD 1 C 9DDB C3 D BECB C

(ECCBBDCB&CEC@DCCC:ECEEBD

BCCDCEDBB&E"D1DBD3F:ECD

C 17F%$3@ &B 17F%3@ B $ 17F6%3 CBDCBD : B DC C

DD&BBC CDEBCBDCECCCBDCBDF:EC

CCBDCB1F743D&B"@:E&CC&CDECCB&

C CED@ B ED CC C EBEBCCB C EDBB& ECD D "

&FA$#$C:ECCJ;BCBDCD&CB1F)43@:EDD&B

B(ECBDF

1 10 100 1000 1000010

0

101

102

103

104

105

Ph

oto

lum

ine

sce

nce

in

ten

sity (

a.u

.)

Excitation power density (mW/cm2)

,CBDEBE5ECDE

#4

&&" BCEFAFAB!E

ECBE B DDB CD -B BBDCECD 0B:B C EC

DBDC"CCEB&DBCDEEBCBD@:EEBC*F&F B&D

DBDDFA)#@ )+@ #%@ #6C D EB&D B C C CB C

CB *B B C DE C BBDCECD B CD EB& 1D AC$F$3

BB& B C C@ DD B EBEBCCB C &DD B C

CD@ DBB& C BBDCECDFA %@ 6@ $7C AB&D C EC

C DDB CD DE D BCBDC E -B DCECD : D

D"FA %@+)@%6@6@$7C-BBBEDCDDC B CD:0DD:

EB&DBC,CDCCCBBCCDEEBCBDF

B. , DEC C -B BBEDC C : 13 B & 13 (ECCB : BDCF

9BDECEDBCC,BBC@:BDCC,B"EF

<&)F%D:DC,DECC-BABBC1&B3BB

7 "E 13 C : 1#F4?=E$@ 3 B & 1$F#?=E$@ 3 (ECCB

: BDCDF ? B C (ECCB EBCBD C BCBDC C

DDB D&C ED B C &B B DC D BC EB&@ C

EBCCBDBCBJ;DECB&BEDD&BEBCCBC

D""EF&CEBCCDBDE"@C

(BCD1F&F,BBCCDD3B@DDEBEDBD

EBF<DC@CDDBBCBDCBCBJ;B&D"DC

8BE B B CDE EBCBD EBBCD C BC

1(&B@:C@>&D@ CEF A+)@%6C3 DEBBCD CDDB

BDC1D"BCDD@DDBC"D@CEF3F5EB@CD8BEB&

2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5

0.0

2.0x104

4.0x104

6.0x104

8.0x104

1.0x105

1.2x105

1.4x105

1.6x105

1.8x105

Photo

lum

inesce

nce in

ten

sity (

a.u

.)

Energy (eV)

1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.50

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

Photo

lum

inesce

nce in

ten

sity (

a.u

.)

Energy (eV)

(78'D(

798'D( AB CB


#

DDCBE1D3 EB DEEDD " C "ECB C BBEDC @

:EDCD BC BED CDDBBCBDCFABD8BCC&CD

C:DCE"CDECF&FBBB&CCEDF!BC@

CECD@DBDCB$CBDCBDDCDCCED

C C DE CBBEDCD@ DBE C EC D DBDC" B C EB&D C

CDBBBDCBBEDCF

&&&*'FAFAB!E

(BCD B C )F)F$ D: CC C ECD BEB& C DDB B C

DEC B&&CDCCED C CDE =B CDE C-B

BBEDCDFECDDDCB@C&B(C-BBBEDCD:D

EBC&$BCDC$7F777@(CECB&CD-BBBEDCDC

(F

B.5*BDDCCBC-BBBEDCD@CC&BDCCB1E0

E"3@ :C C 5 & C EDBB& A D B BDC 13 B C 13 C

EBC&DCF

<&)F6 ED C &B D* B D DCCB 13@ DEDD B

AC)F C C D* B D DCCB C BBEDCD B C -B @

DBECCEBC&DDBFD*CADEBD:

CC C &B D* DCCB C 8CB 1)FF3F DCB

"CB CA D*DCCB:D E C EBC& DC 7F# C

7F #BCB"CAD*)%F4BC6F)BF5&C

EBC&BCBDC<&)F613DCCDCECBC-BD*

CEBC&DC@0B&CBDCEDCDBCB&F

,CBDEBE5ECDE

##

B. 1C3*, DEC C &A D C BC 13 B EBC&

13 DDBDF 1&C@3 & C EBC& DDB B &C BCB@

BDCCB&&CBDBEBC"DB&F1&C@3&CDDDBBJ;

BCB@BDCCB&CD:CDDBECEBC&-BBBEDCDF

ECCD*DECBCEBC&DCBCBDEBCCD

CEDCDDDCC<&)F7F,DECCACBC

1&3 DDB B C A C EBC& 1&3 DDB :

B*CC/2EBCCBF0BCBDCC/2DDBBC

EDD:DBCDB&@C&CDCB&CE0BDDCEBC&

:D D&BEBC : 1EF 777B3@ E C C C BC

DDB 1EF )77B3F EDB C:B C DEC D:D C BED B

&BDDBEC)C4@:DCBDDBD BED

DC B &BCF D DCD C DDCB CC C DC

BDEBC ECD 1DE C BD3 DCC B C DE C

BBEDCDEDCCF!DCD*CBBEDCD:DECEBC&

DC@ C DE C " C C BBEDCD BED@ :E C C

BED EBCCB C BDEBC ECD ED C C DE C A

ECC/2DDBFBCB@C/2DDB0D:DC

F$ ;:CEDD*DCCBFDDDCCCBED

EBCCBCDEB/201#3C)F$+;@:EEBDCC&

BCC(ECBEBCBEBCDBCDECBBEDCDFA 6C

&BC/2CBDCBD#B+EBE,DBCDC:

CCD@ : C BB BB& B ECC CBDCBD

DDDF DCD C CCBBCDBCD &B& C

DEDDBC:B&DECBF


#+

&4EBEAFAB*BEC

,DECDE C&-BBBEDC :DC CCD

C:B B )77G B EDEE EDCC :CB DCB , DC 1D

!B(!3F!C:CCD@CBB&CCBDCBDCBBD

DD&BEBCEFDEBCBCCBCCBDCBD@:E&

CDB&0CCCFBEDECCCBDCBD@CC

BBC DBCD EB E EBECB "BE B DCCD

B""BCECCCBDCBF

&4EAF#BEACBACB3BEBE

!CE,DECC-BAC GDD:BB<&)F13FDC

0BC&B&DC)F)++;BEDBB&<?>F)7;EB

ECCCCC!(ECB1<M!3CCD0DCBFA+@+)@$#%@

$#6CCBDCBB:CD::CBCB&C:B7B+7;@CE

-BBBDCECD1DAC$FF3FA 6@#+@#%@+)C

B.13,DECC&-BAC GB$F#?=E$(ECCB:BDCF13

&CECDDBBCBDCC!B13@!(ECB1E03BCDC

BBEC!BDBECB(ECCB:BDCF

2.9 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

0.01 0.1 110

4

105

106

107

CBBC5ECDE

#%

DEB@DCBCBD0C)F)));(CD<?>F)4;FD0D

DCC B C B& B& : C CE CBDCB B&D BB

(ECBD 1M3 1D AC$F@ <&$F)3F C D DC F44; <M!@

EBD8BC C EBBC CCC C CBB E C !(ECBF

CCDECDCBC0@CEBDD&BCCCDE!1

Q3 B@ CEECB(ECB1!M3 CC:ECBDCC 153 CM

BFA+%C5BEBMED"@C&BCDCBDCBD"B0C

C 5F >@ C 0 C )F))); 1D C CD CC BBC

"@D)F4F$3EBDD&BB(EBC&BCCDDECDCBA+%C@

C C (ECB@ B C C DE DCCD (CB DCEC ECD B C

DE1!B3@:ED8BCD"BBBDCECDFA 6@+)B++C

:0CBDCBDBC :B&DEBCCCCCDC@$BB)B

BBEC!BCCDCBF+$;F

<&)F13D:DC(ECCBBBC"C<M!@!BBCDDC

BBEF!CBDCBDD:BBBECDDBBCBDC

B C(ECCB:BDC@ CE C C<M!B!CBDCBDD:D

CBBEDC:CCDFA#7C

&4"EBEFAFAB!E

!B@DD&BCDCECECDCCDE(CBDEDCCDEB

CE CE : CCD C CC B BC

BBDCECDA#7@+4@+ CDDCC/ACBDCBDFDDDCED

BCDC-BBBEDCD@DCB&CDD&BBCC)F)));0CC

!BF <&)F$ 13 D:D C , DEC C $F#?=E$ (ECCB : BDC

B*CCEDBB&(CBCCCD C)77GF

? C EBCCB C BB ED EB D& C $77G B

"@C<M!B!BEB:CCC@B&C/2

0BCJ;B&C)77GF!D@CCBDCBD(CCCBBC

DC C DDB C C DB0B& C B & :C BEDB&

CCF 0 DCBD C CBDCBD 1CC D BECB D

CCB<&)F$133:CB9DDBCCB&C,DECF

/CCBDCBDD:DCF#7; GCCCF

DC C 0 B& EB CC C ;DB CB 1$FF3 :C


#6

3 -10.77 10 eVKα −= − ⋅ B 1077Kβ = − FD"DB&&BC:C"D

C0-BA)#CBC-BBBDCECDA# CFD&C"CBD

CCC&CCD:DD"BCCFA+C!E0

C C B& DCB C <M! CBDCB C B 7G "D DC C

DDBF%;@:EEBBC(BBCCB&BECBCDF

DCC(ECBEDDBD:C0B:BDC@:C0DCBC

77GB&DCF);DCDECC<M!DCBC GF5E

DC B(ECBEDDB:C BEDB& CC@ :B& CBDDBC C

BBECB&1DC3 DCBEC5D"B:D

8BCD"B"9!D@B9,@9B!D=9!D8BC:D@D

: D B C( D B9@ !9@ B B -B&FA)+@ $+7B$+)C D

" D ED C & BC E* DCCD : C (ECB

B&FA)+C 2EBC@ C 5D " :D D D" !(ECB

CBDCB B -B BBD A$+4C B BBEDCD A 6CF D"CB CD

" D@DD CDC CDCB& 1DAC)F$3@CB

"BE "BCB&:C EBEBCCBD C:B CE 7% B 7$7

=E)FA$+)@$+ C

BA. 13 , DEC C & -B A @ B* C C EDBB& (

BCBDC@CBCCCDF13B&DCDC!(ECB1E03@!B13B

13CBDCBDDBECBCCF

BEDCB&:CEDB&CCDDCBDC

CDECCCBDCBD@:EB""A//@BCDDCBCC

CB&"DDB&ECD@BC"D&BEBC:CCBDFD

ED D DCE@ DBE C B& "D@ DDEC :C C "D DDB B

&BBEEC"D@DCDDBBEC"BC

2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4

Energy (eV)

No

rma

lize

d P

L in

ten

sity

0 100 200 3002.8

2.9

3.3

3.4

Peak e

nerg

y (

eV

)

Temperature (K)

CBBC5ECDE

+7

C B B&FA4@ #)@ $+#C D DDCB EB D DC C

CDFA4@ #)@ $ @ $+#C B C C B@ B ED C !, CBDCB B

D&BEBCDCCDDB0:CEDB&CCD(ECFA+)@

%%C

<&)F$ 13 BDCCD DC C CBDCB :C BEDB&

CCF !C G B $F#?=E$ (ECCB : BDC@ C EBCCB C

CBDCB:C0BCBDC"7F777EBCDDDCBECB&E

CCE0&BD&B 7\7EBCDCCC9DDB:C0

DCBCF$F6;F(EC DC CB& C77G D:CB :

;@:EDDCB&&ECC:CCCBDCBFD@

CDECDCBCCC0:DBCBCBCEBDCBCC77GF

DECDCBC0C 7G:DCBC$F%%;BC

BBBEDCEBCECCCFBCCB@C

D BC CC C C & :C C EC C CBDCB@

EC(ECBECBDCBD@CCCB&BEEECDDECDCBD8C

&FABD8BC@CB&DCCCBDCB@D:BB<&)F$13@

EB BC D C CB C A/ C ;/ D B"" B C CBDCBFA#)C

"CDD@C"B&DCF47;DBBEB&CCEC@

DCEBEBECCCC;/CA/B""BCCBDCBF

BB. 13*,DEC C-BA C CCDC:B B)77GF 13

&CECC,BCBDC@CECDECEDBCCBCCCDF13

CBDCB BCD C , C & (ECCB BDCDF @ C

:DC (ECCB BDC :D D C DC C CCBBC "


+

C ECC CBDCBDF <&)F) 13 D:D C B* , DEC C

BCCCDF<&)F)13ECDC,DECCBCCCD@

BEC C EDBB& ED 13 B &CE CF

CBDCBD 8BE C : CCDF $ CBDCB :C 0

BCBDCF777EBCDC GDBBEB&ECCE0&B

F7\ EBCD1C#F4;(ECCB:BDC3CCCC9DDB@

C&CEDBB&DDBDDBCDCBECB&CECEC

DECDCB CD CBDCB@ DBEBEDBDEBB CD CC

BBC DCFB CCB@ C&B CBDCB D:DB D&BEBC B&

DC:CCCFD"DCE!,CBDCBDFA+)C

BC. C BBC " C BC CBDCBD C : 13 B & 13

(ECCB:BDCDF

DDBBCBDCBCCBDCBDDBECBCCC:13

B & 13 (ECCB : BDC D D:B B <&)F4F BCBDC C

&BDDBD:D"CBEDEC$)CCCD

ED:B C G@:E D BC DCB& "BE C!,CBDCBFA+)@

$++C EC CC C :C 1F$+7;3 C EDBB& CC 9DDB

0 BD DC EBDCBC " C : CC B& D DCD CD

DD&BBCFA+)@%%@$++CBCBDCCCBDCBBEDDCB

B &BC@ :B C -B A D E :B C E&BE

CCD@DCB&CB""BCCA/;/1</CBDCB3FA+)@$++C

BCBDCC/2CBDCBDEDD"C:D&BC

C)77GFDEBBCCBCDBBC"ECEBCD@8BEB&

CDDBEBECCCF

AB CB5:(78'D

(5:798'D

(

0 100 200 3001x10

2

1x103

1x104

1x105

1x106

Inte

nsity (

a.u

.)

Temperature (K)

0 100 200 3001x10

1

1x102

1x103

1x104

1x105

Inte

nsity (

a.u

.)

Temperature (K)

+;<

+;<

< <

C=

C(

F

F

C(

C=

CBBC5ECDE

+$

BD.CBBC"C"BC&C,BCBDCCBC(ECCB

:BDCDF

<&)F D:DCCC"C"1BC&C3,BCBDC

CBBEDCDCBC(ECCB:BDCDF" BCBDCC

CC D E EC $ E C C : CC BCBDC@

:E DE CCCDB-BBBEDCDBEBCCC C

C EC"C8BEB&F BBC"C:D E C

& CCD@ :E D C C " 8BEB& C DDBFA$)C

,CE@GB&DBBE:0DD" CCBBC ECB

C , 8BC 1DQ3 -B BBEDCD CB B

&BC FE C E&BE CCD :B C F7F#E C

CCFA+7C<C-BDC@ CCCDQCEDCD

:D D DB& C EC" C A4@ 4$C :C BCEB B 6@7

BBCEBDCBDDBEDC7F$EFD:"DBCDDB&@

DBE C CED : BC C* C BDEBC CD B& C

DBCDDF B EBC EBCCBD@ "D $7E B "B 4 E C CC

: C A4@ 4$C@ BDCCB& & CBC -B BBEDCD D

BDEBCCF

0 100 200 300

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

No

rmaliz

ed inte

nsity

Temperature (K)

798'D(

798'D(

>=?8'D(

79 8'D(

(78'D(


+)

&5EEBAB

, DBCD B BC CDE EBCBD D: CC C

DDB BCBDC@ DE B B J; DEC B&@ EB DEBC

BEDB"E@"BDEBE8BEB&DEDC

DE C-BADF@ C&C ECBCBC C " C

BDEBC CD C DDBCD* BBEDCD@ F&F C CCBC

A+4C@:ED&B&C(BCDDECBF!D@CDBBDCCCC

C"DDBE-BBBDCECDEBBBEBBB&A+)@

67@6%@$77C@:E D CBC CB&CDDBE C C"EDF

"@BBB&(BCDEB"CB"BEC&BC

BCECCCBDCBDF<(@BBB&B(&B:DB

C ED C BC -B B ; A$77C B EB DC B CB EDB&

B&BDEBEA+)C@:DBBB&BBC&B-B"EBDCB

CBCBDCBDBCDECB&FA6%C

5C@)7BCDB&BBB&BBCCDDB8C*CBE

:DCAD:CBCECE0BDDDFDCCB&CECB

CBDEBCCD@:EDCECBCC"EECB@

C BB DD: DC B C BBB& C&C:C C BCC

EBCDEF$BCDCC,DBCDF

B C DC DC@ BC :D EDB D B CDE EBCB B& C

BBB&CDDBCD*ADF<&)F#13D:DC,DEC

C-BD@BBBBCCBCCCDF0BCBDC

C /2 DDB@ D:B D BECB BBB& CC B <&)F# 13@

"DEBDCBCED:CBEDB&BBB&CCFB" 77VA

D&C BED D D"@ :E EB CCC C C "BC C

EDCB8CBBB&C"CCCDFA+4CECBBB&

B C 0 BCBDC C @ $ B &B CBDCBD D D:B B

EDBB& ED B <&)F# 1E3F B ED C CBDCBD@ C C:

CC &D. C BCBDC BEDD B C B& 7VA [ Z $77VA B

EDD C CCD " $77VAF BCBDC C &B DDB BD

DCEBDCBCC&CC:CCB&F

CBC

+4

BE.13,DECCD-BAD@BBCBCCCDBBC

F13BCBDCC/2B1E3ECCDDBBCBDCDDBECBCBBB&

CCF

ECBBE(&BB:C"@:ECDBCBBC

@ B C CC BBC " C ECC CBDCBD@ B

CB (BC :D F -B A D 1&3 : BB )7

BCD C C D CCD B BC&B : :C C EBC &@

BB B BC F DCB& , DEC D:B B <&)F+F

BBB& " C & AD B 1<&)F+ 133 D " D C C

" C D BD 1<&)F# 133F BBB& B BC&B :

1<&)F+ 133 D D:DB C D CB. BED C DDB C

C BBB& CCD : ED CD BCBDC C

BBB&CCD")77VAF<CCBDDCCCBBC

"BBCCDD@C0BCBDCC"DB/2CBDCBD

:DCDCF

>(8'D(1> @

AFFAFA

AE

= A

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2.0 2.5 3.0 3.50

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10

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CF.13E5&C<DDCC@B-BADF13&E)

B1E3C!<&DC<DDCC"B&B"&DE&BDD6F BF

!DB&BDD(BD"AEBCCEBC"

C"EBEDBCB(1<@5B$.<3:CCE:0

BECBF4F6; A 7@$6)CFJD C DDCECB D ECC

&DD DCD 1)F$ ( # $3 C CDE DD EBCBD B A;EDDFA$64C

@ C CE ECB& CE0BDD )$7 B 4 7B DCD B DC DDCBE

C:B%B ]=D8FC&B"EDCEC"DCBCEB8

< E C 1A; "DF &BCB DCCB&3 D : D C :

"CCEDC@CECBEDCDC<8C:FB

CCB@CECBEDDC<:DDCDBBE&

&BDD C ECB&@ E C A$6 C@ D EB DB <&4F+F C

!EC!B&BE-BA

6)

D:D CE 5 B !< &D C ,0B&CB A <EC &DDD

1 ]=D83@ BC B CD :0@ BDCCB& & "& &BDD

6F BBCHIDEDCEC:CE&C"CBDC#7BF

CBDDDB C < C )%7 B B C "& CBDDDB B C "D

DEC B& : D C C #E B ++E@ DEC"F B C

CBBEDC:0BECBC<A$%$C@CDDCCD:CC

CJ;*B1J;3EB7BCDCCDCBEBB&EB

ECCADCBFC:0BECBC<EB

DDC F;FA$%$C1D<&4F133

C.135&C-BABCC<DDCC@13EDBC-BA

B1E3!<&C-BA:CCDCB&"&DE&BDD7BF

-B A D : DC B C C < DDCCD C BCE

DDBDBCEDC"EDCD&CBCDBECB&CD

BCDCBDCDCE0BDD1) 7B3F&DCC

DBEC-BAD DEC B<&4F%:C 13B 13D:B& CE

5&D C A D B C C < DDCCF DCB& D

BDE0B"&"&DE&BDD7BEC

CDBDCDDCCD1+F#B3@DD:BBC!<&C

B<&4F%1E3F

4&"8CFEBF!EBECBC

$ 7BCE0C!EC:DCDCC&CD:D0

BC CA@D BED D"EDF!CE ;" C

<DEC"E DD:BB<&4F613FC DD:BBBBC

CB ECBD@ :C D&C & EBCD B : D E C

"D DF D&C C C& C ECB B'ECBB

<D!EC-BAD

64

"DD@ DCB& C&:0 BECB<1D<&4F 133FC

BCECBB'ECBDCDCE&CBDCCDCEC"

CD " DCB& EC B C DCB& ; EECDCEDF EB&

& C BBEDC :C BED "& &BDD B

BEC D0D C <@ :E &C DC B DCECD@ (EC C

EB& C ;" C "EF B@ D&BEBC BED E

EBECB B C :"C&&BED" B C<D"ED@D

EBDB<&4F613:CE<D13BD1E03

;E"DCEC"EDD:BFBEDCEEBCCBD

C BBC C : DB EDB C ;" C:B C

EC "ED B 8BCCC" EBEDBD C C C:0

BECBF >:"@ C " C C: EC "ED D:D DDCCE

BEDF

C. 13 ; E" C <D EC "E B : 1DC"3 B "D

1B&C"3DF13E;E"DC<13BDEC"EDB:

DF

<&4F7D:DCCEDECC1E03B<D13-B

ECA"EDB:DF<&4F713D:DCDCCEC

DECC"ED@:EEED BCEDDC4;F<&4F713D:DC

DECBC&"C&&B16;3@:CBDEBCECDCCDD:

D;/DCCDEBEEDDFBCEDDCDCD:DECB.C

C D D 1ECE 3 D <D "ED@ C ECC

EBCCBBC&BBDECB&D BEDECD

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

0

10

20

30

40

50

Cu

rren

t (m

A)

Voltage (V)-8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8

-40

-30

-20

-10

0

10

20

30

40

50

Cu

rren

t (m

A)

Voltage (V)

AB CB+#$D +#$D

"#$D

!EC!B&BE-BA

6

EC "EF B CB@ C <D "E D:D BBE

EBCCBBCJ;B&CC/2CBDCBDF@CEBEBE

CCCEBECECB(CECBCCDDCCDDBD&B

BDDBD:DC;/D&CBB"ED@ B&BC

:C,0CFA$6$C

C.*DEC C1E03B<D13EC-BAD

B:D4;13B6;13F

"DDB BCBDC C<D"ED:D B"&) CD

&CBCBCBDCC"EDCEEBCBDCD@:E

D:D CC C BCECB C < D A B B EC -B A

DCEC E "D "E BEF B EB& DC BD C

&&BDDC<DDCCF

400 500 600 700 800

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

No

rma

lize

d in

ten

sity

Wavelength (nm)

400 500 600 700 800

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

No

rmaliz

ed

in

ten

sity

Wavelength (nm)

<D!EC-BAD

6#

4&& AAA#8CFEBF!C

BEDCBDBBCCCCDC$77VABBC

B"BBCDD:BBEDBCCCCBDEBEDDBBCBDC@D

:DBDCC BAC)FDE CEBCCB CECC

DDB@DCB&DCBCDCC*BEECD@ BEDCBBB&

CCDC:B77VAB$77VAFD@BBBEBCBCBCBDCEB

(EC C C BED C " DDB BCBDC C C

CCCCBCF<DEC-BAD&B:DEDB

C BBB& DCD C C " "E BE@ D BDCC B

AC4F)F$F!BCDBEDB&<DCADDCC:DCDD

CCDCC@ECFA$6#@$6+C?CDCDDCBEEB

BED CB 4 CD :CB C DC CC B&@ C DC

DDCBEC<D(ECCBDCEBDCBCFA$6+C

) 7B CE0 -BA D: DBEC B C C EB@ J;CC

< DDCCD B C:D BB B 8C* C BE B BC C

BCCCD17VAC#77VA3)7BCDF,"CD:D

DEDDBAC)1<&)F#3F<CDC@CBBBBCED

:CEDD"CB&!EBCECD C&D:D0@DCB&

BDCB<DEC"EDF

CC:B C"ED D:B&B CB C" EC

"ED@B*CCCE BCBCCED@ DD:B B<&4F

13F C EB DB CC C &DC D CB C C BBB& CC

$77VA@ : BB C "ED@ BB C & CCD@ CC B

D&BFCDBCDCB&CCC"ED(CB&EEC*DCB&

BBB ;E":C& DDCBE B C :"C&&@D EB DB

<&4F13F

!EC!B&BE-BA

6+

C. 13 Q C <D "ED D BECB C -B A BBB&

CC@ B* C C C DDC-BADF 13 ;" C<

D"EDBC:"C&B&DBECB-BABBB&CCF

;"CADBBCBCCCD@D:DDE

C:BCCC&D.13BBB":C&DDCBEBC

:"C& &B@ EDBB& C C "ED D:B& C "C&D 4; B

"@B13BDCE":C:DDCBEBC:"C&B&@

:CCF?CBCDC CC&B@ CDDCBEEBCBD BEDD

:CBEDB&CC@"B&CECB&"C"EF!C)77VA

B&BBB&CCD@C;EECDCEEDDCE@:C

EDBDDCBEDCBBB&CCBEDDF

CA.5CDDCBEC<ECDDCCDDBECBBBB&CCF

0 1 2 3 4 5

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

0°C

100°C

200°C

300°C

400°C

500°C

600°C

Curr

ent (m

A)

Voltage (V)

0 100 200 300 400 500 600

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

N

orm

aliz

ed d

evic

e y

ield

Annealing temperature (°C)

AB CB

0 100 200 300 400 500 60011

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

FT

O s

heet re

sis

tance (

Ω/s

q)

Annealing Temperature (°C)

FTO specification

<D!EC-BAD

6%

EB&D BC;"C"ED&CCCCCCEB&D

C<EBEC"CCCCCBCF(ECD&B@CECC

BBB& DC B C DC DDCBE C < DDCCD :D D B C

BE < DD B D D:B B <&4F$F B C CC B& :

)77VA@:B C DDCBE CA D B C :"C& & BEDD@ B

BED C < DC DDCBE E D"F B C EBC@ C DC

DDCBE "B D&C ED B DD8BC E C BB "

]=D8 B& C BBB& C CCD " )77VAF >BE@ C D"

EB&D B C ;E"D C BB "ED EB BC DDEC :C

CCBEEB&D:CBC<DDCCF

!BC DB C EB&D B C ; " EB &E EB&D

:CBC-BAB&CBBB&DCF5DCDCBBD

EBC"DDCBCEB&DBCDCECCCDBBBEDCD

:CB C DC BBB& & 1: )77VA3F !BBB& C & CCD

1" )77VA3 B EB&D C & C A @ D EB DB B

<&4F)@:CA@BBC#77VA13DECCCE5

&CBBBCCD:)77VA13F!D(EC@CD*

CCEDBEDDB&C&CCBBB&FA+4C

CB.E5&C-BADCCBBB&C13$77VAB13#77VAF

&:C C CED BEDD C DC B DD D C C

DB C ! C& C C C < B& C "CB@ ECB&

DCECDF!BCDBCDCB&EB&DBC;E"D&CC

BBB& &C C BED C EBEC"C@ C B& C&C

EBCECBE0DC:B CCED@ BEDB& C(EDD EBDCB CD

CEBEC"CCCEDCDB&BBB&EDCB&

CEBCECBDC:BCEDF

!EC!B&BE-BA

66

"D@ B BBB& DC B BC C B 7$77VA BEDD C

BCBDCCBDEBE1DECDECD3@C"C

AD B "D C ECECB "F C DD C B

C EDD CC C:B 77VA B $77VA "B& C "E

EECDCEDF

CC.13DECC:D<ECDB-BA@BB

C 7VA)7BF13ADBB&BCBDCBEBCC&C"EDBECBC

:DF

C BBB& CC C C" EC -BAD :C C

DC BE :D B C 7VAF <&4F4 13 D:D C DEC

:DA@B<DDCC BEB&BBBB&DCC

7VABCC)7BCDBBCFD""D8C

D CC EC"ED@ DDEDD"@ DCCB&C 4; B C B

BB DEC &BF ?C BEDB& D "C&@ C "E D D:D

EBBCDBC&BBDECB&B(CDDCBECJ;0

C BB & DDB 6; BFA4 C " BCBDC C "E

BEDD:CBEDB&"C&DD:BB<&4F4131CD3@:C;

" C"E DBBB:C EBCD B C B& D" CBD!

1CB&D3F

B&BE "E D: DC CB B BC :CC B

BEDCB B& ) D CBF <&4F D:D C BCBDC C

"EB"D1D8D3B:1CB&D3DDBECBC

EBC C& C "EF "E D:D & (CB EBE 1FF C

C:B C CC CBD B C B'EC ECBD3 E C C D

400 500 600 700 800 900

<D!EC-BAD

77

AB:DCCBED:0BECBCAECF

EBEB:DD&$CD&CBBC"DD@

:EDE"CAD:CDDD&BFA@#C

CD. BCBDC C <D "E@ BB C 7VA@ D BECB C EBC B

:13B"D13ECBDFBDCD:DC&CCCB&"EC%;

:DFA4 C

DDBE:D:CB@ DCCB& F+;@"D C CB0

:C& E BB& BED CEC:B6# B6% B EC E

CC C:B )$77G B )+77GF 1D!B(!3 BDC <&4F

D:DB&C"EBCB%;:DF!C&C:

EBCEC C BBCE D:D @ C BCBDC " C CCB&

&B BD B&BDF 5 C DD DBD &C

B&BCDCEC"CC:D*BDDCCBC

BBCEDD:D&&BDDC<DDCCF

4&48EBF!CCFA#FAAECBC

EC"ED@EC&BBEDCD@D:":DDB

BCBDC:B BB C 7VA B B :CC BBB&F D (C

" : DDB &BC :C B : EC" DDB EBCD " C

ECF BDC C<&4F# 13 D:D CE & CEC" EE

1C )3 EC B& B CB B : ECBF

!EC!B&BE-BA

7

DEC@D:BB<&4F#13@EDBC<DEC-B:C

F 77BCE0BBAF5E"ECDD:BBEEBCCB

B C J;B& B E ECC BCBDC C C DDCBC

ECBBECDCCD@DD:,DBCDB<&4F#13F!C:

"C&D@ C DEC BKC (C B J; EBCCB B D: D "C&

BBCEB&CECCDECD@DC"EDEC

D BBEDCD@ C& :C " : BCBDCF !C "C&D B %;@ C

EBCCBBCJ;B&EDD@BC6;B&BBE

J;0BCD CDECF>:"@ C&B DEB BED/2

EBCCB@ECCDDBB"DB&@8DCEECBF

CE.13,DECADBB)7BC 7VABEBDDCB&D13B

& 1E03 BBEDCDF 13 E DEC "ED D B D &AD BB C

7VA)7BF

DCBCJ;0BC&BD"EDD:DEBD

DCEF6C$)BCEC,F5ED&BEBCDC:DD

D" B C "ED :C EC" &C CCB& -B D A#4@ $%%@ $6%C@

BB:D BBBD A 7@ 4@ #C@ BBBEDCD BECC:B&BE

DCDA$6CF!DCC:BB,DD8CCEDD@

C B CD ED@ C DC D B C B& :BFA#@$$@ 7@$@$66@)77C BD

DCDC CDDB:CDEC C, D CECCCCC

B&CBDDC&DDD:DC8BCEBB5C0EC

BD BDDFA#@ $$@ $ @ 7C /C ECD BC C DD & 103 -B

BBDCECDFA 4CDCCCCCEBCEBBDD

&B C DCFA #@ )7CM CFDDD BBE CECD

<D!EC-BAD

7$

BDEDCCDBC/2DDBEBCCBCCDEC-BDFA 4C

&-BBBEDCDBCEC"EDDBC@B(EBC

C DE DC@ DBE C A CD"D D: " DCBEC EC

C (ECBE EBCCB B C J; B& 1!B@ <&)F$3 "B C

CC@BCEDBB&DD:B(ECBBBEB

CJ; B&:CC CB ECC DDB A$6@ 46@ 7@ $@ %C B =

DDBEB&CB&BEA)7$C=B&BEA)7)CDCDF

C:BCC,D:DDECC-BBBDCECDEB

ECF

<EDDCC&B CJ;EBCCBCCDDBDEC B

C -BBBDCECD D : D CD DC E C C ,@ DEC

B*DECC&<DEC-BADDCCB

<&4F+@C&C:CCEDBB&CC,DECF

CF.ADBC:BC,1C3BCDEC1:C3C/20

C<DEC"EDDB&ADF

<&4F+ 1 C3 D:D C , DEC C & BB 1)7B C

7VA3ADFC:DBDCCC:CCBCCBBC

DBCD CC C/20 D C:BC (ECBE EBCCBD.

.0

.2

.4

.6

.8

.0

1.6 1.8 2.0 2.2 2.4 2.6 2.8 3.0 3.2 3.4

A6)FF,

A65)FF,

!EC!B&BE-BA

7)

C!(ECBCF)F);BC!BCF)F$+;FDECDCBCD

CBDCBD D 0 B <&4F+ D E0 B BD@ DEC"F

<&4F+1:C3ED:DCCCDCBECEBCCBBCJ;B&

B EBDDCD C: 0D C F)F$; 1)6%B3 B )F$#; 1)%B3@ :E

DCBD 0 CC "C B BD@ DEC"F :C C

&B&0CF)F$#;EBDCCCF77;@:ED B"&

&BC :C C EECDCED C !B 1F)F$+;@ B :C F6 ;3@

C"C,DCCCEDBAC)F:CC:B&

DCBDCBEBDCCCF 7;F/CCDCB C0BCD

:CB(EBC&BC:CC"DECCCB&E

C , DEC B AC ) C H"CI CBDCB 1F)F$; B F$7;

DEC"3F

D"CB CBBEH"CI CBDCB DCD CDEC

DCEC@ D:B B<&)F$7@: CD CBDCB DCCC C C BC-B

EC 1D: B3 DCCDF !B :D CCC C C !(ECB@ B C

DE DCCD DCEC ECD B C DE C -B BBEDCDF

DD&BBC CD CBDCBD B C ECB C C , D: DD

(BCBC&B&DCC:BC,BDECC-BD

D" B CCF ? C (EDDB& , (ECCB D "D C

CB (ECBD B -B BBDCECD@ B ED C B C EC

DCCDB(ECBDBCCECDEBBBCDEEDD(EC

CECE @DCCCDCDDB@D"BCJ;B&

B-B"EDDECECCF

!EC!B&BE-BA

7

44*BFBD7.!E

-B EC AD & C C DC C EBC CBDC

CD-BAD@ DBE CDD ECCBE& B'ECB@

CBDC E0B& D@ CE "BE AD@ D B*F ;

"CEC"EDCBBCCDC-BA

CDD:DCABCEEBCECDFB*CEC

C A DDCC &BDD 1F&F DD DCECD E BED ECE

D3@ C CE ; E" C DEC 1D<&4F# 133:D

EDBCBDDC;"F

BDCCCCC;"CEC"EDBCEBC

C BDBEBDD@0B:B C EB"BCBB DEBEC

D 1D AC F43@ C : BE C ;E" 1<&4F# 133 :D

CC B D&CE C@ D:B B <&4F% 13F 5E@ C E"

D:D B B DC B EECDCE B C & D B&F "C"

D:D B DCCB C EBDCBC "@ D (EC C 5EE0 8CBF

BDC@CD:DC:EBBBEDDEBCBDBC&DB&@

:EDCECCE&CCBDC"1<&F)3F

C.E:D;"CEC-BA:CDCBDBC

ECF135&CEC13BCD"C"DBECB"C&F1E3

E& 1A3 B DEE&C 15A3 CBDC CD C &

ECED8BCD"BBBEDCBDBBC:0DD:D

B DCDB:B&DEBECD:C&BCECDFA @#@

$6@#7@%6@77@#@)+@)%@$ %@$%+@$%6@)74@)7 CBCCECCDE

0 1 2 3 4 5 6

0

10

20

30

40

50

Curr

ent (m

A)

Voltage (V)0 1 2 3 4 5 6

-10

-8

-6

-4

-2

ln(I

)

Voltage (V)0 1 2 3 4 5 6

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

De

rivative [ln

(I)]

Voltage (V)

5CC;/"

7#

E&BCCBDCCDC-BA@C;EECDCE

CEC"EB:DDCCB&CEDE

B <&4F6 13F DCB& E" EB (C B EECDCE

:CD 1&BBC3 BC :"C&&1:F);3@ BECB&

E CBDCF !C & "C&D@ C :: BBE C C DE

E&BCAEDBBC:CB(BBC41DC

B C3@ EB&B& C B (BBC " C "C&D " C BDC

DDB14;3F

!EEB& C C 5A EBECB 1AC F4F$3@ B (BBC " $

BCDB(BBCB&DCCBCCDCCD:CA/&F

"C(BBC1E3ECDCCBC:BC"&B&

CEDBB&CDBCCB&@CDC&DEDBDC

CCD1CDB&CEEDCC"BEB3B""BCEBC

CBDCF 5 "@ FF CBDCB C:B C C DCCD@ :D D

D" B -B BBEDC D:C &BE DC DFA$6C E B

A EBECB &D: D D" B-BAD C DC

DDCCBCEBBEDCCEBBC1B3&C@:C

D(BBC4:DECCCD:CBDCF7)E)@CBB&C

EBECBCDC-BADFA)7 CDCDECC"E

:D E B C CBDCB &BC:BHD:I 1D 43 BHI

CDF

C. &CE C 13 B CD "C" 13 C CE ;" C

EC-BAB:DF

-0.2 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8

-3.6

-3.2

-2.8

-2.4

-2.0

-1.6

-1.2

log

(I)

log(U)-0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.80

2

4

6

8

10

12

De

riva

tive

[lo

g(I

)]

log(U)

0.4 0.5 0.60

2

4

6

8

10

!EC!B&BE-BA

7+

BCEBCEBCCBCDCC:0BDCDCCA"@

C"C"C&CECDD:BB<&4F613F"C"

D:D D " D CCE EEC C ED HI A

1A1J33 :C HD:I 1(BBC 43 B HI 1(BBC W73 CD@

CBB& C ;" 1D <&F3F EECDCE C B C

CBDCBB&C:BCCDCCDDD:BB&BCBDC<&4F6

13F /DD@ C "C" C DD C: BCDCB& CDF <DC@ C

DEC:DCECCC&BBB&C"C&B&@:BCEBCCBC

C E& CBDC C C HI CD ED D&BEBCF !D@ B C

CBDCB1C3&BCDD:DEED@:CCE@D

BDA"@CDEBCBDBED@DEBDBB<&FF

BCBDCEBD@:EDCDBEBCBDEDBC;D

B&CECDCBBB&@DEBDBCCCECC

BCEBECBEBDDB<&F F

CA.<:C13CCE;"CDEC-BA

B:D@BCD"C"1@E@3

<EEBCBCCBBB&EBCCBCC;EECDCEDC

EC"E@C;E"DD:BB<:CB<&4F$713

C&C:CCD"C":CBCDECB&D13FDDC;E"

BC<C1<&4F$7133D:DCD"C"1<&4F$7133B&B

B&BC:CCCCE(ECBDAEBECB1D<&F#3F

EEBECB@BBCC"C&D:F);@EBEBCBED

C "C" 1D <&F#3F DC ED C "C" C "C&D

0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4-8.6

-8.4

-8.2

-8.0

-7.8

-7.6

-7.4

-7.2

-7.0

-6.8

-6.6

-6.4

-6.2

ln(I

/U2)

(U)-1

0 1 2 3 4 5 6-30

-25

-20

-15

-10

-5

0

De

riva

tive

[ln

(I/U

2)]

(U)-1

5CC;/"

7%

"F);DEDAEBECB1HD:ICD@(BBC43BCB&

C"C&D"F);"EEBECB@DD:BBCBDC<&4F$713F

!ED0CC&B@0B<&4F$713C"CEEBB&B

CBDC@"DEEBDCBC"C"C<CBCB&C:B$F#;

B)F%;@:EEBB(B CBBB&@BCB& C ;" B

CDB&1D<&F#3@DD<&4F613F

BBB&DD BC"C&B&:AEBCCHD:ICDD

"BBE@DCCBBB&C&CDDB&C

ECB B'ECB B C !=-B BCE 1B'ECB C & C ECBD

C ! EC3 EB D&F D DDCB D DCE@ DBE ! D

(BC0B:BCBEEBCECC-BFA#6@)7#C@:B&

&BD CCBBB&EBCCBCC;"EBEBD. CBBB&

C& CB&C CABD 1 C C CB C

CB B C DE-BAD@ D<&$F 1@E33 B CBBB& C

ECBDCCDBDC-BB&F

BBB&C&CB&CCABD:BC(B

CDD8BCEB&E0CCA":C&(BBCBCBDC

CECCDDBDC"C&DBEDFBDC@C

ECEDDEBCB&ECBDBCEBECBBC"EC

@0:BCBBB;EECDCE:CEEBECB

C&CA/EB(ECFA$) @$4)C

BCCB@CDDCBCBBB&C&CECB(CECB

CECBD C CD D DB@ DBEBE C D DEBC

&BC B'ECB1ECB(CECB3 C D"E@CDCDEC

EBCECBCBCB&CDAEBECBEB&CCBD

1&(BBC3FDEB(BCD&BEBCDBEBCC"C&D:C

ECDDBBDC@8BCD"BCCFA $@$%@$%+B$%6CDDD

&B D DEDD :CB C :B& DECB B ECB :C C

ECBDEBCCD C EC"ED B& C CD C

DDDDBEBDF

!EC!B&BE-BA

76

45+ECFCCAAC

C D DDBC CBDCB C&B C B -BB 1DB& EBBC3

EC"E@D:DCDECE"BCECBC@CD&B

EBC-BBBDCECDFDCDCDBBC"DBB

B& DEC B& BC -B DCECD DE D D A$%+@ $%%C@ DB&

EDCD A$%6@ )7+C@ E:D A)7%C@ E: A$%C@ BB:D A$67C@ B

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Wavelength (nm)

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20

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Current (mA)

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Voltage (V)

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