Alien Species and Climate Change Olivia Gray, Morgane
Evans-Voigt, Lauren Poon www.ascensionearth2012.org
Slide 2
Introduction Mechanisms Underlying Invasion Success Altered
Thermal Regimes Reduced Ice Cover Altered Streamflow Regimes
Increased Salinity Increased Water Development Migration and
Invasion Lack of Knowledge and Research Needs
Slide 3
Introduction Walther et al. 2009 based their review on climate
mediated biological invasions of invertebrates, fish, birds, and
plants with a focus on the increase of global temperature Alters
population dynamics, structure and composition of a population, and
the functioning of ecosystems
http://julzworldofwonder.blogspot.ca/
Altered Thermal Regimes Air temperatures = Water temperatures
Source:: Adapted from Fisheries and Oceans Canada Impacts:
physiology, behaviour, bioenergetics, and biogeography.
Slide 8
Thermal Regimes: Altered Pathways of Species Introductions
Source: Brian Andrews Source: Lena Svensson Warmwater aquaculture
Tropical fish culture Outdoor water gardens Source: United States
Department of Agriculture
Slide 9
Thermal Regimes: Facilitating Colonization and Successful
Reproduction Source: Sea Grant. SpeciesOptimal Temperature
Coldwater< 20 C Coolwater20-28 C Warmwater> 28 C
Slide 10
Thermal Regimes: Mediation of the Impacts of Non-Native Species
Shifts in dominance Increase in food consumption Higher density of
pathogens Taniguchi et al. 1998. Karvonen et al. 2010.
Slide 11
Thermal Regimes: Changes to Control Strategies and Their
Initiation Source: North American Invasive Species Network.
Slide 12
Thermal Regimes: Changes to Control Strategies and Their
Initiation Eurasion watermillfoil (Myriophyllum spicatum) invasion
in Okanagan Valley. Source: Okanagan Basin Water Board. 1974 2012
Source: Okanagan Basin Water Board.
Slide 13
Reduced Ice Cover Source: Planetary Visions / University of
Waterloo, Canada / ESA
Slide 14
Ice Cover: Altered Pathways of Species Introductions Ice Cover
= Sport Fishing = Non-Native Fish Species Source: Clive
Matheus
Slide 15
Ice Cover: Facilitating Colonization and Successful
Reproduction Increased light could allow for colonization of new
species (Rahel 2004) Climate warming will reduce the extent of ice
over and thus lessen the occurrence of winter hypoxia (Stefan et al
2001)
http://thinkprogress.org/climate/2012/03/31/455612/great-lakes-ice-
cover-down-71-since-1973/
Slide 16
Ice Cover: Mediation of the Impacts of Non-Native Species
Decrease in hypoxia kill off allowing non-native fish to survive
(Strayer 1999) Increased predation due to decrease in
cover/protection (Greenwood and Metcalfe 1998)
http://english.cri.cn/6966/2013/02/06/2821s747213.htm
Slide 17
Ice Cover: Changes to Control Strategies and Their Initiation
Management to protect local species from extirpation Removal of
non-native predatory fish
Slide 18
Altered Streamflow Regimes Climate change will modify patterns
of precipitation, evapotranspiration and runoff (Rahel & Olden
2008)
Slide 19
Streamflow: Altered Pathways of Species Introductions Escapes
from Aquaculture and Tropical Fish Farm Facilities Zebra Mussel
Dispersal Non-Native Riparian Plants in River ecosystems Secondary
Spread of Non-Native Species
Slide 20
Streamflow: Facilitating Colonization and Successful
Reproduction Altered flow regimes remove a filter that limits the
occurrence of non-native species Increased drought conditions and
prolonged low flows may enhance establishment of non-native species
(Rahel & Olden 2008) Red swamp crayfish (Procambarus clarkii)
http://phys.org/news/2012-03-carp-dominate-crayfish-invasive-
species.html Mud snail (Potamopyrgus antipodarum)
http://www.ryanphotographic.com/hydrobiidae.htm
Slide 21
Streamflow: Mediation of the Impacts of Non-Native Species
Greater concentration of native and non-native species (Rahel &
Olden 2008) Increased predation of native species (Rahel &
Olden 2008) Increased hybridization
Slide 22
Streamflow: Changes to Control Strategies and Their Initiation
Changes to current management Restoration of natural flow regimes
Effectiveness of barriers
http://www.seagrant.sunysb.edu/articles/t/controlling-sea-lamprey-in-lake-ontario-
tributaries-a-first-for-new-york-state-coastal-community-development-program-news
http://the-crimson- wolf.deviantart.com/art/Clarenc
e-the-Sea-Lamprey-112930285
www.kraftpowercon.com Salinity:Altered Pathways of Species
Introductions Increasing salinity in coastal waters may increase
the probability of survival of propagules in ballast water Exp:
Chinese mitten crab (Eriocheir sinensis)
bwbearthenviro2011.wikispaces.co m
Slide 25
www.wessexscene.co.uk Salinity: Facilitating Colonization and
Successful Reproduction Aquatic systems in arid regions that are
naturally saline are likely to become even more saline (Rahel &
Olden 2008) www.telegraph.co.uk Chinese mitten crab Limited to
water with >15% salinity in order to reproduce (Herborg et al.
2007)
Slide 26
Salinity: Mediation of the Impacts of Non-Native Species
Salinity-intolerant species may experience osmotic stress, which
can cause them to grow more slowly than salinity- tolerant species
(Rahel & Olden 2008) Exp: Colorado River system - Red shiner,
western mosquitofish, and plains killifish (Olden et al. 2006)
gallery.nanfa.org www.aquabid.com Salinity can influence the
outcome of competition between aquatic species (Rahel & Olden
2008)
Slide 27
Salinity: Changes to Control Strategies and Their Initiation
Difficult to predict Increased salinity could reduce invasions of
non- native species intolerant of saline conditions (Higgens &
Wilde 2005) www.desertm useum.org Management may need to account
for salt deposits in riparian soils (Rahel & Olden 2008) Exp:
Salt Cedar (Tamarix)
Slide 28
Increased Water Development Decreases in annual runoff will
result in less surface water for human use leading to a surge in
new reservoirs to increase water supplies (Vorosmarty et al 2004)
Reservoirs will be built for flood control Increased pressure for
water transportation to areas where it is less abundant
http://www.usbr.gov/mp/cvp/images/friant_kern_canal_large.jpg
Slide 29
Water Development: Altered Pathways of Species Introductions
Canals transport water and organisms across what historically were
biogeographic barriers to species movement (Rahel 2007) Sea
lampreys (Petromyzon marinus) and alewife (Alosa pseudoharengus)
colonized the upper Laurentian Great Lakes through the Welland
Canal.
Slide 30
Water Development: Facilitating Colonization and Successful
Reproduction Replace flowing waters with standing water Eliminates
a filter that prevents establishment of species whose reproductive
and trophic needs cannot be met by flowing water Bluegill (L.
macrochirus) http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-44s0_xfvUgs/TfV-
HCoITHI/AAAAAAAAAQA/ovpCZp0yQJo/s1600/IMG_0023.JPG
Slide 31
Water Development: Mediation of the Impacts of Non-Native
Species Reservoirs may influence biotic interactions between native
and non-native species (Rahel 2008) Largemouth bass impounded
within reservoirs in Kansas extirpated endangered Topeka shiners
(Notropis topeka) (Schrank et al. 2001) Reservoirs may increase the
occurrence of disease organisms that favour the conditions M.
Cerebralis is the parasite that causes whirling disease, thrives in
warm temperatures in silty reservoirs as they favour its host,
Tubifex tubifex http://andershalverson.com/whirling-disease
Slide 32
Water Development: Changes to Control Strategies and Their
Initiation
http://prairierivers.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/04/Carp-barrier-artist.gif
Barrier Additions
Slide 33
Review: Impacts of Climate Change on Aquatic Systems Altered
thermal regimes Reduction in ice cover Altered streamflow regimes
Increased salinity Increased water development
Slide 34
Case Study 1: European Green Crab (Carcinus maenus) Invasive
predator on coastlines of all countries except Antarctica Consumes
juvenile native bivalves Tolerant of a wide range of water salinity
and temperatures, and very adaptable (Stanford University 2013)
Limitation: Winters with below average temperatures Warmer water
temperatures may expand establishment and reduce populations of
native bivalves http://www.asnailsodyssey.com/LEARNABOUT/CR
AB/crabComp2.php Source: National Introduced Marine Pest
Information System (NIMPIS), Australia
Slide 35
www.nature.org Case Study 2: Zebra Mussels (Dreissena
polymorpha) Consume native phytoplankton Estimated to cost $1
billion annually Increasing temperatures may lead to more dispersal
by recreational boaters (EPA 2008) Stressors: High temperature
conditions in low altitude and high turbidity conditions (EPA
2008)
Slide 36
Case Study 3: Smallmouth bass Smallmouth bass and lake trout
both consume littoral cyprinids Expected to extend range to most of
Canada by 2100 (Sharma & Jackson 2008) Will decrease lake trout
growth and reproduction and change fish species composition (Sharma
et al. 2009) www.knoxnews.com
Slide 37
Climate Change Blurs Migration and Invasion A cryptogenic
species is one that may be native or introduced, there is a lack of
clear evidence for either origin (Walther et al 2009).
http://giphy.com/search/who-are-you
Slide 38
Lack of Knowledge and Research Needs Associated feedbacks of
climate change Effects of changes in water column stratification,
pH, and changes in ocean currents Maintaining ecosystem functioning
as native communities reassemble and establish to adapt to a new
climate regime
Slide 39
Lack of Knowledge and Research Needs Few examples of geographic
range shifts by freshwater species. (Rahel & Olden 2008) o
Focus on species that are of great interest to the public,
relatively easy to census or commercially important o Better
understanding of what limits the current distribution of invasive
species is needed before the influence of climate change on the
spread of invasive species can be predicted accurately (Rahel &
Olden 2008)
Slide 40
QUESTIONS www.filmaffinity.com
Slide 41
Discussion Questions From the various impacts of climate change
discussed, which one do you think is the most detrimental to fish
in the future? Rahel & Olden 2008
Slide 42
Discussion Questions In order to reduce potential introduction
of non-native fish species, do you think sportfishing should be
banned in lakes that are starting to have a reduction in ice cover?
Credit: Carol Arnold
Slide 43
Discussion Questions Do native species benefit from climate
change?
Slide 44
Discussion Questions Do you think that management solutions
such as migration barriers are harming or helping the future of
aquatic ecosystems? Source:
http://barbarafmanning.blogspot.ca/2013/01/communication-snags-part-1.htmlhttp://barbarafmanning.blogspot.ca/2013/01/communication-snags-part-1.html
Slide 45
Discussion Questions Do you care more about climate change or
the war on terror? Source:
http://goodolewoody.me/2012/11/02/climate-change-cartoon-1/http://goodolewoody.me/2012/11/02/climate-change-cartoon-1/
Slide 46
References Greenwood, M. F. D., and N. B. Metcalfe. 1998.
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2005. Do reservoirs facilitate invasions into landscapes?
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Ruiz, and H.J. MacIsaac. 2007. Predicting invasion risk using
measures of introduction effort and environmental niche models.
Ecological Applications 17: 663-674. Karvonen, A., Rintamki, P.,
Jokela, J., & Valtonen, E. T. 2010. Increasing water
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Slide 47
References (cont.) Taniguchi, Y., F. J. Rahel, D. C. Novinger,
and K. G. Gerow. 1998. Temperature mediation of competitive
interactions among three fish species that replace each other along
longitudinal stream gradients. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and
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