ALI139 – Arabic Grammar IALI139 – Arabic Grammar I

Week 8Week 8

OutlineOutline

Counting 1-10. Numbers ) Counting 1-10. Numbers (األع�د�اداألع�د�اد))and Number Agreement for 1-10. and Number Agreement for 1-10. Cardinal and Ordinal Numbers.Cardinal and Ordinal Numbers.

Negation (Negation (ف-ي� �ف-يالن ((الن RevisionRevision

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Review of Lesson 3.16 (p. 327-329)Review of Lesson 3.16 (p. 327-329) Numbers in ArabicNumbers in Arabic

((األع�د�اداألع�د�اد))Ordinal Numbers (p. 335)Ordinal Numbers (p. 335)

NumbersNumbers

In Arabic, the numbers 3-10 form a In Arabic, the numbers 3-10 form a group with the following group with the following characteristics:characteristics: For cardinal numbers, the feminine For cardinal numbers, the feminine

ending ending ةة marks the masculine formmarks the masculine form The noun after the number is written in The noun after the number is written in

pluralplural

Counting 1Counting 1 The number The number واحدواحد//ةة is not used as a is not used as a

number in counting objects. To express number in counting objects. To express the quantity of one, the noun is used alone the quantity of one, the noun is used alone e.g. e.g. مدرسةمدرسة (a school = one school) or (a school = one school) or بنتبنت (a girl = one girl).(a girl = one girl).

واحدواحد//ةة may only be used as an adjective to may only be used as an adjective to emphasize one and one only e.g.emphasize one and one only e.g.

عنديعندي صديقةصديقة واحدةواحدة فقطفقطمعيمعي دوالردوالر واحدواحد فقطفقط

In this case, like all adjectives, In this case, like all adjectives, واحدواحد//ةة must must agree with and follow the noun.agree with and follow the noun.

Counting 2Counting 2 The number The number ين� �يناثن اثناناثنان//اثن is also not used to is also not used to

count objects. To express the quantity count objects. To express the quantity two, you must add the endingtwo, you must add the ending �� �ن �ني انان//ي to the to the singular noun. This is called the dual or singular noun. This is called the dual or �نcى� cىالمeeث �ن� المeeث

EE.g..g.

�ن �ي �نكتاب �ي كتابانكتابان / / كتاب كتابكتاب�ن �ي �نصديقت �ي صديقتانصديقتان / / صديقت صديقةصديقة

How would you say, “Two men”, “Two How would you say, “Two men”, “Two cars” and “Two universities”?cars” and “Two universities”?

Ordinal Numbers Ordinal Numbers (( األعداداألعداد الترتيبيةالترتيبية ))العددالعدد الترتيبيالترتيبي العددالعدد

األوcلاألوcل / / األولىاألولى واحدواحد / / ةة

-ي / / ةة -يالثان الثان �ين �يناثن اثناناثنان / / اثن

cال-ث / / ةة cال-ثالث الث ثالثثالث / / ةة

-ع / / ةة اب cعالر- اب cالر �ع / / ةة �عأرب أرب

الخام-سالخام-س / / ةة خ�مسخ�مس / / ةة

اد-س / / ةة cاد-سالس cالس س-تcس-تc / / ةة

-ع / / ةة اب -عالس| اب الس| بع / / ةة �بعس �س

|ام-ن / / ةة |ام-نالث الث �ماني / / ةة �مانيث ث

cاس-ع / / ةة عالت cاس- الت -سع / / ةة -سعت ت

العاش-رالعاش-ر / / ةة رة �رةعش �ر / / عش �رعش �عش

In speech, the default for saying

the numbers is:

واحدواحد

�ين �يناثن اثنAnd then the masculine of all numbers

i.e. with ةة

In formal speech and

written Arabic, the time is told

using ordinal numbers.

In spoken Arabic, the

cardinal numbers are used to tell the time.

Negation (Negation (ف-ي� �ف-يالن ((الن The most common particle for negation (to express “not”) is The most common particle for negation (to express “not”) is الال. .

When When الال is followed by a verb, the verb is always in the present is followed by a verb, the verb is always in the present

tense and gives the meaning of “does not” or “is not” e.g. tense and gives the meaning of “does not” or “is not” e.g. eبe �كت eبeي �كت ي

means “he is writing” or “he writes”. means “he is writing” or “he writes”. eبe �كت eبeي �كت الال ي means “he is not means “he is not writing” or “he does not write.”writing” or “he does not write.”

To express the future (i.e. “he will not write”), the particle To express the future (i.e. “he will not write”), the particle ��ن �ن�ل is is لused with the verb in the present tense. There are additional rules used with the verb in the present tense. There are additional rules around the verb not covered in this level.around the verb not covered in this level.

To express the past, (i.e. “he did not write”), the particle To express the past, (i.e. “he did not write”), the particle ��م �م�ل is used is used لwith the verb in the present tense. There are additional rules around with the verb in the present tense. There are additional rules around the verb not covered in this level.the verb not covered in this level.

Negation in the past, can also be expressed with Negation in the past, can also be expressed with ا� but the verb but the verb م�ام

must be conjugated in the past tense i.e. must be conjugated in the past tense i.e. ب��ت �بك �ت م�ام�ا ك . This (. This ( ++ م�ام�ا�م� .is more common is spoken Arabic. ) is more common is spoken Arabic (الماضيالماضي �م�ل المضارعالمضارع ++ ل is is more common in formal, written Arabic. But they give the same more common in formal, written Arabic. But they give the same meaning.meaning.

The verb The verb ��س �ي �س�ل �ي is also used to express negation but not covered in is also used to express negation but not covered in لthis level of the course.this level of the course.

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Review of Lesson 2.5 (p. 121)Review of Lesson 2.5 (p. 121)And Lesson 3.15 (p. 325)And Lesson 3.15 (p. 325)

NegationNegation

�ف-ي)) �ف-يالن ((الن