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WIPO-UPOV SYMPOSIUM ON INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS IN PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY Geneva, Switzerland, October 24, 2003. Alexander E. Ochem ICGEB Trieste, Italy. Dissemination of Plant Biotechnology - an African Perspective. WIPO-UPOV SYMPOSIUM ON INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS IN - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Alexander E. OchemICGEB Trieste, Italy
Dissemination of Plant Biotechnology - an African
Perspective
WIPO-UPOV SYMPOSIUM ON INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS INPLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY
Geneva, Switzerland, October 24, 2003
Alexander E. OchemICGEB Trieste, Italy
WIPO-UPOV SYMPOSIUM ON INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS INPLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY
Geneva, Switzerland, October 24, 2003
Aims of Modern Plant Biotechnology:
develop plant varieties with specific properties for survival in their local regions
environmentally sustainable, higher yielding and less expensive varieties
varieties endowed with more nutritious constituents than the wild type species
varieties that help to limit post-harvest crop losses
novel plant varieties to boost biodiversity
Alexander E. OchemICGEB Trieste, Italy
WIPO-UPOV SYMPOSIUM ON INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS INPLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY
Geneva, Switzerland, October 24, 2003
Dissemination of technology
availability of the tools and benefits to all especially the less privileged
availability of the tools and benefits to low-scale poor farmers
Alexander E. OchemICGEB Trieste, Italy
WIPO-UPOV SYMPOSIUM ON INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS INPLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY
Geneva, Switzerland, October 24, 2003
The need for plant biotechnology in Africa: why?
13% of world’s population live in 12%of global habitable surface area
rate of population growth out-balances that of food production
40% of Africa’s population live on less than USD1 per day
many countries in Africa depend on food-aid to fight starvation
healthcare services are most inadequate in Africa and many diseasesare still endemic in the Continent
Africa leads the world on the major health problem of our timeAmoako 2003
Alexander E. OchemICGEB Trieste, Italy
WIPO-UPOV SYMPOSIUM ON INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS INPLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY
Geneva, Switzerland, October 24, 2003
The need for plant biotechnology in Africa: why?
and rural to urban youth migration has relegated farm work
to the women
farm work in Africa is still predominantly manual
courtesy of WARDA
to the uneducated old men,
courtesy of Harsch, Africa Recovery courtesy of Monsanto, Africa
and to the children
Alexander E. OchemICGEB Trieste, Italy
WIPO-UPOV SYMPOSIUM ON INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS INPLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY
Geneva, Switzerland, October 24, 2003
The poor performance of agricultural biotechnology in Africa:
minimal R&D investment by governments of African countries
over-dependence on foreign aid and donor institution assistance
little interest in indigenous food crops from multinationals
improvement in these food crops is almost inexistent
global debate on the security of GM foods
protection of international trading interests
only South Africa was active as at 2001
inappropriate national legislation or no legislation
Alexander E. OchemICGEB Trieste, Italy
WIPO-UPOV SYMPOSIUM ON INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS INPLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY
Geneva, Switzerland, October 24, 2003
African success stories in plant biotechnology
Properties
BollgardR cotton
higher yields
pest resistance
Courtesy of Monsanto Africa
and YieldGardR maize in South africa
Alexander E. OchemICGEB Trieste, Italy
WIPO-UPOV SYMPOSIUM ON INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS INPLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY
Geneva, Switzerland, October 24, 2003
NERICA (New Rice for AfriCA) at WARDA in West Africapossesses high yielding properties of Indian rice
SAHEL 108short life cycletherefore, double cropping
CISADANE
resistance to gall midge
African success stories in plant biotechnology (contd)
multiple stress resistance of African species
Courtesy of WARDA, W. Africa
Alexander E. OchemICGEB Trieste, Italy
WIPO-UPOV SYMPOSIUM ON INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS INPLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY
Geneva, Switzerland, October 24, 2003
Immediate visible benefits of GM crops
less need for insecticide sprays
decreased requirement for chemical fertilizers
increased environmental conservation
less hours spent in farmlands
increase in yields and plant productivity
increased personal income earnings
poverty alleviation
overall social well being
Alexander E. OchemICGEB Trieste, Italy
WIPO-UPOV SYMPOSIUM ON INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS INPLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY
Geneva, Switzerland, October 24, 2003
Status of plant biotechnology in Africaadapted from Brink, J.A. et al 1998
North AfricaMorocco
Tunisia
micropropagation of forest trees, date palmsdevelopment of disease-free and stress tollerant plantsmolecular biology of date palms and cerealsfield tests for transgenic tomatoes
stress tollerance and disease resistance
tissue culture of date palms, prunus rootstocks and citrus
DNA markers for disease resistance
genetic engineering of potatoes
Alexander E. OchemICGEB Trieste, Italy
WIPO-UPOV SYMPOSIUM ON INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS INPLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY
Geneva, Switzerland, October 24, 2003
Status of plant biotechnology in Africa (contd)adapted from Brink, J.A. et al 1998
West AfricaCameroon
Nigeria
Senegal
tissue culture of theobroma (cocoa tree), hevea brasiliensis (rubber tree), coffea arabica (coffee tree), dioscorea sativa (yam) and xanthosoma mafutta (cocoyam)in vitro culture for the propagation of banana, oil-palm, pineapple, cotton and tea
micropropagation of cassava, yam, banana and ginger and medicinal plants
genetic engineering of cowpea for virus resistancemarker assisted selection of maize and cassava: DNA fingerprinting
of pests and microbial pathogens
embryo rescue for yamregeneration of cowpea, yam, cassava and banana
in vitro propagation of faidherbia albida, eucalyptus canaldulensissesbania rostrate and acacia senegal
production of rhizobial-based bioferttilizers
MICERN centre for the West African sub-region
Alexander E. OchemICGEB Trieste, Italy
WIPO-UPOV SYMPOSIUM ON INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS INPLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY
Geneva, Switzerland, October 24, 2003
Status of plant biotechnology in Africa (contd)adapted from Brink, J.A et al 1998
East and central AfricaBurundi
Democratic Republic of Congo
production of rhizobial-based bioferttilizers
Kenya tissue culture of medicinal plants
production of disease free plants
in vitro selection for salt resistance in finger millet
in vitro long-term storage of potato and sweet potatoMICERN providing biofertilizers to East African countries
transformation of potato with Feathery Mottle Virus coat protein genemicropropagation of banana, potatoes, strawberries, sweet potato, citrus, sugar cane
micropropagation of ornamentals and forest trees
in vitro propagation of potato, soybean, maize, rice and multipurpose trees
in vitro production of ornamental plants - orchids; tissue culture of medicinal plantsmicropropagation of potato, banana, cassava and yam
Alexander E. OchemICGEB Trieste, Italy
WIPO-UPOV SYMPOSIUM ON INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS INPLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY
Geneva, Switzerland, October 24, 2003
Status of plant biotechnology in Africa (contd)adapted from Brink, J.A. et al 1998
East and Central Africa (contd)
Ugandamicropropagation of banana, coffee, cassava, granadella, pineapple,
potato and sweet potatoin vitro screening for disease resistance in banana
production of disease free plantlets of potato, sweet potato and banana
Southern AfricaMadagascar
tissue culture of disease-free rice and maize plantlets and medicinal plantsproduction of bioferttilizers for groundnut and bambara groundnut
Zimbabwe genetic engineering of maize, sorghum and tobaccomicropropagation of coffee, cassava, tobacco, ornamental plants, potato and sweet potato
Alexander E. OchemICGEB Trieste, Italy
WIPO-UPOV SYMPOSIUM ON INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS INPLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY
Geneva, Switzerland, October 24, 2003
Status of plant biotechnology in Africa (contd)adapted from Brink, J.A. et al 1998
Republic of South AfricaGenetic engineering
Molecular marker applications
Tissue culture
Micropropagation of potato, ornamental bulbs and rose rootstocksEmbryo rescue of table grapes, sunflower and dry beans
Long-term storage of potatoes, sweet potatoes, ornamental bulbs and cassava
Forest trees, medicinal plants and indigenous ornamental plants
Production of disease-free plants: potato, sweet potato, cassava, dry beans,banana and ornamental plants
Markers for disease resistance in wheat and forestry cropsCultivar identification: potatoes, sweet potatoes, ornamentals, cereals and cassava
Fruits: apricot, strawberry, peach, apple, table grapes and banana
Cereals: maize, wheat, barley, sorghum, millet, sunflowers and sugarcaneVegetables and ornamentals: potato, tomato, cucurbits, ornamental bulbs
cassava and sweet potato
Alexander E. OchemICGEB Trieste, Italy
WIPO-UPOV SYMPOSIUM ON INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS INPLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY
Geneva, Switzerland, October 24, 2003
The road ahead
…..to commercial production
Africa lags dramatically behind other regions in implementation of biotechnologyThis situation risks to exacerbate social inequities and plunge the Continent deeper into
misery and total dependence on the developed countries for subsistence
Governments of African countries must refocus attention on agricoltureAmoako 2003
Public funding of R&D in agricoltural biotechnology is mandatory to boost the overall sustainable productivity of more nutritious food in the Continent
Plant biotechnology should pass from laboratory tests and feild trials
Courtesy of WARDA
Alexander E. OchemICGEB Trieste, Italy
WIPO-UPOV SYMPOSIUM ON INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS INPLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY
Geneva, Switzerland, October 24, 2003
Positive signalsCreation of ACCI at the University of Natal, South Africa for training scientists
in biotechnology of African crops adaptable to the African environment
Increased government budget for biotechnology research and development in Nigeria
Similar initiatives in other countries of Africa would certainly turn around the destinies of their citizens
Courtesy of WARDA
………and disseminate the smile in the faces of these children
Alexander E. OchemICGEB Trieste, Italy
WIPO-UPOV SYMPOSIUM ON INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS INPLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY
Geneva, Switzerland, October 24, 2003
You can not rationally argue with the hungry on the potential health risks that may derive from being overfed
If African countries fail to feed the present generation of their citizens due to fears of the potential dangers deriving from GM foods,
then there would probably not be any future generations of Africans to protect from such potential dangers
Responsible biotechnology is not the enemy; starvation is. Without adequate food suplies at affordable prices,
we cannot expect world health, or peaceJimmy Carter
Conclusions