Alan RobockDepartment of Environmental Sciences

Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey USA

robock@envsci.rutgers.edu

http://envsci.rutgers.edu/~robock

Climate Dynamics11:670:461

Lecture 6, 9/23/13

Alan RobockDepartment of Environmental

Sciences

The Arctic OscillationThompson and Wallace (1998)

Stronger polar vortex

Winter warming

Positive mode is the same as the response to volcanic aerosols.

Alan RobockDepartment of Environmental

SciencesFig. 4.1

Alan RobockDepartment of Environmental

SciencesFig. 4.2

Alan RobockDepartment of Environmental

SciencesFig. 4.3

Alan RobockDepartment of Environmental

SciencesFig. 4.4

Alan RobockDepartment of Environmental

SciencesFig. 4.5

Alan RobockDepartment of Environmental

SciencesFig. 4.6

Alan RobockDepartment of Environmental

Sciences

A = p r2

r

A = 4p r2

Greenhouse Effect

Ts

Emission = sTe

4

S0 = 1368 W m-

2

a

a = planetary albedo (0.30)

Sun

Earth

Alan RobockDepartment of Environmental

Sciences

Global Energy Balance

Incoming Energy = Outgoing Energy

pr2 S0 (1-a) = 4pr2 sTe4

r = radius of Earth S0 = solar constant (1368 W/m2)a = planetary albedo (0.30)s = Stefan-Boltzmann constant

(5.67 x 108 W m-2 K-4)Te = effective temperature of the EarthTs = observed global average surface temperature

Greenhouse Effect

Ts = 288 KTe = 255 K

33 K (33C° = 59F°)

Greenhouse

Effect K 255 14

ST 4 0e α

σ

Alan RobockDepartment of Environmental

Sciences

S0 = “solar constant” = 1368 W/m2

a = planetary albedo = 0.30Te = effective temperatureTs = surface temperature

)(14S0 a

Greenhouse gases

Greenhouse Effect

sTs4

sTe4

Ts = 288K = 15°C (Observed)

Sensible and latent heat

sTe4

Ts = Te = 255K = -18°C

)(14S0 a

esTe4

Greenhouse Effect

Alan RobockDepartment of Environmental

Sciences

Alan RobockDepartment of Environmental

Sciences

Alan RobockDepartment of Environmental

SciencesRobock (1983)

SMEOSIRIS

SAGE II, III