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Lecture #14 Week #12
A.K. Morris, Ph.D.
1
Millions of species100s of millions extinct…
How to organize it all???2
Carolus Linnaeus’ binomial naming systemLatin (dead language)
Recognized worldwide
Each species w/ unique two-part name
Naming organisms
1707-1778
3
The Domain of Life
Domains are largest groups that separate living organisms
ArchaeaEubacteriaEukarya
4
Classification
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
SpeciesCommon Name
Kings Play Chess On Fine Green Silk
Animalia
Chordata
Mammalia
Primates
Hominidae
Homo
sapienshuman
Animalia
Chordata
Mammalia
Cetacea
Delphinidae
Orcinus
orcakiller whale
Animalia
Arthropoda
Malacostraca
Decapoda
Palinuridae
Panulirus
interruptusCal. spiny lobster
5
Tree of Life
Ernst Haeckel’sTree of Life, 1866
6
Lecture #14 Week #12
A.K. Morris, Ph.D.
Cladistics:
Cladistics: Strategy of classifying organisms to reflect evolutionary historyUses traits called 'shared derived characters’ to construct a tree or cladogram.
7
Shared derived characters(example)
Novel trait evolved in one spp & shared by its descendentsEx. All mammals w/ mammary glands
8
Molecular Genetics
Now-a-days we compare DNA sequences within species and between speciesVery powerful when used together with cladistics
9
Craig Venter
Shotgun gene sequencing and theocean.Searching for novel genes in the microbial ocean world
10
11
Aboard Venter’sSorcerer II
Cook’s Bay, Mo’orea,French Polynesia, 2004
12
Lecture #14 Week #12
A.K. Morris, Ph.D.
Fig. 12.5
13
Small critters are important
Primary production (we’ll cover this next)Role in evolution of life (atmos. change)Bottom of food chainRecycle nutrients
14
Bacteria:
Very importantMicrobial Loop (Azam et al., 1983)Cyanobacteria
15
Origins of photosynthesis…
Cryptobiotic soil with cyanobacteria
from Antarctica
© Seth White 2002
• Atmospheric alteration from reducing to oxidizing environment
1616
Stromatolites:
CaCO3 mounds formed by cyanobacteriaFossil mounds 3 BILLION years oldStill around today
17© Charlie Arneson 2000
Archaea
18
Genetically distinct from bacteria
Similarly old! Fossils to 3.8 Billion years (from west Greenland sediments). Hahn and Haug (1986)
Extremophilessaline lakes, sulfur springs, rift vents
One sp. lives at 121°C(hottest of any species)
Lecture #14 Week #12
A.K. Morris, Ph.D.
19 20
How are How are these these different?different?
Kingdom Protista
Mostly single-celled Highly diverseHodge-podge ofunrelated organisms
21
Algae:
DinoflagellatesDinoflagellatesDiatomsDiatomsCoccolithophoridsCoccolithophorids
22
DinoflagellatesUnicellular plankton2 flagellaeCellulose or Silica (glass) test
23
Dinoflagellates
ZooxanthellaeSymbiosis w/ corals, anemones & clams
2424
Lecture #14 Week #12
A.K. Morris, Ph.D.
Zooxanthellae enhances calcification
Free calcium and bicarbonate ions:Ca2+ + 2HCO3
- = Ca(HCO3)2
Leads to calcium carbonate and carbon acid:Ca(HCO3)2 = CaCO3 + H2CO3
Calciumcarbonate
Carbonicacid
CaCO3 skeleton(corals, phytoplankton, zooplankton, etc)
CO2 + H20
Zooxanthellae(used for
photosynthesis)
25
Bioluminescence
Luciferin
26
Diatoms
Elaborate silica test“Frustule”Like a petri dish
27 28
29
Coccolithophorids
Cells covered w/ buttonCells covered w/ button--like like coccoliths of CaCOcoccoliths of CaCO33
30
Lecture #14 Week #12
A.K. Morris, Ph.D.
Foraminifera(actually “protozoans”)
CaCO3 test full of tiny holes Planktonic spp. W/ spines &light test to slow sinking
31 32
Macrophytes vs Trees
Foliage (leaves)
Trunk
RootsHoldfast
Stipes
Blades (fronds)Pneumatocysts
33
What is a biological facilitator?
34
Algae Economics 101When was the last time you used a product with algae in it?
Phycocolloids:(1) algin(2) carrageenan(3) agar
35
Porif
era
(spo
nges
)
Cni
daria
(jelli
es, a
nem
ones
, cor
al)
Cte
noph
ora
(com
b je
llies
)
Plat
yhel
min
thes
(flat
wor
ms)
Nem
erte
a(r
ibbo
n w
orm
s)
Sipu
ncul
a(p
eanu
t wor
ms)
Mol
lusc
a(s
nails
, cla
ms,
oct
opus
)
Echi
ura
(ech
iura
ns)
Ann
elid
a(s
egne
mtn
ed w
orm
s)
Art
hrop
oda
(cru
stac
eans
, spi
ders
, ins
ects
)
Nem
atod
a(r
ound
wor
ms)
Phor
onid
a(p
horo
nids
)
Ecto
proc
ta(b
ryoz
oans
)
Bra
chio
poda
(lam
pshe
lls)
Cha
etog
nath
a(a
rrow
wor
ms)
Echi
node
rmat
a(u
rchi
ns, s
east
ars,
etc
.)
Hem
icho
rdat
a(h
emic
hord
ates
)
Cho
rdat
a(v
erte
brat
es, l
ance
lets
,se
a sq
uirts
)
Common Ancestor 36
Lecture #14 Week #12
A.K. Morris, Ph.D.
Body Symmetry: Basic body form:
Asymmetrical: w/out recognizable shapeRadial symmetry: top & bottom, no front & backBilateral symmetry: front, back, top, bottom, left & right halves mirror images
37
Advantages?
Asymmetrical Radial Bilateral
Phylum Porifera
Jan Messersmith 2005
Thomas Jundt 2005
NOAA 2005
38
39 40
Phylum:Porifera(sponges)
AsymmetricalCellular specialization, but w/o tissue or organsFilter feed w/ choanocytes (a.k.a. collar cells)Structural material = spongin and spiculesProduce many active biomoleculesPotential medical benefitsShape of Life Video… sponges
41
Porif
era
(spo
nges
)
Cni
daria
(jelli
es, a
nem
ones
, cor
al)
Cte
noph
ora
(com
b je
llies
)
Plat
yhel
min
thes
(flat
wor
ms)
Nem
erte
a(r
ibbo
n w
orm
s)
Sipu
ncul
a(p
eanu
t wor
ms)
Mol
lusc
a(s
nails
, cla
ms,
oct
opus
)
Echi
ura
(ech
iura
ns)
Ann
elid
a(s
egne
mtn
edw
orm
s)
Art
hrop
oda
(cru
stac
eans
, spi
ders
, ins
ects
)
Nem
atod
a(r
ound
wor
ms)
Phor
onid
a(p
horo
nids
)
Ecto
proc
ta(b
ryoz
oans
)
Bra
chio
poda
(lam
pshe
lls)
Cha
etog
nath
a(a
rrow
wor
ms)
Echi
node
rmat
a(u
rchi
ns, s
east
ars,
etc
.)
Hem
icho
rdat
a(h
emic
hord
ates
)
Cho
rdat
a(v
erte
brat
es, l
ance
lets
,se
a sq
uirts
)
Common Ancestor 42
Lecture #14 Week #12
A.K. Morris, Ph.D.
43
© Jeff Laity 2009
National Geographi
Phylum: Cnidariacharacteristics
Radial symmetry Blind gutNematocysts: Stinging structures for feeding & defenseHydrostatic skeletonNo brain (nerve net)
44
Phylum: Cnidaria
Class: HydrozoaHydras & Siphonophores
Class: AnthozoaAnemones & corals
Class ScyphozoaJellyfish
Class CubozoaBox jellies
Medusa
Polyp 45
Class AnthozoaAnemones and coralsPolyp ONLY
46
Class: Scyphozoa
April Hiraki-Morris, 2006
Medusa ONLY
47
Class Cubozoa
4848
Medusa ONLYVisual Predator!
Lecture #14 Week #12
A.K. Morris, Ph.D.
Phylum: Platyhelminthes(flatworms)
Bilateral CephalizationMain marine classes
Turbellaria - free-living flatwormsTrematodes and tapeworms here too
Penis fencing video!
49
Phylum: Mollusca
Shell: protectionMantle cavity: exchangeFoot: muscular for locomotionRadula: used for feeding
50
We’re briefly going to discuss 3 major “Classes”Gastropoda - slugs and snailsCephalopoda - octopus, squid, etc. Bivalvia – clams, oysters, mussels
51
Class: Gastropoda
Single shellI love this group!
52
Class Gastropoda – Nudibranchs
Shell-less snails
53
What organism is the perfect predator?
??
54
Lecture #14 Week #12
A.K. Morris, Ph.D.
Grab Hold
SeeStealth
Be Intelligent
Bite and kill
55 56
Class Cephalopoda
Shell reduced or lackingMost developed nervous system (highly intelligent)CarnivoresJet-propulsion
Octopus intelligence?
Octopus disguise video 1Octopus disguise video 2Octopus disguise video 3
• Typical snails have 20,000 neurons• Octopus have 500,000,000 neurons• Relative to body size, brains more like
birds/mammals rather than inverts.• Cunning problem solvers
57
Evolution:
58
Reduction of shell
59
Gilly lab video…
June 26, 2008, Santa Cruz
60
Lecture #14 Week #12
A.K. Morris, Ph.D.
61 62
Class BivalviaTwo shellsNo radulaFilter / suspension feeders
Bivalvia - examples
Mussel
Clam
ScallopOyster
63 64
Phylum Arthropoda
Most successful phylum on the planet> 1,100,000 species ( >80% of all described life on Earth)
Jointed appendages
Exoskeleton of chitin Must molt to grow
Open circ system
Five Subphyla
1) Crustaceans2) Chelicerates3) Trilobites4) Hexapods (insects)5) Myriapods (centipedes)
✗Extinct
Mostly Marine
✗Terrestrial
1) Crustaceans2) Chelicerates3) Trilobites4) Hexapods (insects)5) Myriapods (centipedes)
Trilobites Hexapods Myriapods
Only discussing these today…
Subphylum: Crustacea
Crabs, lobsters, barnacles, shrimp
65
Maine lobsterCalifornia
spiny lobster
66
Oct 2, 2009Oct 3, 2010
Lecture #14 Week #12
A.K. Morris, Ph.D.
67
Barnacles are “sedentary hermaphrodites”
World record penis lengthUp to 40 cm(16 inches)40X their body size!
67
Echinodermata (“spiny skin”)
Pentaradial symmetryWater vascular system: for locomotionTube feet: hydraulical tubes for locomotion
68
Video…
Vertebrates! Hurray!
Fish, birds and mammalsArose 500 mya
69
Hagfish (Myxine)
Carrion feeders
Deep dwellers
Eddie’s video
Hagfish Slime Video
70
National Geographic
Cartilaginous fishes(Class Chondrichthyes)
Evolution of a jaw (approx. 430 mya)Cartilaginous skeleton Separate external gillopeningsDermal denticles on skinSharks, skates & rays
71
Sharks
Predators
Adapted for swimming
Diverse
Lemon shark footage 72
Lecture #14 Week #12
A.K. Morris, Ph.D.
© N. Konstantinou, 1998
© N. Konstantinou, 1996
73
Ouch!
Pacific electric rayTorpedo californica
7474
Skates & Rays
Benthic life Flat bodiessome pelagic
Enlarged pectoral fins attached to head75
Sept 4, 2006Batt Reef, Queensland
© A.K. Morris 76
External sex organsClaspers on males
Yep… they have two!
Clasper from agreat white shark
77 78
Bony fishes(Class Osteichthyes)
96% of all fish
Bony skeleton
Single gill opening
Swim bladder
Bony scales
How dofish work?
Lecture #14 Week #12
A.K. Morris, Ph.D.
79
Sensory systems:3 main systems in fish (a 4th only in sharks)1. Sight: good but not primary system
rods & cones
2. Olfaction (smell): Highly developed⅔ of brain involved in processing
80
3. Lateral line: canals running length of body & over headDetects water movement
© N. Konstantinou 1995
4. Ampullae of Lorenzini: pits that sense electrical currents in waterONLY in sharks and chimaeraCan detect 1/10 of millivolt
© N. Konstantinou 1994 81 82
Challenges to fish in the ocean
Gas exchange in seawater (gills)Osmoregulation (salt control)
Surival (we won’t deal with this one… this is many lectures unto itself…)
83
Gas Exchange & Circulation
All cells require O2Marine organisms extract O2 from water with gillsSurface area & transport (circ system)
2 chambered heartHeart to gills to rest of body
84
Lecture #14 Week #12
A.K. Morris, Ph.D.
Problem:Gradients tend to even outSo, if flow direction is the same…
Equilibrium is reached, diffusion stops 85
100%
H20 Flow
Blood Flow
50%85% 60%
0% 50%15% 40%
50%
50%
% O2Water
% O2Blood
Counter-current exchange
In gills, blood flows opposite to H2OAs blood ↑ O2 it meets water fully saturated w/ O2
86
87
H20 Flow
Blood Flow
% O2Water 2% 40%20% 100%50% 80%60%
0% 38%18% 98%48% 78%58%
Counter Current Exchange:
% O2Blood
Osmoregulation:
Amount of salts in body effects physiologyFish constantly exchanging H20 & salts to environment
88
H2O & salts in:DrinkingFoodAbsorb thru gills
H2O & salts out:Urine (kidney)Chloride cells (fish)Rectal gland (sharks)
89
Shark blood is isosmotic with seawaterHigh urea in tissuesLess H2O comes inMeat tastes ‘pissy’
90
Lecture #14 Week #12
A.K. Morris, Ph.D.
©© B. KotB. Kot
©© N. KonstantinouN. Konstantinou
Marine Mammals
91 92
What makes a mammal a mammal?
Warm bloodedHairMilk production
Sirenia(Manatees and Dugongs)
93
Gimmea kiss!
94
95
Pinnipeds Family: Phocidae, Otariidae, Odobenidae
96
Seal & Sea Lion ID
Lecture #14 Week #12
A.K. Morris, Ph.D.
97www.noaa.gov
© A.K. Morris 2003
Hawaiian Monk Seal California Sea lion
Leopard Seal
Stellar Sea lion
sealion.org.uk
Order Cetacea:
The whalesSuborder Odontoceti – toothed whalesSuborder Mysticeti – baleen whales
98
99 100
Retain many ancestral traits…
101
Challenges faced by mammals living in the water?
1. Movement2. Thermoregulation3. Respiration & Diving4. Feeding and reproduction
102
Lecture #14 Week #12
A.K. Morris, Ph.D.
a. Fins(Look at your hand)
103 104
b. Streamlining(hydrodynamic)
105
Organisms not closely related independently acquire similar characteristics(fusiform body shape)
106
1. Movement
Internalization of genitalsDid he just say what I think he said?
107
External genitalia creates lots of drag...
© A.M. Hiraki-Morris 2008
108
Lecture #14 Week #12
A.K. Morris, Ph.D.
Necropsies Mammal testicles dangleSperm need coolInternalize = hot
109
Why is temperature a problem?Water conducts heat much faster than air
How are marine mammals adapted to preventing heat loss?
110
Excellent insulation/ energy storage
111 112*The largest recorded Blue Whale was 110 ft!
Respiration and Diving
Hold your breath.113 114
Lecture #14 Week #12
A.K. Morris, Ph.D.
Sperm Whales – Master Divers!
115
How do they do it?
Larger blood volumeHuman = 7% of body wtElephant Seal = 12%
Myoglobin in musclesHolds more O2
116
Marine mammal diving response
Reduction in heart rate Bottlenose dolphin 90 - 20 BPM
Circulatory modificationsAvoid stomach, kidneys & extremities
117 118
Sound in the water
Travels 5X faster than in airCetaceans use sound:
CommunicatingCourtingHuntingNavigating
©© N. KonstantinouN. Konstantinou
119
Echolocation(biosonar)
Sound waves for distinguishing and locating objects from several metersOrientation clicks: general idea of surroundingsDiscrimination clicks: give precise picture of an object
Can distinguish between two 2” objects
Sound from larynx (squeeze air)Focused through melonReceived through jaw to ears
Atlantic common dolphin sound:
120
Bottlenose hunting video…
Lecture #14 Week #12
A.K. Morris, Ph.D.
The case of the sperm whale…
121Sperm whale click sounds… 122
Sperm whale adaptations summary
Large triangular flukes for propulsion
Large blood volume (rich in hemoglobin)
Myoglobin in muscles
Highly efficient lungs
Flexible ribcage allows for easy lung collapse
Heart rate slows during dive
Shunt blood to brain and essential organs as O2 level gets low
Any gas bubbles are filtered from blood by a network of blood vessels called ritiamirabilia
Spermaceti used to regulate buoyancy during dive
Gas (mostly N2) from compressed lungs enters rigid trachea where virtually no gas is absorbed into the blood. Helps prevent “the bends”.
Nasal passages filled with cold water cools spermaceti to a solid.Expelling water allows body temperature to warm spermaceti to a liquid
Adapted from Vanessa Smith, UWRF
